Materials of Decoration - Windows to Sculpture

Concealed Grid Systems

"Concealed Spline Systems" - provide the traditional look of a uniform ceiling, along with increased acoustic performance. Ceiling tiles have a kerfed (grooved or notched) edge that slides into a "T" or NT-shpaed bar.

Vitreous

"Glass-like"; Slightly more absorptive than impervious tile, but still at a very low rate.

Tackless Stripping

"Stretch-in Installation". Traditional installation whereby pre-tacked thin strips of plywood are fastened all around the perimeter of the space to be carpeted, then capret is stretched up to these strips and then edge attached to the stripping. Most common installation for residential applications and commercially for woven wood carpets and in areas where underfoot comform and luxury are required, like hotel lobbies and boardrooms

Trompe L'oeil

"Trick the Eye" in French - also called Illusionism. Murals that give the appearance of 3 dimensional or photographic realism. When viewed from the right side, may deceive the viewer into thinking it is real.

Bookmatching

(BM) Alternating pieces of veneer are flipped over so they face each other as do pages within a book. This creates a pleasing, symmetrical pattern.

Examples of non-porous floors

(Slate, ceramic and quarry tiles)

Constantin Brancusi

1) "No other trees can grow in the shadow of an oak tree." 2) Revolutionary mode of sculpture - truth to materials, abandoned modeling in favor of direct carving 3) Admiration for the ancient and primitive art 4) Aim - give the viewer pure joy 5) Works : The Sleeping Muse, The Kiss

Ingrain Papers

1) "Woodchip" 2) Papers which contains small chips of wood. 3) Comes in varying degrees of coarseness and used to hide defects in walls and ceilings but also suitable for any decorating purpose. 4) Painted when dry and can be a cheap and effective way to give any room a facelift. 5) Can even be applied outside-in for a different effect.

Etienne Maurice Falconet

1) 1st generation of artists born in 18thC and active under Louis XV 2) Became director of sculpture at the Sevres porcelain factory, where many small reproductions of his work were made 3) Combined baroque and classical elements 4) Forte - gentle, erotic figures such as The Bather 5) Consummate skill - equestrian statue of Peter the Great (1769) for St. Petersburg. 6) Work : Erigone

Vinyl wallcovering

1) 2nd only to paint in popularity for commercial interior wall surfaces. 2) Durable, easy to maintain and wide variety of decorative effects and patterns, textures and colors. 3) Main attraction - durability and ease of maintenance 4) Never need refinishing, withstand stains, acid, food, lint and grease. Resist marking, scuffing, dents, scratches and peeling. 5) Most are fire resistant.

Dhurrie Rugs

1) A Tibetan carpet of Kelim weave, flat-woven and reversible 2) Old rugs made by nomadic people with bold, geometric designs in bright colors. 3) Modern ones have subdued patterns & colors. 4) Made of cotton (old) and wool - extremely practical

Brick

1) A block of ceramic material used in masonry construction and sized to be laid with only one hand. 2) Commonly made from clay 3) Usually buff (yellowish beige color) and comes in a variety of browns 4) Make good floor surfaces - some prewar houses without damp-proofing have this kind of floor 5) Can be used inside and out - look well in rooms that open into the garden or courtyard

Gabbeh

1) A coarse, hand-woven pile rug with an abstract design that relies upon open fields of color and playfulness with geometry. 2) Much thicker and coarser than other Persian carpets; sometimes as much as 1 inch in depth. 3) More of a variety of kilim than carpet and the term means raw, natural, uncut, thus this is a rough and primitive carpet. 4) Its patterns are very basic with only a limited number of decorative, mostly rectangular objects resembling mainly animals. 5) Usually bright colors, such as yellow and red, are used. 6) Although large field of solid color are used, the color is variegated (the color varies throughout the rug).

Quarts Stone surface

1) A composite made up of 93% quartz, 7% polyester resin and pigment. 2) Non-porous and non absorbing = hygienic; does not harbor bacteria, safe choice for food handling in the kitchen 3) Its polished surfaces don't need to be sealed, like granite or other natural stones, in order to prevent staining. 3) Practically indestructible and maintenance free. 4) Resists stains caused by fruit juices, wine, food coloring, fingernail polish and remover, tea and markers

Butyl Rubber

1) A copolymer of about 98% isobutylene and 2% isoprene. 2) Poorest resistance to petroleum oils and gasolines of any rubber. 3) Excellent resistance to vegetable and mineral oils, to solvents (acetone, alcohol, phenol and ethylene glycol), and to water and gas absorption. 3)Heat resistance above average. 4) Sunlight resistance excellent. 5) Abrasion resistance not as good as natural rubber. 6) Low permeability to gases.

Onyx

1) A cryptocrystalline form of Quartz 2) A unique rock texture made up of crystals from the 2nd most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust. 3) Colors range from white to almost every color 4) Color is created through impurities which seep into the rock as it forms. 5) Comes in black and white banded colors, but a variety, which is SARDONYX, is reddish-brown, with white and lighter reddish bands. 6) Used for lighting fixtures, furniture and inlays

Slate

1) A fine-grained homogenous metamorphic rock which through metamorphism is derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash. 2) Historically used for roofing 3) Commonly used as a contemporary interior floor or wall finish 4) Dense, non-porous stone which varies in color from dark blue to the heather colors and grey-green. 5) 2 lines of breakability, cleavage and grain, making it possible to be split easily into thin sheets. 6) Cleft finish - finish resulting from the natural face 7) Can be sand rubbed to a smooth finish or honed

Mannerist and Baroque Sculpture

1) A focus on the human form, a depiction in intricate poses and in exaggerated and not always realistic settings. 2) Complexity, distortion and artifice.

Solid Surface

1) A man-made material usually composed of marble, dust, bauxite, acrylic or polyester resins and pigments. 2) Most frequently used for seamless countertop installations. 3) Non-porous, low-maintenance countertop surface. 4) Can mimic the appearance of stone, wood and other naturally occurring materials and can be joined visibly by a trained craftsman. 5) Manufactured in sheet form for fabrication into finished countertops. 6) Can also be cast into sinks, shower pans and bathtubs.

Laminates

1) A material constructed by uniting 2 or more layers of material together. 2) Lamination - Used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise.

Berber

1) A modern style of carpet, distinguished by loop pile construction type, and usually contain small flecks of dark color on lighter shades of background colors. 2) Typically in a plain color mix with no pattern and are relatively cheap and durable, so popular for areas with relatively heavy use such as offices.

Stone

1) A piece of rock, quarried and worked into a specific size and shape for a particular purpose. 2) Utilized as a surface finishing material for the exterior and interior of buildings. 3) Does not lose its beauty with age and, like no other flooring, conveys permanence and timelessness. 4) Often used for public space and entry lobbies.

Relief Sculpture

1) A raised form/s that projects from a background or a surface 2) Made to be seen only from one side or from an angle

Varnish

1) A resolution of resin in drying oil (oil varnish) or in a volatile solvent such as alcohol or turpentine (spirit varnish). 2) Contains no pigment and hardens into a smooth, hard and glossy coat by the oxidation of the oil or by the evaporation of the alcohol 3) Oil varnishes more durable than spirit varnishes. Drying time 4 to 24 hrs and should never be applied when the weather is moist or humid.

Sandstone

1) A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral rock grains. 2) Varies in color - gray, yellow, red and white 3) Resistant to weathering, yet easy to work with, making it a common building and paving material. 4) Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size, and friability of its structure. 5) Excellent material for making grindstones, used for sharpening blades and other implements.

Cut Pile Plush

1) A smooth cut pile. Sometimes, the cut ends of the yarn blend with each other for a consistent surface appearance 2) When dense pile is cut closely, it is called velvet plush 3) Has a luxurious look and feel. 4) Cut pile plush is subject to shading and shows footmarks.

Mesopotamian Sculpture

1) Abstract geometric design enlivened by formal images of elemental gods, achieved by the use of cylinder seal 2) Sculpture in the round highly developed - sophisticated ability to reconcile the human body with abstact forms 3) Also some that look crude or grotesque 4) Favorite motifs - relief carvings of lions and bulls and human headed winged bulls

Functions of Secondary Backing:

1) Add dimensional stability to the carpet 2) Provide added protection to the yarn at the back of the carpet 3) Ensure the latex adhesive applied to the back of the carpet gives the proper binding characteristics required.

2 Processes / Methods in the Art of Sculpting

1) Additive process 2) Subtractive process

Unpasted Wallpaper

1) Adhesive must be applied according to the instructions on the label 2) Adhesive usually applied on the wall and not the paper. 3) Suitable for kitchens and bathrooms - steam and water resistant 4) Constitute majority of wallcoverings

Materials for Floors and Walls

1) Adobe 2) Brick 3) Ceramic Tile 4) Concrete Tiles 5) Cork 6) Engineered Stone 7) Fabric 8) Glass 9) Granolithic 10) Laminates 11) Leather 12) Linoleum 13) Metal 14) Paint 15) Solid Surface 16) Stone

Vinyl Tile

1) Advantages of tile over sheet vinyl - lower installation costs and easier replacement of damaged flooring. 2) Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is the most popular and economical type of resilient flooring. 3) The tiles are composed mostly of fillers with comparatively small amounts of binder and pigments 4) VCT - more brittle than vinyl sheet flooring 5) Originally, the fillers used in vinyl tile contained asbestos. Product was called vinyl asbestos tile or VAT. Due to health risks associated with asbestos, it is no longer used in construction materials.

Ply

1) Affects color, surface texture and feel underfoot 2) Number of strands of a single yarn twisted together to form one pile yarn (i.e. 2-ply, 3-ply, 4-ply, etc.)

Twist / Frieze

1) All cut pile surface made from yarns tightly twisted and the twist set by a special heating treatment that imparts a grainy appearance. 2) Has a heavier, rougher texture than cut pile plush 3) Solid color or multi-tone effects 4) This pile type hides dirt well

Advantages of bronze in sculpture

1) Allows more dynamism 2) Permits artist greater liberties with the work composition

Swag

1) Also "festoon" 2) A single of double draping of fabric across top of the window. 3) Hung from a foundation cornice. 4) Adds striking accent to curtains. Layering a printed swag over coordinating solid curtains will bring all colors of the room together for a romantic focal point. 5) If privacy not an issue, can be hung alone or through a sconce for a distinctive look

Baroque Sculpture

1) Although its architecture was replete with lively movement and pictorial in nature, in sculpture, figures moved, flew or were contorted with agony. 2) Abundant draperies fell in folds or swept by the wind. 3) Figures in historic poses - more dramatic by vivid light and dark contrasts produced by pronounced undercutting or deep indentions.

Other Hand-Made Area Rugs

1) American Indian 2) Alpujira 3) Arraiolo 4) Aubusson 5) Braided 6) Dhurrie 7) Flokati 8) Kelim / Kilim / Kelem 9) Morrocan 10) Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-point) 11) Rya 12) Savonnerie 13) Sisal

Quartz

1) An abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust. 2) As a crystal, its luster is glossy to vitreous, but other forms may be waxy to dull 3) Comes in transparent, translucent and opaque forms. 4) Has very good workability and used for sculpture, as well as interior forms. 5) Used for flooring, wall facing materials, countertops and furniture.

