Mash & Wolf Quiz Chapter 3

To record electrical activity of the brain, one would want to use a(n) ____. Select one: a.EEG b.PET scan c.CT scan d.MRI

a. EEG

____ are used to study cerebral glucose metabolism. Select one: a.PET scans b.EEGs c.CT scans d.MRIs

a. PET scans

Evaluating the mental health of children can be particularly difficult due to the ____. Select one: a.cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior b.difference in psychological theories c.limited amount of assessment tools available for children d.vague information often given by children

a. cultural variations of what constitutes abnormal behavior

Treatment ____ refers to whether or not a treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions. Select one: a.efficacy b.effectiveness c.reliability d.validity

a. efficacy

Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through ____. Select one: a.epidemiological research b.regression analysis c.correlation studies d.efficacy studies

a. epidemiological research

Skepticism exists regarding research in abnormal child psychology because _____. Select one: a.experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree b.research findings in abnormal child psychology have no clear results c.many conclusions from research with children produce the same findings d.research findings are primarily extrapolated from adult studies

a. experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree

Aging effects and cohort effects are some of the potential disadvantages of ____ research designs. Select one: a.longitudinal b.cross-sectional c.experimental d.between group

a. longitudinal

In ___________________, comparisons are made between conditions or treatments that already exist. Select one: a.natural experiments b.correlational studies c.retrospective design d.real-time prospective designs

a. natural experiments

Emily's mother was asked to complete a behavior checklist on two separate occasions several weeks apart. The results yielded from both occasions were very similar. The behavior checklist can be said to be Select one: a.reliable. b.valid. c.standardized. d.effective.

a. reliable.

A variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances that the negative outcome will occur is a(n) ____. Select one: a.risk factor b.protective factor c.predictive factor d.epidemiological factor

a. risk factor

The use of ____ is rare in studies of child psychopathology. Select one: a.randomly selected samples b.samples of convenience c.reliable measures d.valid measures

a.randomly selected samples

One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that ____. Select one: a.they are not cost effective b.behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed c.results tend to be invalid d.observation cannot be conducted in a structured way

b. behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed

To know if a treatment would truly be useful in community settings, researchers should focus on treatment ____. Select one: a.efficacy b.effectiveness c.reliability d.validity

b. effectiveness

When evaluating whether claims are scientifically believable, each of the following is a difference between science and pseudoscience EXCEPT Select one: a.the quality of evidence. b.how evidence is organized. c.how evidence is obtained. d.how evidence is presented.

b. how evidence is organized.

In research terms, research questions about behavior that follow from a theory are called ____. Select one: a.speculations b.hypotheses c.assumptions d.proposals

b. hypotheses

Maturation is a threat to ____. Select one: a.external validity b.internal validity c.convergent validity d.interrater reliability

b. internal validity

In ____ research, the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development. Select one: a.cross-sectional b.longitudinal c.between groups d.cohort

b. longitudinal

Qualitative research ____. Select one: a.provides a numerical approach to understanding research b.provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation c.uses normed assessment tools d.uses statistical analysis

b. provides an intensive and intimate understanding of a situation

An assessment tool that actually measures the construct it is intended to measure can be considered ____. Select one: a.reliable b.valid c.standardized d.effective

b. valid

A correlation score of +0.75 between two variables such as symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression indicates what kind of relationship between these variables? Select one: a.A weak, negative association between them b.A weak, positive association between them c.A strong, positive association between them d.A strong, negative relationship between them

c. A strong, positive association between them

_____ means that the child shows some form of agreement to participate in research without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research. Select one: a.Uninformed consent b.Partial consent c.Assent d.Voluntary participation

c. Assent

____ validity refers to whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research. Select one: a.Face b.Convergent c.Construct d.Discriminant

c. Construct

The ______ of research findings is what advances the field of psychology. Select one: a.reliability b.standardization c.accumulation d.validity

c. accumulation

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies toward the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ____. Select one: a.comorbid variable b.correlated variable c.mediator variable d.moderator variable

c. mediator variable

Research procedures that may harm a child physically or psychologically should ____. Select one: a.only be used when necessary b.only be used when a parent gives consent c.never be used d.only be used when the researcher is very careful

c. never be used

____ research focuses on a specific research question under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation to which the researcher wishes to generalize. Select one: a.Cohort b.Retrospective c.Circumscribed d.Analogue

d. Analogue

Which of the following is a magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions? Select one: a.Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) b.Functional connectivity MRI c.Functional MRI d.Diffusion MRI

d. Diffusion MRI

____ validity refers to the degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another. Select one: a.Convergent b.Construct c.Criterion d.Discriminant

d. Discriminant

____ use radio signals generated in a strong magnetic field. Select one: a.EEGs b.PET scans c.CT scans d.MRIs

d. MRIs

_____ rates refer to all cases of a disorder, whether new or previously existing, that are observed during a specified time period. Select one: a.Comorbidity b.Comortality c.Incidence d.Prevalence

d. Prevalence

The fact that vulnerable populations often feel pressure to participate in research studies is a factor relating to which ethical concern? Select one: a.Informed consent and assent b.Nonharmful procedures c.Confidentiality and anonymity d.Voluntary participation

d. Voluntary participation

Questions about ________ are complicated because what qualifies varies according to the variables of interest as well as the causal chain. Select one: a.effects b.correlates c.risks d.causes

d. causes

The overlapping or co-occurrence of disorders is called ____. Select one: a.multifinality b.comortality c.multidiagnosis d.comorbidity

d. comorbidity

Qualitative research is characterized by ____. Select one: a.operational definitions b.isolation of variables of interest c.careful control of subject matter d.in-depth narratives and observations

d. in-depth narratives and observations

Taking a child to see three different psychologists and receiving three different diagnoses would be an example of a lack of ____. Select one: a.convergent validity b.discriminant validity c.internal consistency d.interrater reliability

d. interrater reliability

If a study of the effect of divorce found a more negative impact for girls than for boys, sex will be a ____. Select one: a.protective factor b.risk factor c.mediating variable d.moderating variable

d. moderating variable

Factors that influence the direction or strength of a relationship of variables of interest are called ____. Select one: a.correlated variables b.mediator variables c.risk variables d.moderator variables

d. moderator variables

Mediator variables are those that ____. Select one: a.predict the relationship among variables b.have an independent effect on the existing relationship among variables c.influence the direction or strength of the relationship between variables d.refer to the process through which a variable produces an outcome

d. refer to the process through which a variable produces an outcome

Asking college students to describe their childhood relationships with peers is an example of a ____ design. Select one: a.longitudinal b.cohort c.prospective d.retrospective

d. retrospective

Research into risk and protective factors requires that large samples of children be studied and multiple areas of functioning be assessed over long periods of time because ____. Select one: a.the areas of child functioning that will be affected are known in advance b.a high percentage of children who are at risk will develop the disorder c.the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur is not known in advance d.the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop

d. the risk and protective factor processes take years to develop