mastering a and p chapter 6 HW

which of the following would not be a way that parathyroid hormone could alter plasma calcium levels? increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney increase osteoclasts increase osteoblasts on bone

increase osteoblasts on bone

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________. Volkmann's canals a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage perforating (Sharpey's) fibers the struts of bone known as spicules

perforating (sharpey's) fibers

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false? True False

true

bone collar; A collar of ossified tissue forms around the bone in the early stages of ossification.

what structure is seen at the arrow? diaphysis bone collar epiphyseal plate periosteal bud

Paget´s disease

Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

endochondral ossification; The figure illustrates a step in the embryonic formation of a bone from a cartilage model.

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure? endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification bone fracture repair bone remodeling

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels ; Calcitonin is produced in the thyroid gland; it does not normally affect blood calcium levels, but does decrease blood calcium levels if taken as a drug at very high concentrations.

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function? growth hormone; lengthens bones osteocalcin; regulates glucose metabolism calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels leptin; regulates bone density

paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following pairings is correct? osteoporosis; increased bone density Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone rickets; deficiency of vitamin A

Osteoporosis refers to groups of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. The bones become fragile and easily fractured. The composition of the matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light.

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? Paget's disease osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets

which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? thyroid hormones calcitriol parathyroid hormone calcitonin

calcitonin

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? calcitonin thyroid hormones vitamin D calcitriol

calcitriol

which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? parathyroid hormones calcitonin calcitriol

calcitriol

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? elevated levels of sex hormones osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity too much vitamin D in the diet overproduction of thyroid hormone

elevated levels of sex hormones

intramembraneous ossification

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Osteomalacia

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing

Osteoporosis

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

calcification of the cartilage matrix; formation of compact bone cell division of chondrocytes conversion of bone into cartilage calcification of the cartilage matrix

During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter B? formation of compact bone cell division of chondrocytes conversion of bone into cartilage calcification of the cartilage matrix

bone resorption; As the bone widens, the matrix at the endosteal surface is resorbed to maintain the proper thickness of the walls surrounding the medullary cavity

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D? production of hyaline cartilage bone resorption production of compact bone interstitial growth

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone; Parathyroid hormone functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.

B; Hematopoietic tissue is found in the spaces within the red bone marrow found within certain body locations consisting of spongy bone. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus (pictured).

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located? A B C D E

Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis? Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously in swimming. Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is considered a weight-bearing exercise. Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise. Swimming is recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as forces are applied in all directions on the bones simultaneously.

Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise

Chondrocytes

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling

appositional growth

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

hyaline; The cartilage models used to form bones are composed of hyaline cartilage. This tissue persists within the epiphyseal plate at the boundary between primary and secondary ossification centers until early adulthood.

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue? dense connective tissue fibrocartilage mesenchyme hyaline cartilage

hematoma; This is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture. In order, here are the stages of bone fracture healing: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling.

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture? formation of a fibrocartilaginous callusbone remodeling formation of a bony callus formation of a hematoma

lamellae; Lamellae are layers of bony matrix synthesized by osteoblasts during bone growth and maintenance.

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell at A? lacunae lamellae endosteum periosteum

hyaline cartilage; The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from hyaline cartilage.

What material makes up most of the structure at A? hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage dense irregular connective tissue fibrocartilage

compound fracture; the fracture bone penetrates the skin

Which of the following are correctly matched? nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skinin complete fracture; the bone is broken through

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue; The periosteum is composed of dense irregular connective tissue along with a layer of simple squamous epithelium.

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component? periosteum; cuboidal epithelium endosteum; dense regular connective tissue endosteum; areolar tissue periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Glucagon's main action is to increase blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of glycogen in the liver; it does not affect bone remodeling.

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?parathyroid hormone mechanical stress glucagon low blood Ca2+ concentration

mechanical stress and hormones; Remodeling goes on continuously in the skeleton, regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different "masters." One is a negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood; the other involves responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton.

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling?the nervous system and hormones hormones and diet mechanical stress and hormones mechanical stress and diet

After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.; By 21, most people have experienced the process that seals the epiphyseal plates.

Which of the following statements is true? PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone. By 21, the width of the bones stops changing. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

epiphyseal plate

area where bone longitudinal growth takes place

Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support? chloride phosphate carbonate calcium

calcium

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________. calcium, and vitamin E potassium and vitamin D vitamin D and chloride calcium and vitamin D

calcium and vitamin D

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch. elastic cartilage hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage bone

fibrocartilage

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? glucagon parathyroid hormone low blood Ca2+ concentration mechanical stress

glucagon

bones do not have a role in ________________. blood cell formation movement fat storage glycogen production support

glycogen production; Glycogen production (glycogenesis) is not a role of bone; it takes place primarily in muscle and liver cells.

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength? vitamin E cartilage gravity bone length

gravity

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient. head of humerus hip bone frontal bone medullary cavity of femur

hip bone

there are several components to a functional osteon. changes to which of the following body components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones bend under a person's body weight? hydroxyaptite articular cartilage osteoid periosteum

hydroxyaptite; the hydroxyapatite is the rigid portion of the bone matrix. As hydroxyapatite is removed from the bone, more of the body's weight would be transferred to the collagen of the osteoid, which would bend under the weight.

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. osteocyte osteoblast osteoclast chondrocyte

osteoblast

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? Paget's disease osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets

osteoporosis

osteoid producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium binding proteins? centrioles mitochondria ribosomes peroxisomes

ribososmes

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch

skeletal cartilage; reinforces airways

which of the following pair is mismatched? femur: long bone tarsals: short bones sternum: long bone skull bones: flat bones

sternum: long bone.

epiphyseal line

the appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

the epiphyseal plate; During endochondral ossification, a distinct epiphyseal plate is formed at the boundary between primary and secondary ossification centers

the arrow is pointing at which one? a primary ossification center the epiphyseal plate the articular cartilage a secondary ossification center