MDF or Medium Density Fiberboard

1) An engineered wood product formed by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. 2) Denser than plywood and made up of separated fibres, but can be used as a building material similar in application to plywood. 3) Denser and and stronger than normal particle board.

Lyssipus

1) Another important sculptor of the Late Classical Greek Period, making the head of his statues smaller in relation to the body, such as the Doryphoros. 2) Also, his portraits of the charismatic Alexander the Great established a major new type of sculpture - the personality portrait.

Classification of Rugs

1) Antique 2) Semi-antique

Periods of Greek Sculpture

1) Archaic 2) Early Classical 3) High Classical 4) Late Classical 5) Hellenistic

Greek Sculpture

1) Art form most favored by Greeks - sculpture 2) Monuments to honor the gods, commemorate victories, record religious rites, depicted man 3) Ancient Greek's earliest monumental sculpture owed a great deal to Egyptian sculpture with upright figures of naked men and clothed women 4) Life sized and carved in the round 5) Greek sculptors - disciplined feelings; work richer in details, more dramatic and sculptural details reveal the visual arts progress from the rude beginnings to majestic maturity.

Sculpture

1) Art of fashioning figures of wood, clay, plastics, metal, stones, etc. 2) They are figures that are carved, cut or modeled form such materials. 3) A 3-dimensional art form that provides an important visual way of understanding form and shape.

Machine Woven Techniques of Rugs

1) Axminster 2) Velvet 3) Wilton loom

Types of Fabrics

1) Backed 2) Unbacked

Classification of Egyptian Sculpture

1) Bas Relief 2) Incised

Sculptures of Babylonia and Assyria

1) Bearded head made of diorite - believed to represent Hammurabi. Head has wide open eyes 2) Lamassu

Iconoclastic Age

1) Began during the reign of Emperor Leo III 2) Removed the figure of Christ from the gates of the Imperial Palace and replaced it with a cross as a protest against the literal worship of images 3) Simple crosses and symbolism replaced the figures 4) Carvings sometimes for the adornment of book covers, altar fronts and caskets. 5) Christ Pantocrator 6) The Virgin of Vladimir

Handwoven

1) Braided 2) Crocheted 3) Hand Hooked 4) Hand Tufted 5) Hand Knotted 6) Flat Weave

2 Kinds of Glazes Tiles

1) Bright Glazes 2) Matte Glazes

2 Types of Statues

1) Bust 2) Equestrian Statue

Wilton

1) Carpet weaving process named after a town in England. 2) Constructed on a modified Jacquard loom. 3) Perforated cards control the creation of the pattern. 4) Usually used to produce carpet of more than one color, with as many as 5 colors possible. 5) Floral-patterned hotel lobby carpet is a common example 6) Thick and heavy because yarn of every color used is carried beneath the pile surface.

Sculptured Textures

1) Carving 2) Recessing 3) Embossing 4) Bevelling

Chinese Rugs

1) Characterized by soft ground colors of yellow, rose, salmon-red, beige, browns (with the use of silk dyes). 2) Pattern in one blue color (in reverse of the Persian system). 3) Designs are Chinese religious symbols. Finest examples : K'ang Hsi and Ch'ien Lung era.

Washables

1) Cheap vinyls. 2) Can be washed or gently scrubbed, but not with abrasives. 3) Care must be taken over the soaking time as the backing expands quicker than the front layer causing wrinkling. 4) Undersoaking will cause bubbles to form which may be difficult to remove. 5) Oversoaking will cause the paper to stretch and then shrink when it dries showing up all the joints. 6) Harder to remove than standard papers - usually hung with an anti-fungicide paste due to its impervious surface.

Machine Printing

1) Cheapest called "pulps" - design printed directly onto the raw paper, the color of which forms part of the pattern 2) Difficult to hang because of their thinness (tends to over-stretch when wet) and uneven shrinking 3) Better quality papers coated with round color first before overprinting

Glass

1) Chief application in architecture - windows. 2) Use a transparent or translucent wall - logical and final extension of the picture window.

Oriental Sculpture

1) Chinese 2) Japanese 3) Islam / Moorish Sculpture 4) Philippine Sculpture

Types of Rings and Hooks

1) Clip-on Rings 2) Plain Rings 3) Eyelet Rings 4) Hooks or Pin-on Hooks 5) Pleater Hooks 6) Slip-on Hooks

Alpuira Rugs

1) Coarse, heavy rugs originally meant as bedspreads, hand-loomed by peasants in ________, Spain since the 15thC. 2) Bold designs woven in 2 to 10 colors; include tree of life patterns, flowers, leaves and grapes.

American Indian Rug

1) Colorful hand-woven rugs (Navajo) of wool in the Indian reservations of the Southwest. 2) Motifs are primitive geometric patterns, stripes and borders. 3) Weaves is flat.

Egyptian Sculpture

1) Colossol outdoor sculptures designed to accompany or adorn the dead 2) Not true portraits - idealized representations, immobile of features and always frontal in pose 3) Prospective form of art - looking to the future and indissolutely linked with death and had a practical purpose 4) Prayers recited by the living to bring to life the objects surrounding the dead. 5) Relief decorations on the walls of tombs intended for future delectation and maintenance of the dead's "ka" or spirit in the afterlife. 6) Sculpture - extreme simplicity or grandeur 7) Egyptians - great love of living things - no abstract or geometric form used in their sculpture

Resilient Flooring

1) Combines the comfort underfoot and quietness associated with textile floor coverings, with the imperviousness of hard floorings. 2) Resists indentation while providing a dense, relatively easy-to-clean surface

Polishes

1) Come in either spirit-based (liquid or solid wax) or in emulsion (suspended in water) form. 2) Plastic, asphalt or rubber materials do not like petrol, paraffin or white spirit 3) Over-application of spirit wax polishes lead to slippery build-up of dirt. 4) water-based seals - stronger and longer lasting and can considerably improve the look of worn marble or stone

Sculpture of Sumer and Akkad

1) Common materials - basalt, diorite, sandstone and alabaster 2) Precious metals - copper, gold, silver and shells (used for inlays) for high quality sculpture 3) Statues have large, staring eyes and long beards on the men 4) Votive stone sculptures from 3100BC - Lady or Uruk and other pieces from 2700BC discovered at Tell Asmar

Paste Fillers

1) Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine and sometimes colors ground in oil. 2) Applied with the grain and dried "flat" for 10 minutes. 3) Then wiped off across the grain with burlap or some other coarse material. 4) Require about 24 hrs for drying before it can be sanded.

Engineering Stone

1) Composite material made of crushed stone bound together by a polymer resin. 2) Used for kitchen countertops 3) Related materials - geopolymers and cast stone 4) Unlike terrazzo, the material is factory made in slabs, cut and polished by fabricators, and assembled at the worksite. 5) Stronger in flexibility and hardness, and less porous than natural stone. 6) Uniform in structure leading to inherent strength, whereas natural stone may by-nature contain fissures, cracks or weaknesses in structure. 7) Its polyester resin binding agents allow some flexibility, preventing cracking under flexural pressure; but the binding agents continue to harden, leading to a loss of flexural strength over time.

Tiles differ in:

1) Composition of the body 2) Surface finish whether glazed or unglazed 3) Process of manufacture 4) Degree of vitrification (transformation of a substance into a glass) or the fusion of the tile body after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it absorbs moisture

Minoan Sculptures

1) Consist of a few statuettes of goddesses and carved semi-precious stone seals. 2) Usually connected with their religious rites. 3) Materials used : terracotta, faience, ivory and bronze 4) Seals are in vigorous material, the best usually engraved in hard semi-precious stone like agate

Chinese Sculpture

1) Consisted of highly stylized human and animal figures - usually in bronze, terra cotta or glazed stoneware 2) First period of interest - Western Zhou Dynasty - variety of intricate cast bronze vessels 3) Han Dynasty - spectacular Terracotta Army. 4) 1st Buddhist sculpture found dating from 3 Kingdoms period, the sculpture of the Longmen Grottoes - 5th and 6thC - widely recognized for their qualities 5) Most outstanding sculptors produced in the Tang Dynasty - sculpture reached its perfection by its naturalism

Mycenaean Sculpture

1) Consisted of small carved ivory deities, evident in the relief carvings that adorned their architecture. 2) Also produce funeral masks.

Ceilings

1) Contain the volume of a space and breathe life into it by shaping the diffusion of sound and light. 2) Contributes to the ambiance of a room. 3) Important functional design component - conceal distribution of air, artificial light, fire suppression system, esp. in commercial interiors 4) Contains plenum

Philippine Sculpture

1) Conversion of Filipinos to Christianity - profound effect on sculpture 2) Making of Anitos disregarded and Santos were carved instead 3) Used for adornment of churches and later on adapted to Filipino home 4) Secular sculpture flourished in the 19thC with busts, genre and other non-religious subjects

Germaine Richter

1) Created a personal mythology with something of the same elemental, universal quality, though shocking 2) She used traditional anatomies - savaged or decomposed in pieces 3) Work : Storm

Loop Pile

1) Created by weaving, tufting or knitting the pile yarn into loops 2) Left uncut and sometimes referred to "round wire" in woven carpets 3) Tougher and more easily maintained than cut pile, but less versatile in color and pattern.

Kinds of Fringes

1) Cut Fringes 2) Looped 3) Tassel Fringe 4) Molded Fringe 5) Bell Fringe 6) Bullion Fringe

3 Major Categories of Carpets

1) Cut Pile Plush 2) Loop Pile 3) Combination Loop and Cut Pile

Textures produced by Cut Pile

1) Cut Pile Plush 2) Saxony Plush 3) Twist / Frieze 4) Shag

Aegean Period

1) Cycladic 2) Minoan 3) Mycenaean

Lorenzo Ghiberti

1) Developed Renaissance sculpture from its previous Gothic styles 2) Demonstrated his knowledge of ancient sculpture and also mastery of the laws of scientific perspective, which was discovered only recently 3) Gates of Paradise - most noted work

Early Christian Sculpture

1) Did not exploit sculpture, though the craft continued in the decoration of the sarcophagi 2) Developed most notably in miniature form, on ivory and wooden reliefs. 3) Works no longer corresponded to the classical ideals of beauty 4) Diminished due to the biblical prohibition of graven images. 5) Tritons, nereids and other symbols of eternity used as decoration. 6) Later carving show complex arrangements of biblical scenes.

2 Kinds of Glue-down Method of Carpet Installation

1) Direct Glue-down 2) Double Glue-down

Leather

1) Discovery of a process to reconstitute leather by breaking down rawhide into a clear solution and by bringing this solution back to fiber form makes for leather in sizes and shapes no animal can grow. 2) This derived form of leather looks the same as any fine natural leather. 3) Can be formed into heavy blocks or made thin and soft in any length desirable. 4) Pigskin in tile form makes for a long-wearing wall material resistant to acids and moisture and may be maintained with a minimum of cleaning and waxing.

Treatments and Accessories

1) Drapery Liners 2) Pole Treatments 3) Valances 4) Scarf 5) Pelmets of Corniceboard 6) Lambrequins 7) Swag 8) Jabots 9) Tie-backs 10) Hold Backs

Golden Age of Roman Sculpture

1) During the reign of Harden. 2) Revival of Grecian tastes - stimulated a renewed interest in nude sculpture in the round. 3) Use of drill in sculpture became prominent. 4) Fashion for burying the dead instead of creamation - need for finely carved sarcophagi, often carved in elaborate reliefs. 5) Motifs - usually garlands and swags, mythological stories and battles.

Flocked Carpet

1) Dyed short ends of fiber electro statically treated and sprayed onto an electrically charged backing sheet which has been treated with adhesive. 2) Fibers held by the adhesive in an upright position with approx 17,000 ends of fiber to a sq in. 3) After the backing has cured in an oven, a secondary backing is applied that helps give stability to the carpet 4) Designs usually print-dyed

Wood Block

1) Each motif in a repeat is imprinted by hand-pressing a separate wooden block engraved with a portion of a pattern in the proper position. 2) A wooden frame the full size of a pattern repeat is made for each color of the pattern.

Gothic Sculptures

1) Early Gothic artists - made facade sculptures more independent of the wall while subordinating it to the discipline and linear clarity of the architectural design. 2) Showed purely cylindrical shapes, elongation, strict frontality and tectonic immobility 3) High Gothic Period - sculpture assumed deeper meaning with other religious figures used as subjects 4) Still attached to columns but stand in their own right on horizontal pedestals. 5) Proportions ideally perfect but no longer elongated and more natural. 6) Late Gothic Style - emphasis to individual free standing or altar pieces. 7) Float that stand on pedestal and more realistic

Romanesque Sculpture

1) Engraved patterned stones found in astonishing number on monastic sites. 2) From simple engraved monolithic stones, they developed into elaborate sculptured crosses 6 mts high or more. 3) Technique advanced from engraving to relief sculptures. 4) The regular and symmetrical cross shaped on the top of the stone was commonly carved in reliefs 5) Stone sculptures are usually an integral part of architecture. 6) Used in tympanums and portals

Level Loop Pile

1) Entire surface made of uniform uncut loops of the same height. 2) Very sturdy and offers little textural variation 3) Has a pebbled surface texture that conceals soilage adn hides footprints and other indentations such as chair caster and furniture marks. 4) The denser the surface, the better it will wear - recommended for heavy traffic areas and commercial installations

Roman Sculpture

1) Even with Greek influence, continued in the Etruscan tradition of realism. 2) Later revived the generalized ideal forms of Greek Art, particularly the royal portrait busts. 3) After the age of Augustus, naturalism in sculpture revived the accurate portrayal of facial expressions even if unflattering. 4) Realistic effects carried further in relief sculpture with figures carved in varying depths to create illusion of advancing or receding.

Flattening

1) Expected of any type of carpet in high traffic areas (doorways, around furniture, under desks, etc.) 2) Just the pile being repositioned. 3) More noticeable in plain cut pile carpets as there is noticeable difference between the top and side of the yarn tuft. 4) To ease this problem, vacuuming or wet or dry cleaning will temporary revive the pile but the cause will mean that it will occur again.

Parts of a Carpet:

1) Face 2) Primary Backing 3) Latex 4) Secondary Backing

Types of Carpet Cushions or Underlay

1) Fiber Cushions 2) Sponge Rubber Cushions 3) Polyurethane Foam Cushion

Needlepunched Carpet

1) Fibers, usually acrylic or polypropylene are punched into a web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber 2) Hundreds of barbed needles punch through the support fabric, compressing and entangling the fibers 3) Then put under heavy compression to form the characteristic of fabric.

Design Parts

1) Field 2) Border 3) The Medallion 4) Corner Brackets or Spandrels

Classification of Stone

1) Fieldstone 2) Rubble Stone 3) Dimension Stone

The Total Weight

1) Finished weight, includes the face weight and the weight of backing materials, finishes and coatings. 2) Expressed in ounces per sq yard of carpet. 3) Total weight less an indication of quality than face weight.

Indian Sculpture

1) First began in reference to all things by Buddha. 2) Gods, animals and other figures carved into the facade of temples, monasteries and stupas 3) Stylized to represent certain religious ideas and doctrines

Late Classical Greek Sculpture

1) First great female nude - goddess of beauty Aphrodite by Praxiteles. Known as "Aphrodite of Cnidus" 2) Lyssipus - another important sculptor - revised the ideal proportions of High Classical works.

Types of Rods:

1) Flat Curtain Rod 2) Cafe Rods 3) Wood Poles 4) Sash Rods 5) Tension Rods 6) Custom 7) Traverse Rod

Terrazzo

1) Flooring material that is very low-maintenancem seamless floor finish with the luxurious look of stone mosaic and a durability compared to that of concrete. 2) Derived from "terrassa" meaning "terrace" 3) 15thC Venetian stone cutters commonly used marble scraps as floor surfaces for their patio terraces. 4) They embedded the small stone pieces in concrete and polished the surface to a level finish 5) Can produce striking medallions or intricate inlaid patterns.

"Hard Finish" looks

1) Foil Papers 2) Wood Grain Papers 3) Marble Papers

Ready-pasted or pre-pasted

1) For the DIY market - backed with adhesive coating and supplied with a plastic trough. 2) Must be soaked in water immediately before hanging to activate the paste. 3) More expensive than standard papers and easy to peel off.

Hillaire Germaine Edgar Degas

1) French painter - most famous works - ballet dancers, women bathing and racehorses 2) Aim - catch the action of the moment 3) Disliked painting directly from nature, preferred to work in the studio, had little interest in landscape, concentrated in human figure 4) Work : 14-Year Old Dancer

Kelim / Kilim / Kelem Rugs

1) From Turkey, Italy, Rumania, Persian Gulf States, Morocco or Hungary. 2) Hand-woven rugs with all-over geometric patterns with a center motif. 3) Strong colors - usually red or blue 4) Old ones of wool, new ones of cotton 5) Very durable

Renaissance Sculptures

1) Full range of human emotions and characters used, not to serve the spirit, but to record the nobility of man. 2) Exact knowledge of anatomy and body mechanics, perspective and law of dynamics translated with great flexibility into marble and was freed from its medieval function of architectural decoration with monumental free standing sculptures designed to be seen from all sides.

Tie-backs

1) Function : To tie back draperies. 2) Looks best when placed 1/3 the distance from either top or bottom (unless there are more than 1 set of tie-backs) Uses 3/8" ring on tieback.

Types of Braid

1) Galloon 2) Gimpe or gimp

Widthwise Density Management

1) Gauge 2) Pitch

Classification of Oriental Rugs by Pattern Type

1) Geometric Rugs 2) Floral Rugs 3) Conventional Rugs

Kinds of Stone

1) Granite 2) Marble 3) Limestone 4) Slate 5) Travertine 6) Sandstone 7) Onyx 8) Quartz

Sisal

1) Grass-like product is twisted together into strands and sewn into squares. 2) Squares attached together in any given number make up the finished rug. 3) Very suitable for contemporary settings and country homes.

Antonio Canova

1) Greatest Italian sculptor of modern times 2) Famous for marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh. 3) Works : Theseus and the Minotaur, Cupid and Psyche 4) Neoclassic

1) Clodion (Claude Michel)

1) Greatest Rococo sculptor - worked mostly in terracotta, his favorite subject matter being nymphs, satyrs, bacchantes and other classical figures sensually portrayed. 2) Also, with his brothers - a decorator of candelabra, clocks and vases 3) Unwilling to be seriously monumental and flexible enough to adapt himself to Neoclassical monumentality - e.g. relief on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (representing the French entry into Munich)

Donatello

1) Greatest sculptor of Early Renaissance 2) Not only a master stonecutter, but also profound understanding of human psychology. 3) Greatest achievement - bronze David - first major work of Renaissance sculpture (at the time of its creation, first free-standing nude statue since ancient times)

Braided Rugs

1) Hand-made by Americans in the late 18thC, consisting of many fabric scraps braided & sewn together into colorful round or oval rugs of various sizes. 2) Usually found in the Appalachians, now mass produced versions of this are produced by rug companies.

Hand-printed

1) Hand-printed pulps - generally untrimmed and come from small exclusive outlets. 2) Not recommended for the amateur decorator as the surface is easily damaged - special gloves needed to prevent fingermarks, adhesive must be applied with a mohair roller as a brush will damage it 3) Trimming machines not recommended for this type of paper. 4) Must be trimmed on a steel plate using a sharp blade cutting at a 35 degree angle into the back of the paper

Moroccan Rugs

1) Hand-woven from ________ with thick, shaggy pile and fringed edges. 2) Dominant geometric patterns with strong contrasting colors like black & rust brown, white or bright orange on red grounds.

Savonnerie

1) Hand-woven rug with a high pile, in pastel colors and floral and scroll patterns. 2) Designed for the 18th & 19thC houses & palaces, these were produced at the former soap works factory outside Paris.

Classification of Flooring Materials According to Rigity

1) Hard Flooring 2) Resilient Flooring 3) Soft Floor Covering

Granite

1) Hard, durable, low-maintenance stone. 2) A grainy igneous rock (formed by volcanic action) that imparts a visual strength. 3) Uniform in color and texture 4) Extremely durable and highly resistant to stains, weathering and corrosion, and not as porous as other cladding stones 5) Patterns that can be formed by panel placement with highly veined stones such as marble cannot be achieved with granite.

True Vinyl

1) Has a fabric substrate laminated with a solid vinyl decorative surface. 2) The decorative layer is printed on the coating. 3) More "breathable" - best for use in low moisture rooms, like living areas.

2 Kinds of Plastic Laminate

1) High Pressure Laminate 2) Low Pressure Laminate

Glass Reinforced Gypsum

1) High-strength, high density gypsum, reinforced with continuous filament glass fibers or chopped glass fiber strands. 2) Thin, high strength and inherently flame-resistant 3) Lightweight and good for applications where weight is a concern, such as ceilings 4) Installation same as regular drywall ceiling systems

Contemporary/ Modern Sculpture

1) Hillaire Germaine Edgar Degas 2) Auguste Rodin 3) Pablo Picasso 4) Constantin Brancusi 5) Henry Moore 6) Germaine Richter 7) Albert Giacometti

Suspended Ceiling Systems

1) Hung from the structure above and incorporate such elements as sprinklers, lighting fixtures and speakers. 2) For the appearance of a traditional flat, smooth ceiling - gypsum board (or metal lath with plaster) can be attached to suspended furring channels 3) Gypsum board is taped and finished with the same procedures used for walls, but because this must be done overhead, labor costs significantly higher 4) Major drawback - No easy way to access the services behind the ceiling without destroying part of it.

Praxilteles

1) Implemented a new pose called the Praxitelian Curve which influenced many sculptures during the late Hellenic and into the Hellenistic Period, exhibiting exaggerated contrapposto - a sensous, even erotic, modeling of the body, and a serene countenance and unmistakable glaze. 2) Famous works - Aphrodite of Cnidus; Hermes with the Child Dionysius; The Pouring Satyr

Pablo Picasso

1) In the early 20th C, he revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions - fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture 2) Just as collage - a radical development in 2D art; constructions - a radical development in 3D sculpture

Islam / Moorish Sculpture

1) Introduced a technique of deep relief done in plaster or stucco known as yesseria. 2) Sculpture almost completely absent from Islam art. 3) Based on linear patterns and geometric designs 4) Most important decorative motif - Arabesque - serpentine writhing of lines that represent the Arabic tree of life 5) Many designs and patterns based on plant and flower forms and on the Khufic script, whose ornamental quality lends itself to decorative patterns

Gauge

1) Is the distance between the needles for tufted carpets - measured in fractions of an inch 2) For example, 1/8 gauge simply means there is 1/8" between each needle or 8 needles per inch, producing 8 yarn ends per inch

3 types of Piece Dyeing

1) Jig Dyeing 2) Winch, Reel or Back Dyeing 3) Pad Dyeing

Paver Tiles

1) Large, ceramic mosaic tiles. 2) 150sq mm (6 sq in) or more in size 3) Made of unglazed porcelain or natural clay 4) Its slip resistance can be increased with textured surfaces or raised surface patterns such as a diamond design. 5) These are generally waterproof and suitable for heavy floor service.

Surface Printing

1) Largest volume of printed papers 2) Originally used were wooden rollers, now done with engraved metal rollers.

Screens

1) Lattice and pierced screen 2) Pierced oriental screen 3) Shoji screen

Pile Height

1) Length (expressed in decimal parts of 1 inch) of the tuft from the primary backing to the tip. 2) All factors being equal, a carpet with higher pile height will possess more yarn on the wearing surface - more durable. 3) In woven carpet, ______ referred to as "wire height," referring to the height of the steel blades in the 100m on which the tufts are formed. 4) Wire height is stated in decimals of an inch.

Tufting

1) Less expensive and faster to produce than woven carpet - enabled mass production of affordably priced textile floor covering. 2) Constructed by punching tufts of yarn into a backing. 3) Yarns are threaded through hundreds of individual needles on a device that extends the entire width of the finished carpet. 4) Like in a sewing process, the needles are forced through a loosely woven or non-woven primary backing material, which then forms loops, or tufts. 5) To hold these loops in place, adhesive is added then a secondary backing. 6) To hold the tufted loops in place, the underside of the primary backing is coated with latex adhesive, a rubbery substance that dries hard but remains bendable. 7) A secondary backing is added for strength and stability.

Types of Loop Pile

1) Level Loop Pile 2) Multi-level Loop

2 Kinds of Combination Loop and Cut Pile

1) Level Type Shear 2) Random Shear

Considerations when choosing window treatments:

1) Light 2) Privacy

Metal

1) Lightweight, fire-resistant, virtually damage proof are the semi-rigid vinyl plastics, laminated under pressure to sheet steel, aluminum, or other non-ferrous metals. 2) Wide range of colors, in glossy or matte, or textured finishes, and in leather-like or marble grains.

Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

1) Like Michelangelo, was a child prodigy and had a long and prolific career - painter, sculptor and architect 2) Strong interplay of light and shadow, movement characterizes all of his works 3) Use of illusion, excitement and spectacular effects 4) Succeeded in uniting the sensual with the spiritual experience in an unprecedented manner in the Agony of St. Theresa, his most theatrical work. 5) Famous works : The Ecstasy of St. Theresa, David, Cathedra Pietri

Fieldstone

1) Loose, unfinished stones found on the surface or in the soil. 2) Any architectural stone used in its natural shape and can be applied to stones recovered from the topsoil or subsoil. 3) Generally used to describe such material for exterior walls, it has come to include garden features and interiors.

Classification of relief sculptures

1) Low-Relief 2) High-Relief 3) Half-Relief 4) Crushed Relief 5) Hollow Relief

Methods of Design Production

1) Machine 2) Surface Printing 3) Rotogravure Printing 4) Silk-Screen Printing 5) Wood Block

Shellac

1) Made by refining seed lac and denatured alcohol. 2) Natural color is orange; white shellac obtained by bleaching. 3) An under or a preparatory coat for varnish and wax finishes - but not satisfactory as an independent finish as it is not durable and turns white from contact with water. 4) Used to cover wood knots before a priming lead and oil coat is applied because it kills the resin in the knot and prevents discoloration.

Ceramic Tile

1) Made from clay or a mixture of clay and ceramic materials, pressed into tiles and fired at a high temperature. 2) Natural clay most commonly used, but porcelain also available. 3) Porcelain tile - fine grained and smooth; can be formed into sharply detailed designs

Concrete Tiles

1) Made of cement and aggregate. 2) Comes in natural, gray and red colors 3) Usually square in shape 4) Suitable for patios, terraces and showers. 5) Can be hard and cold but now used in kitchens and living rooms

Cycladic Sculptures

1) Made of marble and depicted the human figure, ranging from a few inches in size to life-size. 2) Usually nude females with their arms crossed over their abdomen.

Forms of Egyptian Sculpture

1) Magnificent lions, bulls of granite 2) Seated figures of kings and queens

2 Types of Borders:

1) Main Border 2) Guard Borders

Rococo Sculpture

1) Maintained the theatricality of Baroque - sculptures more melodramatic and compositions more complex 2) Elaborate tomb sculpture of the period looked more like stage sets, dazzling visual effects and ingenious complexitites. 3) Parallel movement away from the grandeur and monumental style of Baroque. 4) More small-scale - animated rhythmic groups of production by booming porcelain factories.

Characteristics of Greek Sculpture

1) Male figures have 1 foot forward and their arms hang down from their sides 2) The stiffness of their Egyptian counterpart was gone 3) The male form more engaging, through the balance of limbs and the treatment of their muscles.

Walls

1) Mark the confines of a room - most conspicuous architectural elements and deserve first consideration in the study of ID 2) Vertical surfaces that contain doors and windows, which furnish the background for the principal pieces of furniture. 3) Define space and provide a palette on which a finish is applied. 4) Also serve as complex systems, concealing the building services, elevators, power, communications, HVAC, and plumbing, within them. 5) Finishing interior walls - need to consider color, texture and pattern. 6) Other than appearance, fireproof materials, acoustics for ceiling, easy maintenance need consideration.

Silk-Screen Printing

1) Meant to substitute Block Printing (painstaking method) 2) Designs are applied by individual screens - utilizes one screen for each color in the design. 3) Color squeezed or brushed through the cutout portion of the screen onto the wallpaper.

Dyeing

1) Method of coloring 2) Carpet coloring - predyeing carpet fibers before the carpet is manufactured or post dyeing the finished carpet 3) Most carpet postdyed - allows manufacturers to respond quickly to market needs

Lincrusta

1) More rigid material made from a solid paper backing, coated with putty-like mixture of linseed oil and filler. 2) Low relief material that is pressed while still soft into patterns and textures and other effects resembling tiles and wood paneling.

Vinyl Coated

1) Most common kind - made of paper with a protective coat of vinyl (either acrylic or PVC) that makes it ideal for kitchens, bathrooms, etc. 2) Better resistance to grease and moisture than plain paper. 3) Printed with special inks or dyes which fuse with the surface. 4) Scrubbable and strippable.

Backed Fabrics

1) Most textiles must be back coated to be installed as wall covering to provide a barrier to prevent adhesive from bleeding through and ruining the finish face of the fabric. 2) Backings also provide the dimensional stability required for a textile to withstand the stretching and smoothing operations of installation.

Shag

1) Multi-directional, high pile twist, giving an attractive, informal look 2) Heavily textured surface created by the long, twisting yarns

Laminated Flooring

1) Multi-layer synthetic flooring product fused together with a lamination process. 2) Simulates wood or sometimes stone with a photographic applique layer under a clear protective layer. 3) The inner core layer is usually composed of melamine resin and fiber board materials. 4) Disadvantage - made of plastic and designed for light domestic use; less durable than more conventional flooring - probable life less than 5 years in heavy domestic use.

Axminster

1) Named after ______ , England where it was first made but actually invented and developed in US in 18thC. 2) Designs inspired by European and Oriental patterns. 3) Combinations of patterns and colors limitless - colored yarns inserted individually as they are required by the design 4) Because each tuft is inserted separately, this loom emulates the hand-weaving process 5) The distinguishing characteristics : intricate, multicolored patterns and a backing so heavily ribbed due to stiff and heavy crosswise yarns, that the carpet can be rolled only lengthwise. 6) Considered the closest in versatility to a hand woven carpet 7) Tend to stretch much in length and very little in width. 8) Originally constructed as a knotted pile, now they are cut pile carpets.

Aubusson Rugs

1) Named after a French town - made of wool, linens and cotton. 2) Weave resembles needlepoint. 3) Usually has a pale cream ground with floral designs and arabesque in pastel shades of rose, blue, lavender, green and beige. 4) Now refers to any rug resembling this type of heavy tapestry weave, even if not made in _________.

Types of Fibers Used in Carpets

1) Natural Fibers 2) Synthetics or Man-made Fibers 3) Blends

Adobe

1) Natural building material made from sand, clay and water, with some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, dung), which is shaped into bricks. 2) As a wall material, it is advantageous - stores and releases heat very slowly

Cork

1) Natural resilient flooring. 2) Outer layer of the cork oak tree grown in Mediterranean regions. 3) Can be rigid tile or flexible wall covering, laminated to cotton or backed with paper in continuous rolls 4) Composed of granulated cork and natural or synthetic resins that act as binders, then compressed and baked. 5) A protective finish coat is applied to the completed tile to give it the qualities of color fastness and stain-resistance 6) Offers excellent acoustic and thermal insulation 7) Because of its absorptive nature, moisture and stains are of concern 8) Tiles chip and crumble easily at the edges and fades in strong sunlight 9) Can also be used as underlayment to increase the resiliency of other types of finish floors.

Aegean Period Sculpture

1) No interest in large scale sculpture, only smaller scale sculpture survived 2) Design good but lacked good sense of proportion, practically for human figures

Classification According to Ability to Absorb Moisture and Liquids

1) Nonporous Floors 2) Semi-porous Floors 3) Porous Floors

Porous floors

1) Not waterproof or greaseproof and likely to stain 2) Sealed, this kind of floor becomes a non-porous surface. 3) The softer and more porous the floor, the more sealer is needed.

Floors

1) Often dominates the visual field. 2) Tremendous impact on the acoustics of a space. 3) Subject to the most wear and tear 4) Usually most expensive finish selected (in maintenance alone) 5) Only material the inhabitants actually touch.

Fabric

1) Oldest wallcovering - warmth, richness and beauty unmatched by other wall finishes. 2) Not all textiles suitable as wall coverings - not appropriate where wear resistance is a concern 3) Any type of fabric (including carpet) may be used as wallcovering 4) Feeling of luxury due to cost

Sealers

1) Oleo-resinous 2) Polyurethane seals The former partly soaks into the grain or surface while the latter forms a hard skin on top. PU dries to a harder finish but on new wood floors which are subject to shrinking, the PU skin may crack while the oleo-resinous seal would move with the wood.

Polycleitus

1) One of the most admired sculptors of the Classical Period 2) Aim - depict people as they were 3) Used a scale of proportions known as the canon, which states that the palm of the hand is 4x the breadth of the finger, the length of the foot is 4x the breadth of the palm, the breadth of the shoulders 4x the breadth of the head and the height of the figure is 7x the length of the head. 4) Works: Doryphoros - the spear bearer; Diadumenos - the fillet binder

Grasscloth / Burlap

1) One of the most expensive and exclusive 2) Dried grass - woven together before being stuck to a paper backing 3) Extremely fragile and difficult to clean but easy to work with because they stay stiff while pasting on a wall. 4) Requires felt-covered roller rather than a brush for hanging 5) Should not be used in high traffic or high humidity areas - may not wear as well as other types, since edge can lift and curl. 6) Also easily stain.

Types of Winch, Reel or Back Dyeing

1) Open Back Dyeing 2) Jet Beck Dyeing

Particle Board

1) Or Chipboard. 2) An engineered wood product manufactured from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even saw dust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. 3) A composite material - cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood .

Chenille

1) Originated in Glasgow, Scotland and patented in 1839. 2) Most expensive rug-weaving method as 2 loom operations are required. 3) Chenille fur or blanket is woven then cut into strips to make the filling for the second loom. 4) A dense pile with a wide range of designs, colors, widths and depths.

Flock

1) Ornate, "old-fashioned" wallpaper which includes a raised pattern in felt, fibre, powdered silk or wool which looks and feels like the alternate raise and flat pile pattern of velvet. 2) Hand-made by dusting or blowing minute particles of wool, silk or synthetic fibers onto an adhesive backing

Scenic Papers

1) Panel Picture 2) Panorama 3) Photomural 4) Repetitive

Paper-backed Fabrics

1) Paper laminated to the reverse side of the textile. 2) This process stiffens the textile for easier installation and helps to hide defects in the wall. 3) The textile assumes properties similar to wallpaper. 4) Shows high quality look of a fabric wall covering with the ease of vinyl-coated paper.

2 Kind of Backed Fabrics

1) Paper-backed Fabrics 2) Latex-coated Fabrics

Hellenistic Sculpture

1) Period following the death of Alexander the Great. 2) During this this time, Greek architecture lost its simplicity and ideal perfection of form, as well as its serenity and restraint. 3) Gained intensity of feeling and became more realistic. 4) Artists chose subjects that all people could understand and relate to, with an increasing and realistic depiction of figures expressing a specific emotional or physical state. 5) Further development of the trend of female nudes, leading to the creation of numerous nude or seminude aphrodites such as the Venus de Milo.

Classification of Oriental Rugs by Geographic Origin

1) Persian 2) Indian 3) Turkoman 4) Caucasian 5) Turkish 6) Chinese

Kinds of Hand Knotted Rugs

1) Persian Knot 2) Turkish Knot

Oil Wood Stains

1) Pigments derived from various earth clays. 2) After dissolved in linseed oil, coloring particles remain suspended between the oil molecules. 3) To spread the color particles over large surfaces, the ground oil color is thinned with turpentine.

Factors to Consider in Carpet Construction

1) Pile Density 2) Face Weight 3) Total Weight 4) Yarn Weight 5) Woolen Count 6) Denier 7) Ply 8) Twist Level

Face Weight

1) Pile weight or yarn weight - weight of the pile yarn (above and below the backing), stated in ounces per sq yard of carpet 2) Does not include the weight of the backings or coating 3) ____ describes the amount of yarn in the wear surface of the carpet.

Edging

1) Piping 2) Welting 3) Ruffles 4) Pleats

3 Basic Forms of Hardwood Flooring

1) Plank 2) Strip 3) Parquet All have a nominal thickness of 19mm (3/4 in)

Kinds of Laminates

1) Plastic Laminate 2) Laminated Flooring

5 ingredients found in vinyl flooring

1) Polyvinyl chloride 2) Fillers 3) Pigments 4) Plasticizers 5) Stabilizers

Primitive Sculpture

1) Pre-historic times - small scale sculptures, engraving or reliefs found on former dwelling sites. 2) Antedates paintings by several thousand years - early work tend to concentrate on human figures, later more attention on animals 3) Most made of ivory or soft stone, and some figures in clay 4) Decorations / ornamentations in the form of engravings by scratchiness or incisions on the surfaces of bone, stone, horn or done in a relief 5) Also little stone figurines with emphasis on the reproductive organs, breasts and buttocks - thought to represent fertility goddesses thus given the name Venus.

Marble

1) Preferred material for the overlaying of interior walls as veneer and for flooring from the earliest age. 2) Any stone consisting of crystalline and compact varieties of carbonate of lime, or sometimes a carbonate of magnesia, and of such color and texture as to permit a high polish. 3) Many ornamental stones - serpentine, alabaster, and granite - sometimes loosely designated as marble. 4) Metamorphic rock, white in pure form but mostly enriched with impurities giving it special colors and patterns. 5) Softer and more brittle than granite, and considered a luxury material prized for its distinctive variegated appearance.

High Classical Greek Sculpture

1) Primary concern - harmonize various parts of the statue to one another and to the whole. The perfect human form. 2) Polycleitus of Argos

Twist Level

1) Rarely examined by consumers or salespeople for performance, but can have enormous impact on performance. 2) Products with higher twist levels - tendency to hold their original appearance longer than lower twist products because they tend to untwist or "blossom" at the yarn tips creating a trafficked appearance, leading to "wet poodle" appearance associated with many residential constructions 3) As the yarn tips untwist, they begin to intermingle with other yarn tips and a melted appearance is displayed.

4 Types of Roman Sculpture

1) Relief 2) Funeral Reliefs 3) Free-standing Sculpture 4) Portrait Sculpture

Kinds of Sculpture

1) Relief Sculpture 2) Sculpture in the Round 3) Assemblage

Hard Flooring

1) Resemble more closely elements in nature (wood, stone or clay) than resilient or soft coverings. 2) Durable and practical, if properly selected, can last the life of the building. 3) Normal movement from deflection, thermal stresses, and shrinkage can present problems with inherent rigidity of hard flooring types 4) Existing structural conditions should be verified to ensure their stability and adequacy in supporting the additional flooring load.

Window Hardwared and Accessories

1) Rods 2) Accessories 3) Rings and Hooks 4) Fastener

Rubber Flooring

1) Rubber sheet or tile composed of natural rubber, synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene) or both, in combination with mineral fillers and pigments. 2) Highly resistant to wide variety of harsh chemicals and solvents. 3) Due to its high durability and natural resistance to cigarette burns - good choice for high traffic public areas such as airport terminals. 4) But difficult to lay - reacts badly to grease, fruit juices and spirits

Oriental Rug

1) Rugs that come from the orient. 2) Authentic ones - handmade carpet that is either knotted with pile or woven without pile.

Michelangelo

1) Said to be genius in sculpture, not only in Renaissance but maybe for all time 2) Carved the first monumental sculpture of the Renaissance era, the Pieta, which he did in his 20s and the heroic David 3) Pieta - drapery folds, first to do a figure in lagging form and triangular shape

Kinds of Persian Rugs

1) Saraband 2) Ispahan Herat 3) Hamadan 4) Kerman and Kermanshah 5) Sarouk 6) Bijar 7) Polonnaise 8) Sehna 9) Feraghan 10) Gabbeh

Rya

1) Scandinavian rugs of hand-knotted shaggy weave with alternating short and long pile, in abstract or contemporary peasant designs. 2) Colors are varied and vivid.

Printing methods of carpets

1) Screen Printing 2) Deep-Dye Printing 3) Roller Printing 4) Jet Printing

Byzantine Sculpture

1) Sculpture in the round played minimal part. 2) Marble capitals carved with surprising delicacy with purely oriental or highly stylized vine scrolls and inscrubtable animals. 3) Ivory panels carved in relief usually were the cover for diptychs (consisted of 2 ivory panels or plaques tied together, with records of the departing consuls office listed on the inner surface)

Neo-Classic Sculpture

1) Sculpture more satisfactory than painting to the ideals of Neo-classicism - noble simplicity and serene grandeur. 2) Sculpture and drawing - offers clear definition of line and contour 3) Inspiration derived form the archeological excavations then taking place in Italy and elsewhere in the Mediterranean.

Classes of Rocks

1) Sedimentary 2) Metamorphic 3) Igneous

Travertine

1) Sedimentary rock - a natural precipitate of carbonate minerals, typically argonite (which is deposited from the water of mineral springs, esp. hot springs or streams saturated with calcium carbonate). 2) When pure, it is white, but is often brown to yellow due to impurities. 3) Extensive deposits exist at Tivoli, Italy, near Rome 4) Characterized by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these occur naturally, considerable wear and tear over many years is suggested by such to some eyes.

Limestone

1) Sedimentary rock formed by the accumulation of organic remains such as shells and corals. 2) Color range limited to neutral palette of buff and gray. 3) More commonly as exterior cladding for buildings. 4) Susceptible to staining and should not be exposed to excessive soil.

Early Classical Greek Sculpture

1) Severe style - 5thC, victories over the Persians 2) Bronze favorite medium - easier to mold and better suited to action poses 3) Attempt to show the body in action or motion. 4) Exploration of inner character and emotions of the their subject 5) From strict symmetry of Archaic, now non-symmetry 6) Contrapposto

Categories of Window Treatments

1) Sheers 2) Semi-Sheers 3) Semi-Opaque 4) Opaque

2 kinds of vinyl

1) Sheet Vinyl 2) Vinyl Tile

Knitting

1) Similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are made in a single operation 2) A _____ machine uses 3 sets of needles to loop the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns together 3) A coating of latex is given to the back for additional strength & body. 4) This carpet has a tendency to stretch, esp. the diagonal and difficult to seam during installation.

Types of Window Treatments:

1) Soft 2) Hard

2 Types of Wood

1) Solid Wood 2) Wood Veneer 3) Engineered Wood

Pelmets or Corniceboard

1) Still paneled headings to curtains. 2) Also valances made of wood, with edges cut either straight or curved. 3) Usually covered in fabric but wooden ones may be painted, padded or with moldings attached. Or with framed mirrors or wallpapered. 4) Depght of cornice from 4" to 8", depending on the length, height of room adn material used

Lengthwise Density Measurement

1) Stitch Rate 2) The terms "rows" in Axminster and "wires" in Wilton 3) Pile Height

Stitch Rate

1) Stitches /in or SPI - number of times per inch a stitch occurs, just as guage expresses the frequency of tufts across the width (for tufted carpets) 2) The number of times an individual needle inserts a tuft into the primary backing as the primary backing moves one inch through the tufting machine 3) E.G. 8 stitches / inch means that as the primary backing moved through the tufting machine, a single needle forms 8 tufts or stitches

Predyeing Methods of Carpets

1) Stock Dyeing 2) Skein Dyeing 3) Solution Dyeing

Mesopotamian Period

1) Sumerian 2) Akkadian 3) Babylonian 4) Assyrian

Multilevel Loop Pile

1) Surface made of different pile height, all uncut loops - tend to give a dimensional character to the carpet. 2) Capable of producing sculptured patterns

Installation Methods

1) Tackless Stripping 2) Glue-down Method 3) Self-stick

Needlework (Needlepoint or Gros-point)

1) Tapestry-stitch embroidery worked with wool yarns on a canvas mesh backing. 2) Tightness of the backing determines the lightness of the needlepoint. 3) Designs and colors depend on where produced.

Saxony Plush

1) Texture between cut pile plush and cut pile shag 2) Uses thicker yarns 3) Has twisted yarn - gives definition to each tuft 4) Made with heat-set yarn, usually in a dense, low-pile construction

Tiles made of compound bodies contain 3 principal constituents:

1) The Plastic - Usually clay have high bonding power and some fluxing ability 2) The Filler - Reduces shrinkage in drying and firing and imparts to the body a certain rigidity which prevents deformation under heat 3) The Flux of Solvent - Melts under intense heat and fuses the heat resisting elements into 1 solid mass

Velvet

1) The least complex weaving method and the most inexpensive. 2) Used primarily to produce solid color carpets, but variations in color and pattern are possible. 3) Made on looms similar to Wilton looms, but without the Jacquard mechanism. 4) All the yarn in this type appears on the back of the carpet.

Pitch

1) The number of ends in a 27in (685 mm) width of carpet - for woven carpets 2) Can be divided by 27 to compare widthwise density with that of a tufted carpet - E.G. If the pitch is 216, it is divided by 27, which equals 8 ends/inch or 1/8 gauge in a tufted carpet

Linoleum

1) The predecessor to contemporary synthetic resilient flooring - developed in England in the 1860s. 2) Renewed interest because it is produced with natural materials from sustainable crops and its waste is biodegradable. 3) Derived from Latin botanical terms for flax, "linum", and for oil, "oleum". 4) Composed of oxidized linseed oil or other resins, mixed with ground cork or wood flour, mineral filler and color pigments. 5) This mixture is bonded under heat and pressure to a fiber backing, typically burlap or felt, in various sizes and thicknesses. 6) Powdered cork also added for flexibility, and wood flour and powdered limestone added for strength and hardness. 7) Because of the air pockets found naturally in cork (50% air), linoleum is a superior thermala and acoustic insulator. 8) Smooth, has a hard wearing surface and available in a light gage; easily adapted to bathroom and kitchen walls. 9) Thicker qualities have a high resilience and are warm underfoot. 10) Sensitive to alkalis and inclined to rise, peel and rot if water gets underneath.

Foil Papers

1) Thin metal coating and highly reflective. 2) Brand name - "Mylar" 3) Difficult to work with - shows imperfections in the wall surface and gets wrinkled easily. 4) The gold/silver reflective finish is made by applying sprayed polyester to a paper backing and produced in many wide ranges, with the foil being overprinted with design.

Cork Wallcovering

1) Tiny granules or slim strips of cork applied to paper-backing materials. 2) Thicker - have the surface of cork 3) Make for a cozy, dark and woodsy effect and can often be seen in family rooms or offices.

Importance of Windows

1) To admit light 2) To admit air 3) Protection from outside elements 4) To frame the visual beauty of exterior

Auguste Rodin

1) Towering sculptor of the 19thC - no sculptor made such an impact since Bernini - comparable to contemporary impressionist, he centered on anatomy 2) Imbued his work with great physical force, through texture and modelling - abilily to reveal the inner life of the human being through gestures and attitudes of the body 3) Works : The Age of Bronze, The Gates of Hell, The Thinker

Weaving

1) Traditional way of making carpet on a loom. 2) Produced by intertwining the surface pile and the backing simultaneously into an integrated whole. 3) Most woven carpet is heavy, dimensionally stable and strong as a result of the weaving process and does not require a secondary backing as tufted carpet does. 4) A slower, more labor-intensive process than tufting and consequently more expensive. 5) Installation costs for woven carpet higher - there usually is an intricate pattern that must be matched and proper installation generally requires power stretching and hand-sewn seams.

Trimming

1) Trim 2) Fringes 3) Braid 4) Edgint

Methods of Manufacturing Carpets:

1) Tufting 2) Weaving 3) Knitting 4) Needlepunched Carpet 5) Flocked Carpet

Porcelain Tiles

1) Typcially made with specific kinds of clays with very specific properties and fired at very high tempertaures. 2) Generally dense and impervious - more superior chip resistance and in some cases, more durable than granite and difficult to cut. 3) Many offer the appearance of natural stoned without the maintenance.

Lining

1) Type of paper used to prepare walls and ceilings for painting or papering. 2) Should be hung in the opposite direction to the top paper.

Ceramic Tile Finishes

1) Unglazed 2) Glazed

Quarry Tiles

1) Unglazed, extruded and made from either natural clay or shale. 2) Similar to bricks in material, performance, range of colors, and methods of installation. 3) Durable flooring material - impervious to moisture, stains and dirt and resistant to abrasion.

Sheet Vinyl

1) Unlike vinyl tile, sheet vinyl allows a continuous surface to be formed. 2) Because such flooring has fewer joints, it is popular for applications where spills, dirt or bacterial growth is of concern (e.g. hospitals) 3) Can also form an integral or monolithic wall base, sometimes referred to as a flash cove, to simplify maintenance. 4) Can sometimes be as expensive as a medium-grade carpet and has wide range of colorsm patterns and textures.

Vinyl Wallpaper

1) Use adhesive which does not contain water. 2) Joined with a butt joint as vinyl does not stick to itself. 3) Light tints are affected by fumes from cigarettes or gas fires because they react with the PVC coating and discolors it. 4) Easy to strip.

Archaic Sculpture

1) Used Daedalic Style 2) Inspired by Egyptians - made in wood and later, stone (marble) - never dared to liberate the figure completely from the stone. No empty space between legs, torso and arms. 3) Kouros and Kore 4) "Archaic Smile" 5) Eyes modeled with the oriental slant, with eyeballs bulging in a convex surface 6) Seated type of figure forms part of the throne on which they sit - interest in the body form and drapery folds

Wool

1) Used for centuries in the manufacture of carpets. 2) The standard against which other carpet fiber are judged. 3) Most expensive carpet fiber and commonly used in woven carpets. 4) Outer layer of wood fiber is scaly, which diffuses light and hides soil. 5) When exposed to flame, _____ chars, rather than melting like most synthetic fibers, making it naturally flame resistant. 6) Carpet ______ comes from countries where climactic conditions produce wool with coarseness and thickness suitable as carpet fiber.

Granolithic

1) Used for floors - a superior and less porous kind of concrete made from cement, granite chippings and granite dust 2) Very hard-wearing, hard and not generally suitable for living areas 3) More often used in factories than home, but when sealed, easy to maintain 4) Used in workrooms, garage, etc.

Interlining

1) Used to change or enhance the properties of draperies. 2) Generally not durable enough to withstand exposure to UV light, abrasion, moisture and other environmental conditions; therefore they are inserted between the lining and drapery fabrics.

Drapery Liners

1) Used to protect draperies, adding to their durability and longevity 2) Provided added insulation in colder climates 3) Block sunlight that can damage or fade fabrics and disturb sleeping occupants 4) Lining also gives weight to lighter, thinner fabrics, helping them hang better 5) Gives uniform appearance to the exterior of a home while allowing the interior to use a different fabric or pattern.

Rotogravure Printing

1) Uses copper-covered steel rollers, photographically engraved to produce rotogravure patterns 2) Pattern is cut into the roller by an incised process 3) Depth of each incision determines the value of the color 4) Each roller carries just one color, but can print varying shades of that color 5) Creates a technically consistent, flat machined-look and feel.

Ceramic mosaic tiles

1) Usually 6mm to 10mm (1/4in to 2/5in) thick. 2) "Mosaic" refers to the small size of the tile, which has a face area of less than 150sq mm (6 sq in). 3) Most common sizes are 25mm x 25mm (1in x 1in) or 50mm x 50mm (2in x 2in). 4) Ceramic mosaic tiles can be made of either porcelain or natural clay and can be glazed or unglazed.

Possible Values in Oriental Rugs

1) Utility Value 2) Art Value 3) Collector's Value

3 Types of Weaving Processes:

1) Velvet 2) Wilton 3) Axminster

Bronze casting

1) Very specialized 2) Due to logistical difficulties and expense, much early 20thC Canadian sculpture was cast in plaster and given a patina to emulate bronze.

Parts of an Oriental Rug

1) Warps 2) Wefts 3) Pile 4) Knots 5) Edge bindings 6) End finishes 7) Fringes 8) Design parts

Kinds of Wallpaper:

1) Washables 2) Ready-pasted or pre-pasted 3) Unpasted 4) Relief 5) Fakes and Fantasies 6) "Hard Finish" looks 7) Natural Materials 8) Scenic Papers 9) Lining 10) Hand-printed

Non-porous Floors

1) Waterproof and impervious to most household liquids - no need to seal 2) Sealers would soon peel or chip 3) Most durable and resilient 4) China or glass - break when dropped

Semi-porous Floors

1) Waterproof and resistant (not impervious) to oil and grease 2) React badly to to spirit solvents such as petrol 3) Paraffin and white spirits - most of them should not be sealed as this can irreparably damage the finish

Pile Density

1) Weight of the pile yarn in a given volume of carpet face. 2) The larger the density value, the more compact the pile, the less weight each individual tuft has to support, which yields a firm walking surface. 3) Important determinant of carpet performance - esp. for high traffic environments 4) Influenced by stitch rate, yarn thickness, gauge and pile or tuft height

Henry Moore

1) Widely known by the 1930s internationally - won the Sculpture Prize in 1948 at Venice 2) English sculptor known for large scale abstract bronzes 3) Greatest modern English artist and perhaps most eminent of all 20thC sculptors. 4) Early work influenced by pre-Columbian sculpture. 5) Works : Mother and Child, Reclining Figure

Sculpture can be made of the following materials:

1) Wood (Interior church architecture) 2) Stone (like marble) 3) Clay, plaster or papier mache 4) Bronze

Types of Window Accessories:

1) Wood Sockets 2) Finials 3) Extension Brackets 4) Extension Plates 5) Weights

Types of Fasteners

1) Wood screws 2) Expansion bolts or toggle bolts 3) Masonry bolts

Solid Wood

1) Wood that do not have hollow spaces. 2) Its natural porosity - moisture often cause failure in wood flooring installations 3) All sub floors, regardless of material, should be tested for moisture content before wood flooring installation begins.

