Mastering AP2 Exam 2 CH17-18

Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure if the Hydrostatic pressure is 40 mm Hg and the Colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg. -15 mm Hg 15 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 65 mm Hg

15 mm Hg

A patient has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute, an EDV of 110 ml, and an ESV of 70 ml. What is the patient's cardiac output? 11.1 L/minute 4.9 L/minute 18.0 L/minute 2.8 L/minute

2.8 L/minute

The plateau phase of the cardiac action potential is due to __________. Ca2+ influx Na+ influx Cl- influx K2+ influx

Ca2+ influx

Certain drugs used to treat dysrhythmias, called local anesthetics, work by blocking voltage gated sodium ion channels and slowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell during an action potential. What effects would you see? Increase in hyperpolarization Decrease repolarization of cell Decrease depolarization of the cell Increase depolarization of the cell

Decrease depolarization of the cell

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the hormone Angiotensin II? Triggers the secretion of Aldosterone Increased thirst Vasoconstriction Decreased cardiac output

Decreased cardiac output

Which of these terms is best defined an influx of positive charges, causing the resting membrane potential to become less negative, i.e., more positive?

Depolarization

Heart tissue dies during a myocardial infarction (MI), and a person's survival and recovery depend on the extent of cell death and the chamber(s) involved. In which chamber would the loss of function be most damaging to survival? Left atrium Right atrium Right ventricle Left Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Some medications, like the antibiotic ticarcillin, are not effective if given by mouth because nearly the entire dose is broken down by the hepatic portal system. These drugs are often injected directly into the bloodstream. Why is this an effective way of administering the medication? Medications can be injected directly into the affected tissue and will not have to travel through the hepatic portal system. Medications delivered orally will enter the hepatic portal system before entering the rest of the systemic system, so injections into the bloodstream will allow the medication to travel to the capillary beds and into the tissues before reaching the hepatic portal system. Medications injected into the bloodstream are in liquid form and will pass through the hepatic portal system without being broken down since it does not contain the acids of the digestive system. Medications injected into the bloodstream can be given at a higher dosage to accommodate for the functions of the hepatic portal system.

Medications can be injected directly into the affected tissue and will not have to travel through the hepatic portal system.

Why does cigarette smoking put someone at risk for developing high blood pressure? -Nicotine causes the cardiac output to be reduced and blood pressure to increase. Cigarette smoking reduces blood volume causing dehydration and an increase in blood pressure. --Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor which will increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Nicotine causes vasodilation, increasing perfusion of blood vessels and an increase in blood pressure.

Nicotine causes the cardiac output to be reduced and blood pressure to increase.

Which of the following happens immediately after the P wave? The ventricles relax. The atria relax. The ventricles contract. The atria contract.

The atria contract.

Why is there a greater risk injuring the internal jugular vein than the external jugular vein when doing procedures on the carotid artery? -The internal jugular vein is adjacent to the carotid artery and more likely to be damaged. -The external jugular vein is larger and easier to see during procedures and so less likely to be damaged. -The external jugular vein is deeper than the carotid artery and the internal jugular vein and more likely not to be damaged. -The internal jugular vein is adjacent to the carotid artery, whereas the external jugular vein is more superficial and is separated from the carotid artery by muscles of the neck.

The internal jugular vein is adjacent to the carotid artery, whereas the external jugular vein is more superficial and is separated from the carotid artery by muscles of the neck.

As their name suggests, calcium ion channel blockers block calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma of pacemaker and contractile cardiac muscle cells and slow calcium ion entry into the cell during an action potential. What effects would these drugs have on the myocardial cells? The conduction velocity would increase There would be an increase in sodium channel reactivation There would be a decrease in contractility The action potential would be shorter at the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell

There would be a decrease in contractility

The main negative chronotropic effect on the heart is exerted by __________. Vagus Nerves Sympathetic Nerves SA Node AV Node

Vagus Nerve

Which of the following vessels will have the lowest blood pressure? Venule Arteriole Vein Artery

Vein

Which of the following describes an anastomosis? smallest arterioles which directly feed capillary beds vessels supplying the tunica media and tunica external of blood vessels an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed a special type of circuit in which veins feed a capillary bed

an artery empties directly into a vein without passing through a capillary bed

The P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of cells in the: ventricles. atria. sinoatrial (SA) node. atrioventricular (AV) node.

atria.

