Mastering Questions
The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is
acidic
Identify the prokaryotic organism.
bacteria
The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is
basic
In a person with acute myeloid leukemia, which of the following is failing to produce healthy blood cells?
bone marrow
A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n)
buffer
The reason this organelle is green is because of the pigment_______, which is the light-absorbing molecule of this organelle.
chlorophyll
The entire organelle shown in the image is called a
chloroplast
A(n)________ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.
covalent
In what ways are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria?
Both organelles provide energy to the cell.
Which reaction represents cellular respiration?
Sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
Suppose that a mutation for lactase-persistence occurred in each of the populations described below. In which populations would the mutation be more likely to increase in frequency over time because of natural selection?
a population that raises wheat and sheep
What does the term theory mean to a scientist?
A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments
How is a community different from an ecosystem?
A community consists of all of the interacting populations in an ecosystem. An ecosystem includes the non-living components that affect life as well as all of the interacting populations in a given area.
How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"?
A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant.
A weak bond called a_________ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.
hydrogen
The food you eat is processed during cellular respiration to produce stored chemical energy in the form of __________. __________ and __________ are by products.
ATP; CO2; water
How might rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations lower the pH of the oceans?
As CO2 concentrations rise, excess CO2 is absorbed by the oceans. CO2 in the oceans can react chemically with water to form acid.
What do green plants require to carry out photosynthesis?
CO2, water, light
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.
__________ are substances that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
Elements
During the Calvin cycle, plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to drive __________.
the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide
An acid is a compound that donates_______to a solution.
H+
One of the single pancake-like discs in this organelle is called a
thylakoid
How could milk-drinking have provided strong favorable selection for lactase persistence?
Milk is protein and fat-rich and therefore could have been an important, high-quality food source. Milk may have been a critical food source during times of famine. Milk was safer to drink than water and reduced exposure to pathogens.
The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of_______in a solution
OH-
How can you tell an animal cell from a plant cell?
Plant cells contain a vacuole and have a cell wall; animal cells lack these structures.
What makes one protein capable of a different function than other proteins?
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its function.
Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.
To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars
Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms?
Viruses do not have their own cells and they do not reproduce on their own.
What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?
Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another.
When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a ________ bond is formed.
double
Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates made by joining together long chains of __________ monomers.
glucose
The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)?
glucose and galactose
One of the "stacks of pancakes" is called a
granum
If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ________.
ion
A(n)_______ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.
ionic
Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are
ions
The outside of this organelle is surrounded by a double layer of
membrane
Atoms involved in a __________ bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.
nonpolar
A cardiologist is a physician that treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen. What level of biology is cardiology?
organ system
The passive transport of water is specifically called ________.
osmosis
Which four elements make up the bulk of living cells?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What molecules are constituents of animal cell membranes?
phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.
A_______ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.
polar
__________ bonds hold the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water together.
polar covalent
Food processors are phasing out the use of which type of fat because research has shown it to be particularly unhealthy?
saturated fats and trans fats
When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ______ bond is formed.
single
The gases needed as inputs for photosynthesis enter the plant through small pores called
stoma
The thick fluid inside this organelle is where many of the reactions of photosynthesis take place. This fluid is called the
stroma
What kinds of molecules can be used as metabolic fuel to produce ATP?
sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids