Mastering Biology Chapter 54

The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a _____ interaction

-/-

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

Batesian mimicry

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

When the finches first colonized Santa Maria and San Cristobal, G. fuliginosa probably had beak sizes similar to finches on _____ island, and G. fortis probably had beak sizes similar to finches on _____.

Los Hermanos Daphne

As you saw in Part C, the body sizes of sympatric and allopatric P. cinereus and P. hoffmani are consistent with a hypothesis of character displacement resulting from interspecific competition. What additional information would strengthen the argument that character displacement is in fact responsible for body size evolution in these salamanders? Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

The sympatric salamander populations evolved their present body sizes after they became sympatric. In sympatric populations, smaller P. cinereus adults survive better and reproduce more. Body size is a heritable trait in salamanders. The resources used by both species of salamanders are available in limited supply.

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described?

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

The figure looks at the three modes of selection in a mouse population with a range of fur color phenotypes. Different modes of selection are seen under different sets of environmental conditions, and each mode has a different effect on the population. (Note that the white arrows indicate phenotypes that are selected against -- phenotypes that are less successful in surviving and reproducing -- in each mode of selection.)

a) dark fur b) more individuals with darker fur c) dark rocks and light rocks d) dark fur and light fur e) rocks of intermediate color f) more individuals with intermediate fur color

D. C. Adams and F. J. Rohlf observed character displacement in two species of salamanders on the east coast of the United States - Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani. Their data on body size in the two species appear below.

a) no natural selection caused by interspecific competition b) no natural selection caused by interspecific competition c) directional selection for smaller body size d) directional selection for larger body size

The longest food chain in this food web includes nine groups of organisms. Which of the following groups is included in that food chain?

birds

The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of _____.

character displacement

In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), _____ of species 1 may occur.

competitive exclusion

Suppose that humans increase their consumption of Antarctic fishes, causing a significant reduction in the size of fish populations. What would be the most likely effect of a reduction in the size of Antarctic fish populations?

decrease decrease increase

In G. fortis, finches with _____ were selected for.

deeper beaks

Each species experienced _____ selection, which resulted in character displacement for beak size.

directional

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

ecological niche

What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

energy-containing food molecules

Based on the food web diagram, label the following statements as true or false.

false true true true

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the _____ of species 1.

fundamental niche

Significant overlap in beak size would have resulted in _____ for food.

interspecific competition

_____ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

interspecific competition

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

its food source

Natural selection favored phenotypes that competed _____ for food

less

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

Consumption of which prey makes the elf owl a tertiary consumer? Select all that apply.

praying mantis

Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the _____ of species 1 when species 2 is present.

realized niche

Character displacement is adaptive for both populations because it _____ interspecific competition.

reduces

The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of _____.

resource partitioning

Which trophic level(s) does the roadrunner occupy? Select all that apply.

secondary consumer tertiary consumer

Which trophic levels do fishes occupy in this food web?

secondary consumers tertiary consumers quaternary consumers

In G. fuliginosa, finches with _____ were selected for.

shallower beaks

Which of the following groups can be quaternary consumers in this food web?

sperm whales

Which of the following statements is supported by the trophic relationships shown in the diagram?

squids eat fishes

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________.

the island's size and distance from the mainland

Five different baleen whale species are endangered and may go extinct. What would be the most likely effect of removing all baleen whales from this food web?

the krill population would increase

Keystone species are those species _____.

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community