Mastering A&P Chapter 1 - The Human Body
If you tell your instructor what your learning style preference is, he or she will likely modify the instructional approach to accommodate your needs True False
False Although some instructors are quite accommodating, or they try to teach to multiple learning styles, they have many students with various learning styles and they are not likely to alter their course much for you. Instead, you need to customize your own approach to studying.
A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section. True False
False Correct. A transverse section creates a superior and an inferior section.
Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells. True False
False Correct. Cells are interdependent, which creates a division of labor within the body.
Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle. The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body.
The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.
Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body cavity with its contents? Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body cavity with its contents? The cavity at D contains the reproductive organs. The cavity at D contains the urinary bladder. The cavity at C contains the lungs. The cavity at E contains most of the digestive organs.
The cavity at C contains the lungs. The cavity at C contains the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs.
Moving from simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before (simpler than) the cell? atom molecule tissue organelle
organelle Organelles are the functional units of cells.
Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level? cellular chemical organ organismal
organismal The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being. Thus, the organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
Based on the Biological Hierarchy of Organization, tissues join together to form what structures? organelles organs molecules cells
organs
Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles? superficial lateral medial deep
superficial The skin covers the outside of the body; thus, it is superficial, or external, to the skeletal muscles.
If the figure were used to represent the regulation of body temperature, the structures represented by the letter C would include __________. sweat glands in the skin hot and cold sensors in the skin temperature sensors in the brain temperature controllers in the brain
sweat glands in the skin Teeter-totter analogy for homeostatic regulation. Effectors in the homeostatic control of body temperature include sweat glands and skeletal muscles.
Which numbered image in the figure would represent the level of organization corresponding to a protein molecule?
2 A protein molecule is formed from the combination of many atoms.
Which numbered arrow represents the net movement of carbon dioxide?
2 Carbon dioxide (CO2), a by-product of cellular respiration, is transported by the cardiovascular system and eliminated from the body by the respiratory system.
Which numbered arrow in the figure represents the net movement of nitrogenous wastes and excess ions?
4 Excess nitrogenous waste and excess ions are removed from the blood and eliminated from the body by the excretory system.
What is the mediastinum? The structure that connects cavities A and B. The structure that separates the cavities indicated by the letters C and D. The cavity formed by the combination of subdivisions indicated by the letters D and E. A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C.
A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C. The mediastinum is a cavity contained within the thoracic cavity.
Which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled 5 in the figure? carbon dioxide oxygen nutrients waste products All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct. The set of arrows labeled 5 represents both the essential materials required for cellular metabolism (nutrients and oxygen) and the waste products generated as a by-product of cellular metabolism (including organic molecules and carbon dioxide).
The ventral cavity includes which of the indicated subdivisions in the figure? A and B C and D D and E C, D, and E
C, D, and E The ventral cavity includes the thoracic (C) and abdominopelvic cavities (D and E).
Most people have only one learning style preference. True False
False
The knee is proximal to the thigh. True False
False Proximal means "closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." Distal means "farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk." In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.
Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system I, II, III I, III, V I, IV, VI II, IV, VI IV, V, VI
I, IV, VI Correct. The digestive and respiratory systems bring nutrients required for metabolism to the circulatory system to be transported around the body.
What is the function of serous fluid? It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air. It aids in the repair of damaged organs. It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios.
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.
What is the function of serous fluid? It aids in the repair of damaged organs. It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios. It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air. It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.
Which of the following best defines anatomy? It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. It is the study of tissues.
It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.
Which of the following statements is correct? The sternum is posterior to the spine. The heart is dorsal to the sternum. The heart is posterior to the spine. The sternum is dorsal to the spine.
The heart is dorsal to the sternum. The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body," or behind.
Which type of serous membrane is located within the lower mediastinum? parietal pericardium
The pericardial cavity, lined with parietal pericardium, occupies the lower part of the mediastinum.
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity walls is the __________. parietal pleura parietal peritoneum parietal pericardium visceral pleura
The thoracic cavity contains the lateral pleural cavities and the medial mediastinum. Parietal serosas are found on cavity walls.
What level of structural organization is represented by the image numbered 5 in the figure? tissue organ organelle cell
Tissue Image 5 illustrates a type of tissue (in this case, muscle) consisting of a group of cells that work collectively to achieve a certain function.
Using the anatomical terminology presented in this video, how would you describe the location of a bruise on the front right lower leg? anterior, proximal to knee posterior, distal to hip posterior, proximal to hip anterior, distal to knee
anterior, distal to knee
Which of the following is a particularly good strategy for a tactile learner? watching the instructor's facial expressions highlighting key points while reading the textbook focusing on tables and graphs reading lecture notes out loud
highlighting key points while reading the textbook
Which of the following is a particularly good study strategy for auditory learners? highlighting key passages in their textbooks listening to recorded lectures writing their own lecture notes during class focusing on illustrations, tables, and graphs
listening to recorded lectures
Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes? metabolism responsiveness movement reproduction
metabolism Our cells are chemical factories. Chemical reactions (metabolism) are essential for cells to function and, thus, for the body as a whole to maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, excrete, grow, and reproduce--all necessary life functions.
Which of the following regional anatomy terms matches the anatomical description "anterior and most distal"? popliteal metatarsal carpal acromial
metatarsal The metatarsal region is the most distal region on this list. Additionally, when you view the posterior plane, the metatarsal region is not visible (instead you would see the plantar region.
Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? developmental anatomy systemic anatomy microscopic anatomy gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities? nervous and endocrine systems cardiovascular and digestive systems cardiovascular and endocrine systems nervous and cardiovascular systems
nervous and endocrine systems Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, the body's control systems.
What directional term would be used to indicate sunburn on a patient's back? anterior proximal posterior distal
posterior
In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment? stimulus effector control center receptor
receptor Homeostasis refers to maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Receptors monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body and send this information (called input) to control centers for processing.
Which of the following correctly describes the function of serous fluid? reduce friction as food passes through the digestive tract circulate nutrients and oxygen to the organs within the ventral cavity provide a thick, fluid-filled space between the organs of the body to prevent them from touching each other reduce friction between the organs of the ventral cavity
reduce friction between the organs of the ventral cavity Organs and the cavity walls in which they sit are covered with serous membranes. These membranes secrete serous fluid to allow organs to move and slide within the ventral cavity as they carry out their normal functions.
Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? coronal section sagittal section transverse section oblique section
sagittal section A sagittal section is a cut made through the sagittal plane--a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A midsagittal section would cross the nasal, umbilical, and pelvic regions.
Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? the variable, the receptor, and the set point the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector the receptor, the control center, and the effector
the receptor, the control center, and the effector Regardless of the factor or event being regulated--the variable--all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).
The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions? the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities
the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral, or spinal, cavity.
f the figure were used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would be most directly associated with the structure labeled B? burning of fuel cooling of air thermometer reading thermostat setting
thermostat setting The structure represented by B is the control center of the homeostatic control system. In a home heating system, the control center stores the thermostat temperature setting and determines the appropriate response to deviations in the home temperature compared to that setting. Teeter-totter analogy for homeostatic regulation.
Pericarditis is a disorder in which pain is experienced in the_________. thoracic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity Pericarditis is an infection or inflammation of the connective-tissue covering surrounding the heart. The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs? to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ to provide a protective outer covering for the organ to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues
to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall The two serous membrane layers are separated by a cavity containing serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions.
What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs? to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ to provide a protective outer covering for the organ to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall
to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall The two serous membrane layers are separated by a cavity containing serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions.
Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident? stomach intestines urinary bladder liver
urinary bladder The urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones.
Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident? stomach intestines urinary bladder liver
urinary bladder The urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones.
If a patient experiences inflammation of the membrane on the surface of the stomach, which membrane is affected? If a patient experiences inflammation of the membrane on the surface of the stomach, which membrane is affected? parietal pericardium visceral pleura visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum Visceral serosas are found on organ surfaces, and membranes within the abdominopelvic subdivision of the ventral cavity are described as peritoneum.
Which of the following is a particularly good technique for visual learners? discussing complex material with classmates watching videos and animations drawing listening to recorded lectures
watching videos and animations