Shutters

1) Wooden hinged or solid panels that may be folded across a window to diffuse light and add privacy. 2) Great way to add architectural interest to a room.

2 Methods of Casting in bronze

1) cire perdue or lost wax process (more widely used) 2) sandcasting

Types of Weights

1) lead 2) chain

2 types of plastic

1) polyvinyl chloride 2) polyvinyl acetate when blended or modified with other substances, produce the vast array of vinyl products

Trouser Break

1/2" of extra fabric beyond what is needed to reach the floor. A more contemporary option to puddling.

Antique Rugs

100 yrs or more. Purists believe that Oriental rugs are antique only if it dates prior to 1856 before synthetic dyes were in use.

Combination Rods

2 or 3 drapery rods sharing one set of brackets. Used when installing draperies with sheers or to create any layered look.

Corner and Bay Window Rods

2 or 3-piece adjustable rods, hinged for use on corner-meeting windows and angled bays

9) Bay window

3 or more windows set at an angle to each other in a recessed area.

Venus of Willendorf

A 11.5cm high figurine with bulbous proportions. Painted red to resemble blood signifying life.

Direct Carving

A 20th C term - a less planned approach to carving in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using intermediate models or maquettes. Sculptor either works from memory or while observing the subject. Return to direct approach used in primitive art. This style of carving also called "taille directe"

Trefoil

A 3-lobed ornanmentation resemblign a clover.

Quatrefoil

A 4 lobed ornamentation.

Cinquefoil

A French term "5 leaves", a pattern resembling a 5-leaved clover.

Boiserie

A French term designating a plain or carved wood-paneled wall

Fret

A Greek geometric band or border motif, consisting of interlacing or interlocking lines, also know as the meander or key pattern.

Arabesque

A Moorish design or scrollwork, leaves, flowers, and interlaced branches -beautifully intertwining and flowing pattern of leaves and flowers, and based on the Assyrian Tree of Life.

Guilloche

A band or border running pattern having the appearance of overlapping or interlacing circular forms.

Polonnaise

A bed set lengthwise against the wall and surmounted by a small dome.

Chamfer

A bevel or slope made by paring off the edge of anything originally right angled. Often used on the legs of furniture or edges of countertop. (at least 45 degree angle)

Baseboard

A board placed at the base of a wall and rests on the floor; Usually treated with moldings.

Pendant

A boss elongated so that it hangs down from the intersection of coffers in ceilings or from tables.

English Bond

A brick layering pattern in which each layer consists of either an entire row of stretchers and the next layer entirely of headers.

Hock

A cabriole leg formed like the tarsal joint of the hind leg of a quadruped.

Baldachino

A canopy resting on columns, usually built over an altar.

Power Stretcher

A carpet installation tool used to stretch carpet for installation with a tackless strip. Per industry standards, residential carpet, installed over cushion with a tackless strip, must be subjected to _______ to prevent wrinkles and ripples.

Antistatic

A carpet's ability to dissipate an electrostatic charge before it reaches a level that a person can feel.

Soil Retardant

A chemical finish applied to fibers or carpet surfaces that inhibits attachment of soil.

Drier

A chemical preparation added to paint which causes it to dry quickly.

Alkali

A chemical substance which effectively neutralizes acid material so as to form neutral salts.

Antimicrobial

A chemical treatment added to carpet to reduce the growth of common bacteria, fungi, yeast, mold and mildew.

Egg and Dart Moulding

A classical motif found on architectural elements such as decorative cornices and also furniture. Consists of repeated and alternate dart and egg (oval) shapes.

Daedalic Style

A clay mold technique mainly for frontal figures. Typified by a front facing ahead, flat and triangular in outline and possesses long formless bodies.

Contrast Lining

A coloured fabric used as a lining when parts of it will show from the front.

Caryatid

A column carved in human form, used as a supporting motif in an architectural composition.

Papier-Mache

A compound of paper pulp or shreds of paper mixed with paste of glue to be moulded into various shapes.

Dead Load

A constant load that in structures is due to the mass of the members, the supported structure, and permanent attachments or accessories.

Wave pattern

A continuous pattern conventionally imitating a series of breaking wave crests.

Waterleaf

A conventionalized leaf pattern of classical origin used to enrich a cyma reversa molding.

Ovolo

A convex molding used in classical architecture. Usually an exact quarter of a circle but in Grecian it is flatter and quirked on top.

Astragal (Bead and Reel)

A convex moulding having the form of disks alternating with spherical or elongated beads.

Torus

A convex semi-circular molding.

Plaster Cast

A copy of a sculpture, which is cast in plaster. A plaster cast can accurately reproduce the details of the orginal sculpture, but is usually much less durable.

Wreath

A decorative band or garland of flowers, foliage or other ornamental material.

Honeysuckle

A decorative motif of Greek origin resembling a conventionalized fanlike arrangement of petals.

Beading

A decorative strip or moulding that resembles a string of beads. Found on furniture, silver, glassware, pottery, etc.

Documentary

A design based on a document, an old paper, or a fabric dating from an earlier century

Cameo

A design carved in relief in stone or shell

Section

A detailed working drawing of a wall that has been cut away to show the interior assembly of the construction material. Also called cross-section.

Filigree

A divider with an openwork design, the lacy effect produced by twisting and curling wire together or the open work in porcelain.

Canopy

A draped covering suspended over a piece of furniture, as over a bed or a seat of honour.

Epagnolette

A female head and bust used at the top of a volute.

Sphinx

A figure having the head and breasts of a woman, the wings of an eagle and the body of a lion.

Alabaster

A fine-grained stone with a smooth milk-white surface. Used for ornaments and statuary. Slightly translucent.

Patera

A flat circle or oval containing acanthus leaves in a rosette arrangement.

Panel

A flat surface, raised or recessed, surrounded by rails and stiles, and held in place by mouldings.

Load

A force provided by weight or mass (gravitational), external or environmental sources, such as wind, water and temperature, or other sources of energy.

Lunette

A form resembling a crescent or half moon.

Crocket

A formalized bunch of leaves carved at intervals on the edge of wood mouldings, prevalent during the Gothic Period.

Armature

A framework of metal wire or tubing used to fashion work in clay, wax or plaster of Paris.

Sculpture in the Round

A free-standing sculpture often on a pedestal or base, made to be seen from many directions and angles, and must be fully developed from all points of view.

Atlantes

A full or half male figure used instead of a column or in place of a furniture leg.

Combing

A fun technique that creates a striated effect with paint and glaze. Traditional combing produces vertical lines that mimic the sheen of opulent silk. Can also use this technique to create waves, horizontal stripes, or checkered patterns for a more striking impression.

Acrylic

A general class of resinous polymers derived from esters, amides or other acrylic acid derivatives.

Lacquer

A glossy type of paint finish. Usually applied by spraying. Modern _____ are unlike varnishes or enamels - based on cellulose compounds.

Gargoyle

A grotesque animal or human form used as a water spout

Mascaron

A grotesque head or mask

Melon Bulb

A highly ornamented turning into 2 sections.

Ingrain Carpet

A historic "reversible" weave that is a double-faced pile-less carpet of colored filling yarns. When reversed, the design and colors are often opposite from the other side, commonly referred to as summer / winter.

Glass Brick

A hollow block of glass that is translucent but not transparent, used mainly in conjunction with brick, also known as glass blocks.

Picture Mold

A horizontal molding near a ceiling from which pictures can be suspended. Also called a picture rail.

Lamassu

A human-headed winged lion from 883-859BC, excavted at Nimrud (Northern Mesopotamia) and donated to New York Metropolitan Museum of Art by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1932.

Vinyl

A kind of plastic simply by arranging atoms and molecules, _____ can be made hard and rigid or soft and spongy. Can be made to withstand heat.

Grille

A lattice or trellis openwork screen or wall.

Piping

A length of cord covered with bias binding and used as a decorative edging. Usually bias is used, either of the same material or contrasting material.

Bias

A line or cut across a fabric that is not at right angles to a side of the fabric.

Reeding

A long, semi-cylindrical, stem-like form or a grouping of such used to enrich moldings.

Casting

A manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, then allowed to solidify. The solid ____ is then ejected or broken out to complete the process.

Admixture

A material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the concrete immediately before or during its mixing.

Plasticizer

A material that increases plasticity of a cement paste, mortar or concrete mixture.

Chasing

A mechanical process of finishing a metal surface

Scratch

A mixture of portland cement, sand and water.

Cornice

A molded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally for compositional purposes. May be formed simply with a crown moulding of a classical entablature.

Cavetto

A molding of concave form approximating a quarter circle. (Cavity)

Ogee or Ogive

A molding or an arch form composed of 2 opposing cyma curves whose convex sides meet in a point, forming an S, but is somewhat elongated compared to a cyma.

Griffin

A monster with the body of a lion and the head of and wings of an eagle.

Screen

A movable partition intended to divide, conceal, or protect part of a room.

Operative

A movable wall that is hinged or slides serving as room divider.

Heather

A multi-color effect provided by blending fibers of different colors prior to spinning carpet yarn.

Turkish Bed

A narrow bed set into a draped recess

Fillet

A narrow flat molding or area, raised or sunk to separate larger moldings or areas.L

Batten

A narrow wood strip used to cover joints between boards or panels.

Galloon

A narrow, close-woven band or braid used for trimming draperies and upholstery & commonly made of lace, metallic thread or embroidery. A heavy Gimpe.

Graining

A painted imitation of the fiber lines of wood.

Center Draw

A pair of draperies which open and close from the center of the windows.

Stagecoach Valance

A panel of fabric mounted on a board, and attached to the inside frame of a narrow window.

Linenfold

A panel resembling folded cloth. It was prevalent in the Gothic Period.

Scroll

A parchment roll used as an ornament.

Checkerboard

A pattern consisting of alternating light and dark squares.

Wallpaper

A pattern product, a flattened form seen in 2 dimensions instead of 3. Tells the same story as the furniture is telling and decorates to suit the character, size and shape of the room.

Tree-Of-Life Pattern

A pattern resembling a tree or vine, showing branches, leaves, flowers and small animals. Originating in ancient Assyris, was borrowed by the Persians, East Indians and early English Renaissance designers.

Drop Match

A pattern that drops down to create a diagonal repeat. Most often half the pattern.

Vitruvian Scroll

A peculiar pattern of scroll work consisting of convolved undulations.

Scenic

A pictorial design continuing over several strips of paper.

Treillage

A pierced lattice effect in wood.

Gaine

A pilaster that narrows toward the bottom and is capped with a topless female half-figure.

