Mastering Biology 8

How do allergens elicit allergy symptoms?

Allergens bind to antibodies embedded in the surface of mast cells, which triggers the mast cells to release histamine.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

__________ are the fundamental units of life.

Cells

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while oxygen diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.

False

If you cut your skin, damaged cells release chemicals to initiate blood clotting. Formation of a blood clot stimulates additional chemical release, which accelerates the clotting process. This is an example of a negative feedback mechanism.

False

The urethra plays a role in both male and female reproduction.

False

Urine leaves the kidney though the renal vein.

False

Water soluble vitamins are essential in the diet while fat soluble vitamins are not.

False

_______________ involves the development and migration of the three tissue layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Gastrulation

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

In what way can the human circulatory system be described as double circulation?

The human cardiovascular system includes the pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.

Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism's body parts, while physiology is the study of the function of those parts.

True

Animals regulate their internal environments in a way that maintains relative stability in response to changes in their external environments. This tendency, called "homeostasis," is most often maintained by negative feedback mechanisms.

True

Bacterial meningitis is typically more severe than viral meningitis and can be life threatening.

True

During diastole, the heart muscles relax; during systole, the atria and ventricles contract sequentially.

True

Epithelial tissues cover most body surfaces and form the inner lining for most body cavities.

True

Muscle contraction works by sliding filaments that move over each other when the muscle contracts.

True

Oxygen-poor blood enters the heart through two veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.

True

The standard length of human pregnancy is often quoted to be 40 weeks (9 months). However, the average time between fertilization and birth is only 38 weeks.

True

Urine contains mostly __________.

Water

Anatomy is to physiology as ___________.

a book is to reading

On what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?

about day 14

Heartburn is actually __________.

acid reflux

What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

alveoli

Connective tissue consists of cells scattered throughout __________.

an extracellular matrix

The human circulatory system constitutes __________.

an organ system

The main function of this substance is to aid in the digestion of fat.

bile

Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.

bronchioles

Which of the following options lists the structural elements of organisms in the correct order, from smallest to largest?

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, "__________ is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States." It is estimated that 1 in 15 sexually active females aged between 14 and 19 years has this infection.

chlamydia

During cleavage, cell division is accompanied by a(n) ______________.

decrease in cell size

Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.

diaphragm

The cerebrum develops from the _______________

forebrain

The elbow is an example of this kind of joint.

hinge

The ____________________ is the master control center for the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

Most of the absorption of food nutrients takes place __________.

in the small intestine

From which part of a developing embryo are stem cells derived?

inner cell mass

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.

larynx; trachea

A person who has a stroke that damages the cerebellum might have difficulty ____________

learning and coordinating motor movements

The brain stem consists of the ____________.

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

Individual nerve cells are called __________.

neurons

The heart is an example of a(n) ___________.

organ

The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to reach all areas of the body. Together, the heart and blood vessels form a(n) __________.

organ system

Which of the following options correctly lists the sequence of structures that air passes through during breathing after it enters the mouth and nose?

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Hypothetically speaking, if a diploid sperm fertilized a diploid ovum, the zygote would be ____________.

tetraploid

The ________________ directs the flow of information between the cerebrum and brain stem.

thalamus

What separates the uterus from the vagina?

the cervix

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

the inflammatory response

Which of the following options lists the sequence of stages in embryonic development in the correct order?

zygote, blastocyst, gastrula

About how much blood does a typical human adult have?

5 liters