Marriage & Family Final

A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:

"There has been a serious breakdown in marriage and family values"

Those with a "family change" perspective view the family as ________________.

"an adaptable institution"

The expanding economy needed more workers, and women were drawn into the labor force in significant numbers beginning around ___________.

1890

According to the text, women full-time employees earn ______________ percent of what employed men do.

79%

Due to the American individualist orientation, three interrelated developments have occurred relating to marriage. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

Community became more vital and important

(T/F) Functional definitions of the family refer to what the family is, while structural definitions emphasize what the family does.

False

(T/F) Gender socialization does not begin until late toddlerhood

False

What is meant by the term postmodern family

Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms.

According to the text, parents today face questions that would not have been imagined several decades ago. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions discussed in the text?

Is my child doing well in school?

The text lists four interrelated characteristics which distinguish individualized marriage. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

It is economically practical

Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as among the features of the social context of child rearing that can make modern parenting difficult?

Most parents today do not have to worry about caring for their own aging parents

A pro-large movement known as ________ is situated in some fundamentalist Christian churches.

Quiverfull

Significant changes have taken place in American childbearing patterns in the decades since WWII. Which is NOT one of these changes discussed by the text?

Teen pregnancies are on the rise.

When parents are interviewed, they report a variety of emotional satisfactions from having children. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

The assurance that they would be well cared for in their old age

(T/F) Regardless of family structure, a family characterized by warmth, cohesion, and generally supportive communication is better for children.

True

(T/F) The arrival of a child is less disruptive when the parents get along well and have a strong commitment to parenting

True

(T/F) contempt, criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling, and belligerence characterize unhappy marriages and signal impending divorce.

True

Research suggests several qualities to look for when choosing a spouse. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

a physically attractive, healthy person

The text cites four social factors that may encourage young people today to postpone marriage or not to marry at all. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a rejection of marriage as an institution

Men are expected to have _________ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.

agentic

The importance of the male provider role is a powerful theme in _______.

all race/ethnic groups

In much of the world, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa that are less Westernized, parents have traditionally __________ their children's marriages.

arranged

Compared with parents in the past, today's parents spend ____________ with their children.

as much or more time

Research has shown that individuals gradually filter, or sort out, those who they think would not make the best life partner; for instance, women place importance on potential financial success in a mate. This is an example of which concept?

assortative mating

The __________ parent's attitude is "I am in charge and set/enforce the rules, no matter what."

authoritarian

The text points out that parenting is probably more satisfying for parents and effective for children when both parents use which parenting style?

authoritative

Discipline is never appropriate for _______.

babies

Suppose a researcher is observing the differences between men and women. This illustrates ______________ variation.

between-group

Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as ___________, which is why we need scientific study.

blinders

Some adults who live with their parents have never moved out, but others — called _________ — have left home and then returned.

boomerangers

Arranged marriage has characterized __________ societies.

collectivistic

A _____________ is a situation or place characterized by group living

commune

In Robert Sternberg's typology, ______________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.

consummate

The text points out that when we think of singlehood as a(n) ________________, we realize that not all singles are socially unattached, disconnected, or isolated.

continuum

The ____________ of men's and women's roles reflects a dramatic change since the gender roles of the 1950s and before

convergence

Christina is angry with her husband Tyrone for spending too much time and energy on his business endeavors, and she expresses dislike for his very expensive car. This is an illustration of

displacement

According to the values of children perspective, children are viewed as

economic assets

Family change is attributed to which of the following influences?

economic trends and cultural changes

According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

erotic

People are influenced by the society around them. Societal or structural conditions can negatively limit or positively__________ our options.

expand

Researchers who randomly assign subjects to different groups would suggest that the investigators are using which technique?

experiment

Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.

expressive

Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in

families with no children

Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective argue that we need to view the family from a historical standpoint.

family change

Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.

family decline

Those who view individualized marriage as _____________ assert that our culture's unchecked individualism has cause widespread moral weakening and self-indulgence.

family decline

A strength of the __________ perspective is that it challenges the idea that family success depends solely on individual effort.

family ecology

Sometimes the marriage exchange is accompanied by a dowry, a sum of money or property brought to the marriage by the __________.

female

Typically in __________ cultures, a wedding takes place only after a relationship has developed.

free-choice

Traditional men are more likely to take on the __________ model as their husband-father role.

good provider

Sociologist Judith Wallerstein conducted lengthy interviews with 50 predominantly white, middle-class couples in northern California. In order to participate, both husband and wife had to define their marriage as

happy

Studies show that good parenting involves at least four factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

having siblings who are experienced with parenting

The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a(n)

household

Exchange theory stresses the importance of __________ in family relationships.

how family members use their resources to trade with other family members

Men with children work __________compared to childless men, on average.

increased hours

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment."

insecure/anxious

In a(n) _____________ marriage, coming together as husband and wife was based on dutiful adherence to the time-honored marriage premise, particularly the norm of permanence.

instituational

Many parenting couples move in together, then out, then back in, a situation referred to as

intermittent cohabitation

Children who report, "I am unhappy a lot," or "I worry a lot," are evidencing __________ behavioral problems associated with emotional or psychological problems.

internalizing

An emerging alternative to marriage is __________, where a couple is engaged in a long-term relationship, but each partner also maintains a separate dwelling.

living apart together

What is the key function of marriage for most Americans?

love and ongoing emotional support

The text points out that it is impossible to ______________ when a person is in the "wanting-revenge, feeling-stung-and-needing-to-sting-back" state of mind.

make an "I" statement

The text concludes that much of the increase in singlehood is explained by several factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

man men's earning potential has increased relative to women's

In the United States, ___________ remains the most socially acceptable and stable gateway to family life

marriage

According to the text, fathers are spending _____________ time with their children in comparison to the past.

more

The proportion of one-child families in America appears to be growing due to at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

negative personal experiences with siblings from childhood

The ____________ family consists of husband, wife, and children in one household.

nuclear

The pronounced tendency for men and women to be employed in different types of jobs is termed

occupational segregation

Janet is employed as an executive within a major corporation. When she decided to have a child, she stepped down from this position, thus giving up a six-figure income. Janet's situation illustrates which of the following "costs?"

opportunity

____________ are the things most parents must give up in order to have children.

opportunity costs

Parents, brothers, and sisters are part of a person's family of

orientation

According to the text, one disadvantage of survey research is it depends on the

participants' honesty, motivation, and ability to respond.

Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?

passion

The __________________ parent's style is indulgent, and often leads to the classic "spoiled child."

permissive

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring and low parental warmth?

permissive-emotional neglect

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring but high parental warmth?

permissive-indulgent

_________ is a type of polygamy wherein a woman has multiple husbands

polyandry

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "_____________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

professional

In the United States, the mother is expected to be the child's primary __________ parent, assuming the major emotional responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children.

psychological

When unmarried partners decide to move in together, there are

regulations, customs, and laws that may cause them problems

Researchers conducting surveys want their samples to be

representative

Virtually all research suggests that today's typical American family is

rushed and stressed

Mark is angry because his wife invited friends over when he wanted to relax. He decides to act bored during the entire evening. Mark's behavior reflects

sabotage

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild writes that employed parents put in a _____________ of unpaid family work that leaves them stressed and drained.

second shift

Adults with a(n) ___________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.

secure

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

socialization

The text points out that couples who communicate mutual affection create a contagious "__________ effect" so that the household atmosphere becomes one of emotional support.

spiraling

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major social institutions as identified by social scientists?

sports

Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?

stabilization

The conflict perspective is the opposite of the ___________; it assumes that not all family behaviors and practices contribute to family well-being.

structure-functional theory

When conducting __________, researchers ask a series of structured, or close-ended questions

surveys

In John Gottman's investigations, ____________ was the only variable that predicted both marital stability and marital happiness among stable couples.

the amount of positive affect in the conflict

What marks the end of the family life cycle, according to the text?

the death of a spouse

The text indicates that perhaps the most important task for unmarried individuals of both genders is

the development of strong social networks

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as

the military

Young singles choose to live with their parents for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?

the need for a tax shelter

Theoretical perspectives or theories can increase our _____________ families and family life.

understanding of

____________ involve(s) the necessary tasks of attending to both the emotional needs of all family members and the practical needs of dependent members, as well as maintaining the family domicile.

unpaid family work

Research has shown a link between ___________ parental conflict and children's behavior problems.

unresolved

Study after study shows that marital satisfaction is greater when __________.

wives feel that husbands share fairly in the household work.