Mastering Bio Chapter 6
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH2 molecule.
three ... two
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the inter membrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
The enzyme ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the energy needed for this endergonic reaction is derived from _____.
the movement of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane
The energy production per glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is _____.
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Substrate-level phosphorylation directly generates ATP during a chemical reaction. As a single molecule of glucose is completely oxidized in the presence of oxygen, how many molecules of ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation?
4 ATP
The overall efficiency of respiration is approximately _____.
40%
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.
are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
in the cytoplasmic fluid
In eukaryotes, most of the high-energy electrons released from glucose by cell respiration _____.
reduce NAD+ to NADH, which then delivers them to the electron transport chain
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.
mitochondria
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2 (Product of Citric Acid Cycle)
In the video, what is the primary sugar being pulled out of the hole high in the tree?
Glucose
Where does Glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol
Where and what does the Citric acid cycle do?
In the mitochondrial matrix and transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2
______ are the sites of cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... inter membrane space
During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.
NADH; NAD+
__________ is to a mitochondrion as __________ is to a chloroplast
O2 ... CO2
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
Oxygen
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
The citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain
What is oxygen?
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration
Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?
electrons
The function of cellular respiration is to _____.
extract usable energy from glucose
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____.
kinetic energy and heat
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.
loses ... oxygen gains
Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.
make ATP to power the cell's activities
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
______ and ________ are byproducts of cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide and water
What are the sites of photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
Photosynthesis
What does photosynthesis produce?
Produces glucose and releases oxygen into the atmosphere
Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
The Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
What two-carbon precursor molecule from carbohydrate metabolism is used to produce fatty acids?
acetyl-CoA
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?
plasma membrane
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
the mitochondrion
Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because _____.
with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons