Marriage and Family
__________ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class.
Heterogamy
Robert Winch proposed the theory of __________, whereby people are attracted to partners whose needs complement their own.
complementary needs
With global westernization, __________ are replacing arranged marriage as the preferred way to select mates throughout the world.
free choice marriages
The idea that there are naturally two very distinct genders is called
gender dichotomy.
Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her
gender identity.
Propinquity is also known as
geographic availability.
More than__________ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples.
half
The divorce rate
has been in decline since 1980.
Same-sex couples have successfully challenged ______, or the idea that heterosexuality is the only normal or acceptable option.
heteronormativity
Americans tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class. This behavior reflects
homogamy
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.
secure
The level of domestic violence in cohabiting relationships is
similar to that within marriage.
Empirical evidence includes things we know intuitively, that cannot be verified with our senses.
False
Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood.
False
Love may be accurately characterized as excessive self-sacrifice.
False
Research suggests that the best way to choose a life partner is to look for someone you are physically attracted to.
False
The informed consent of human subjects is only necessary in dangerous research.
False
The text concludes that only society, and not biology, creates gender-linked characteristics and roles.
False
________promote recognition of women's unpaid work and the greater involvement of men in childcare and housework.
Feminist perspectives
It is estimated that ________of all cohabiting relationships last less than two years, because the couple either break up or marry.
Half
_______, or having more than one spouse, is culturally accepted in many parts of the world.
Polygamy
Who we are and our personal decisions and attitudes are a product of our environment.
True
The most generalizable findings are most likely to be found in a survey with
a representative sample.
Those with a "family change" perspective view the family as ________________.
"an adaptable institution"
According to the text, a national random sample of approximately __________ persons can validly represent the U.S. population.
1,500
Individuals living alone now make up __________ percent of U.S. households.
17
Polygamy has been illegal in the United States since
1878
Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.
20
In the early 1970s, about 70 percent of Americans thought homosexual relations were "always wrong." In 2015, about ______ percent thought so.
37
Today there are more than ______ million unmarried couple households in the United States.
8
Today there are approximately ________ same-sex couple households in the United States
800,000
A researcher using naturalistic observation must assign people to an experimental group and a control group.
False
Children of divorce usually divorce themselves.
False
_____ is a type of polygamy wherein a woman has multiple husbands.
Polyandry
Historically, marriage and family had two important functions: (1) guaranteeing property rights, and (2) _________.
Sexual release
Differences among women or among men (within-group variation) are usually greater than the differences between men and women (between-group variation).
True
Expectations for permanence derive from the fact that, historically, marriage has been a practical social institution.
True
Polyamory refers to marriages in which one or both spouses retain the option to sexually and emotionally love others in addition to their spouse.
True
Sociobiologists are careful to point out that biological predisposition does not mean that a person's behavior cannot be influenced or changed by social structure.
True
Some people live together because they are morally or politically opposed to the institution of marriage.
True
Somewhere between 1 and 4 percent of live births are intersexual.
True
Stable cohabiting families with two biological parents seem to offer many of the same benefits that stable married biological parents provide.
True
Today there are as many singles as married people.
True
Other societies, and past societies, tended to be more __________, where people identify with and conform to the expectations of their extended kin.
collectivistic
Date rape is also known as __________ rape.
acquaintance
To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by
an institutional review board (IRB).
In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.
around two
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style shun or evade emotional closeness.
avoidant
With few cross-cultural or historical exceptions, marriages have been expected to
be lifelong undertakings.
The __________ perspective argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predispose individuals to certain behaviors.
biosocial
Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _________, which is why we need scientific study.
blinders
Some adults who live with their parents have never moved out, but others — called _________ — have left home and then returned.
boomerangers
A key difference between swinging and polyamory is that in the case of polyamory, outside relationships
can be emotional as well as sexual.
It is not uncommon for young couples to be "on-again, off-again," a pattern relationship experts refer to as
churning
The proportion of children under age eighteen living with two married parents __________ over the past 30 years.
declined steadily
A legally or policy-defined relationship between two individuals who live together and share a domestic life but are not married is called a
domestic partnership
According to the__________ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.
exchange
Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.
expressive
Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of
familistic (communal) values.
Those who view individualized marriage as __________ assert that our culture's unchecked individualism has cause widespread moral weakening and self-indulgence.
family decline
Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and
individual freedom.
The United States is considered a(n) __________ society, where romantic love is valued in marriage.
individualistic
In a(n) __________ marriage, which dominates Americans' goals for marriage today, partners expect companionship and intimacy as well as more practical benefits.
individualized
The process by which family identity, traditions, and commitment emerge through interaction within a particular family, is an important part of which perspective?
interaction-constructionist
The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them
knowledgeably
An emerging alternative to marriage is __________, where a couple is engaged in a long-term relationship, but each partner also maintains a separate dwelling.
living apart together
Collecting data over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n)
longitudinal study.
Love is NOT __________, which involves maintaining relationships by consistently minimizing one's own needs while trying to satisfy those of a partner.
martyring
On the societal level, __________ is the assignment to men of greater control and influence over society's institutions.
masculine dominance
Which of the following is NOT listed by your text as a major family function?
meeting sexual desires
The sex ratio is the ratio of __________ in a given society or subgroup of a society.
men to women
Children are __________ likely than the general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.
more
Early research on cohabitation indicated that marriages that were preceded by more than one instance of cohabitation were __________ likely to end in separation or divorce than marriages in which the spouses had not previously cohabited at all.
more
Actual practice among conservative Christian couples appears ____________.
more egalitarian than formal doctrine would suggest
In __________________ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.
naturalistic observation
The _________ hypothesis proposes that work-marriage-family sequence is thought to be best for mental health and happiness.
normative order
The _______ family became common in industrial societies because it was better suited for city life.
nuclear
Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?
passion
Particularly among college educated women, parenthood is _________.
postponed
Today, some cohabitants consider their lifestyle a means of courtship, officially called __________, as they seek to test their compatibility before deciding whether to marry.
premarital cohabitation
According to the text, permanence and sexual exclusivity are two every important elements of the marriage
premise
Spouses and children are part of a person's family of
procreation
Children learn social roles by imitating the behaviors of parents, siblings, and family members through a type of play called ___________.
role-taking.
The text observes that children imitate models for behavior and are rewarded by parents and others for whatever is perceived as sex-appropriate behavior. This reflects which theory of socialization?
social learning
The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called
socialization
The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.
structure-functional
The conflict perspective is the opposite of the___________; it assumes that not all family behaviors and practices contribute to family well-being.
structure-functional theory.
The _______ message is the image of a woman who attained career success and supports her family.
superwoman
The text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is
the development of strong social networks.
What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party
Persons who change gender identity are referred to as
transgender
Individuals who change their physical anatomy through sex-reassignment surgery are
transsexuals
A majority of children live in __________ households.
two-parent
Almost ________ percent of the never-married tell pollsters that they do want to marry.
two-thirds
Polls show that both male and female spouses are far more likely than others to say that they are "very happy." Nearly __________ of marrieds say they are "very happy," compared to less than half of unmarrieds.
two-thirds
The conflict and feminist theories call attention to __________ within groups—including families—and within the larger society.
unequal power
Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on
white, middle-class heterosexuals.