Which hormone decreases cardiac output by decreasing blood volume and preload? atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) norepinephrine aldosterone

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach to the papillary muscles via the __________.

chordae tendineae

Digoxin is a positive inotropic agent derived from the foxglove family of plants. Which of the following is an effect of digoxin? decreased CO decreased contractility decreased ESV decreased SV

decreased ESV

Patients with extreme hypotension have reduced urine production because of increased cardiac output and decreased peripheral resistance. increased renal artery stenosis and decreased blood pressure. increased filtration of fluid through the kidney tubules and increased blood volume. decreased blood flow through the kidneys and increased water retention due to ADH.

decreased blood flow through the kidneys and increased water retention due to ADH.

The appropriate baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is: decreased cardiac output increased heart rate vasoconstriction stimulate sympathetic activity

decreased cardiac output and vasodilation

A patient is suffering from liver failure and their liver is not producing enough plasma proteins. This will result in __________. increased hydrostatic pressure increased colloid osmotic pressure decreased colloid osmotic pressure decreased hydrostatic pressure

decreased colloid osmotic pressure

Hemorrhage would lead to a __________ preload and therefore __________ cardiac output. decreased; increased increased; increased decreased; decreased increased; decreased

decreased; decreased

What largely determines preload? end-diastolic volume (EDV) end-systolic volume (ESV) stroke volume afterload

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

The visceral pericardium is also known as the __________.

epicardium

Which of the following does not drain into the hepatic portal vein? superior mesenteric vein gastric vein splenic vein hepatic vein

hepatic vein

Which of these changes will result in increased blood pressure? decreased blood viscosity increased vessel radius decrease cardiac output increased blood volume

increased blood volume

The apex of the heart is __________. anterior superior inferior posterior

inferior

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells? striations sarcoplasmic reticulum intercalated discs excitability

intercalated discs

What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles? interventricular sulcus interventricular septum interatrial septum atrioventricular sulcus

interventricular sulcus

Unlike skeletal muscle action potentials, cardiac muscle action potentials __________. involve calcium voltage-gated channels begin with a rapid depolarization phase have a short refractory period do not involve repolarization

involve calcium voltage-gated channels

Ventricular systole begins during the __________ phase of the cardiac cycle.

isovolumetric contraction

Blood returning from the lungs enters the __________.

left atrium

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to the: liver. brain. lungs. body.

lungs.

The heart is located in the _____ cavity.

mediastinum

The cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials in the heart are called __________. atrial cells ventricular cells contractile cells pacemaker cells

pacemaker cells

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood? pulmonary vein pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary trunk

pulmonary vein

The vessels that deliver oxygen to the tissues of the body are part of the __________. pulmonary circuit coronary circuit systemic circuit conducting circuit

systemic circuit

Which of the following events will immediately follow the End Systolic volume? blood is ejected into the pulmonary artery and aorta ventricular systole the semilunar valves open the atrioventricular valves open

the atrioventricular valves open.

Afterload is described as: the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase. the ability to generate tension. the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries. the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract.

the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.

The aortic valve closes when __________. the pressure in the left ventricle raises above the atrial pressure the pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure the pressure in the left ventricle falls below atrial pressure the pressure in the left ventricle raises above the aortic pressure

the pressure in the left ventricle falls below aortic pressure

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium? tricuspid valve pulmonary valve aortic valve bicuspid (mitral) valve

tricuspid valve

Blood from the systemic circuit returns to the heart via the __________. pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins cardiac veins venae cavae

venae cavae

The chambers that have just emptied when the second heart sound is heard are the __________.

ventricles

During what phase does blood flow from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta? ventricular filling isovolumetric relaxation phase ventricular ejection phase isovolumetric contraction phase

ventricular ejection phase