Butt Joint

A plain square joint between 2 members

Low Pressure Laminate

A plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per sq in

Chalking

A powdery deposit being formed on a dry paint film surface. The powder is unbound pigment caused by painting over surfaces that haven't been sealed sufficiently or the paint is deficient in binder, caused by over thinning. Also occurs when using interior paints on exterior surfaces.

Aggregate

A pre-casting of stone, slag, sand and gravel bonded together in to an intergrated mass. Major component of plaster, concrete and asphalt.

Gesso

A prepared plaster of chalk and white lead which may be cast to make repeating ornamental forms in relief to apply to wood panels, plaster surfaces, etc.

Plate Rail

A rail or narrow shelf fixed along a wall and grooved to hold plates, especially for ornaments or display.

Engineered Wood

A range of derivative wood products manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials.

Niche

A recess in a wall for a statue or ornament.

Half Tester

A rectangular canopy above a bed extending only partway from the bed instead from the headboard.

Pilaster

A rectangular shaft built into a wall and projecting slightly from it.

Hollow Relief or cavo-relievo

A relief in reverse, in which all the carving lies within a hollowed-out area below the surface plane

Wadded Edge

A rolled fabric border, stuffed to create a sausage shape.

Patera

A round or oval-shaped disk, often enriched by a rosette or other ornament.

Meander

A running ornament consisting of an intricate variety of fret or fretwork.

Divider

A screen or partition separating one area from another within a larger area.

Jacobo della Quercia

A sculptor of great and sensitive talent. Hesitated between the classical and non-classical, but eventually found a classic coherence that would impress Michelangelo de Buonarotti

Assemblage

A sculpture constructed from found objects. Typically does not disguise the original objects but shows them in a new light, or forms a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes.

Scallop Shell

A semicircular shell with ridges radtiating from a point at the bottom. This motif was common in furniture during Queen Anne and Georgian periods in England and the US. Also extensively used in the early Spanish Renaissance.

Panoramas

A series of papers with a comprehensive presentation of a subject or area in every direction

Companion Papers

A set of designs and colors to be used together in the same or adjacent areas

15) Clerestory Window

A shallow window set near the ceiling

Rugs

A single piece of compact, woven, knitted or tufted fabric with borders, intended as floor covering of only a portion of the floor area, not the whole floor.

Tessera

A small cube of stone, glass or marble used in making mosaics.

Relinquary

A small receptacle designed to hold a sacred relic, usually made of ornamented precious metals enriched with jewels or enamel decoration.

Sash Rods

A small rod, decorative or plain, usually mounted inside a window frame on the sash.

Dentil

A small square projecting block i a cornice

Bozzetto

A small terracotta sketch of a sculpture, Italian

Cafe Rods

A small, round decorative rod which comes in white, brass or wood grain finish, used to mount cafe curtains that do not have a rod pocket. Meant to be seen and adds additional decorative touch to the curtain treatment.

Wadding

A soft, bulky material for stuffing shapes as in like a goblet heading.

Caulking Compound

A soft, plastic material consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and other structures where normal structural movement may occur.

Volute

A spiral scroll forming the principal characteristics of the ionic capital.

Corner Block

A square block of wood used to form a junction between the sides and head strip of door and window trim. Any block similarly used in cabinet-making.

Bland Stitch

A stitch that is frequently used for attaching applique pieces or binding. The stitches are sewn so they are hidden under the top.

Festoon

A string of many kinds of material hanging in a curve between 2 points.

Fleur-De-Lis

A stylized 3-petaled iris flower tied by an encircling band, used as the heraldic bearing of the royal family of France.

Acanthus Leaves

A stylized leaf motif, one of the primary decorative elements of classical architecture, as evident on the capital of the Corinthian column. Originated in Greece and adopted by the Romans, it was transmitted into the general classical tradition.

Bonding Agent

A substance applied to a suitable substrate to create a bond between it and a succeeding layer as between a subsurface and a terrazzo topping or a succeeding plaster application.

Accelerator

A substance, which, when added to concrete, mortar, or grout, increases the rate of hydration of the hydraulic cement, shortens the time of setting, or increases the rate of hardening of strength development or both.

Herm

A tapering pilaster terminating in a head or bust of a male.

Construction and Assemblage

A technique or method of modern sculpture which originated in collage (a painting technique by Pablo Picasso and George Braque in 1912)

Additive

A term frequently (but improperly) used as a synonym for addition or admixture.

Battered

A term used in construction or architecture that refers to a wall that slopes backward as it rises from the ground. A slope at the back of a house may be battered or cut so that it is self-retaining. May also apply to walls that may gently slope inward. E.G. the walls of a castle tower

Thin-Set

A term used to describe the bonding of tile with suitable materials applied approximately 1/8 inch thick.

Foils

A thin sheet of flexible metal on paper, transparent or opaque color, which can be printed.

Curtain Wall

A thin wall supported by the structural frame of the building and not dependent on the load-bearing quality of the wall below it.

Bas Relief

A type of carving in which the design is made prominent by raising it from the background.

Diorite

A type of dark-colored, hard stone much used in Egyptian sculpture

Distemper

A type of paint made by mixing the pigment with glue or size. Now largely superseded by emulsion paints.

Japanning

A type of varnishing to imitate the lacquering work from the East. Used from 1660s, initially produced by using heat hardened spirit based varnishes. As oil based became available, they were used.

Ormolu

A variety of brass made to imitate gold or bronze, called an _____ mount when mounted on a surface.

Ceramic

A wall faced with assorted shapes and sizes, glazed or unglazed, of ceramic or terra cotta tiles.

Non-bearing

A wall or partition that supports only its own weight.

Bearing Partition

A wall or partition that supports the portion of the building above it in addition to its own weight

Wallpaper Random Match

A wallpaper pattern will match from roll to roll regardless of how it is positioned on the wall

Wallpaper Half-Drop Match

A wallpaper repeat where design elements run diagonally between 3 strips (across the wall) to complete the design

2) Casement Windows

A window with one or more sashes hinged on a vertical edge. Opens from the side.

Lath

A wood strip or metal mesh, which acts as a background or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or people who occupy it, the furnishings and other movable objects.

Wainscot

A wooden lining for interior walls, usually paneled. Any treatment resembling the same.

Braid

A woven ribbon used as edging or trimming

Resilience

Ability of carpet fibers to spring back to original shape after being crushed.

Abrasion Resistance

Ability of surface to resist being worn away by rubbing and friction.

New Zealand Wool

Absorbs dye easily, colors with great clarity and uniformity, staple are lustrous and tough, color almost white.

Gilding

Achieved by printing an adhesive to the areas that are to take the metal dust. Also known as "silvering"

Random Multicolor Dyeing

Achieved with a random dye application or a TAK random pattern machine, which disperses regulated amounts of dye on carpet that is already dyed a single ground color or even on undyed goods. Several TAK dyers can apply several colors at intervals to achieve unusual pattern effects.

Combination Loop and Cut Pile

Adds a degree of warmth to an all-loop pile. Can be produced in tufted and woven constructions

Traverse Rods

Adjustable drapery rods that allows opening and closing of the window treatment by means of a cord and pulley.

Flat Curtain Rods

Adjustable rods, usually hung by brackets to the wall or window frame. Drawn manually and curtains may be shirred onto the rod or hung by hooks.

Rigid materials

Aggregate, ceramics, glass, marble, metal, plaster, plastics, slate, terrazzo, or wood used as finishing surface for a wall.

Checking, Cracking, Crocodiling, Alligatoring

All names for splits that appear in the film of the surface coating. Caused by use of excessive dryers or recoating before the undercoat is dry.

Acoustical Ceilings

Allow easy access to the variety of systems they conceal.

Turkish rugs vs. Persian rugs

Almost all rugs woven in Turkey are geometric, very few floral. In Persia and Iran, about half are floral.

Raised Flooring

Also "Access Flooring" - an elevated flooring system comprised of panels which can be removed to give access to the area immediately beneath it. Basically used widely in commercial applications - reduce the cost and hassle of re-arranging an office space usually altered on a regular basis.

e) Red Pocket Curtains

Also "Casement Curtains". The top, usually shirred, forms a pocket through which the fabric is then threaded onto a pole or rod.

b.3. ) Eyelets

Also "Grommets". Similar to tie-tops but have metal grommets fixed onto the head of the curtain at regular intervals. They can then be threaded through a rod, pole or the more contemporary look, tension wire. Often used with rods as shower curtains.

Flat weave

Also known as "tapestry". A rug type that is woven without knots. Constructed without a pile, but colored weft yarns are woven through the warps to create the pattern like Kilims, Soumaks or Cashmere.

French Pleats

Also known as Pinch Pleats. Composed of three folds, most often used in standard draperies. Made by dividing 1 fat pleat into 3 smaller ones, but not creasing them.

Secondary Backing

Also known as a carpet pad, quality carpets use cotton mesh cloths as _______. Bonded to the primary backing in the latexing stage. Usually woven jute or polypropylene. Jute is dimensionally stable and heat resistant; however, when wet, tends to shrink and can stain the carpet face fibers. Polypropylene more popular backing material because it is moisture resistant. Alternatives to secondary backings are attached carpet cushions, solid vinyl composites and coatings referred to as unitary backings.

Modacrylic

Also known as modified acrylic. Better heat retention and flame retardant as compared to acrylic.

Iraqi Wool

Among the most luxurious and costly of wool, high abrasion resistance and durability.

Color Run

Amount of rolls produced of a single color combination at one time

War Rug

An Afghanistan rug which has its origins in the decade of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan from 1979, and has continued through subsequent military, political and social conflicts. Afghan rug-makers began incorporating the apparatus of war into their designs almost immediately after the USSR invaded their country.

Cyma Recta Curve

An S shape curve which begins and ends horizontally.

Saltier

An X-pattern.

Diaper Pattern

An all-over or repeating pattern without definite limits.

Lozenge

An alternate name for the conventional diamond-shaped motif.

Parthenon

An ancient Greek temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos. Changing attitudes toward display of female body was illustrated.

Field Tile

An area of tile covering a wall or floor. The field is bordered by tile trim.

Persian Knot

An asymmetric knot invented by the Persians who developed the art of rug making. A short piece of thread is laid across the warps (2) but one end is carried down outside and up between the 2 warp threads. The other end passes down between the 2 warp threads and up outside. Also called a Sehna / Senneh knot. (Figure 8 na di nabuo)

Finials

An attachment placed at each end of a curtain rod, to stop curtain rings from falling off, but now is treated as a decorative addition.

Photomurals

An enlarged photograph used as a mural on the wall

Grotesque

An incongruous combination of monstrous animal and human forms.

Hand tufted

An inked on foundation cloth is stretched over a loom. Then a manually operated hand-tufting gun pushes the yarn through the back of the cloth. When the rug is taken off the loom, a scrim and layer of latex is placed on the back. A back cloth is then sewed on to the latex and scrim to protect the flooring. This method used to be done horizontally, now done vertically to allow more people to work at the same time. Although it uses same process as hand hooked, the tops of its loops are sheared to expose the thread ends for a softer and plusher pile.

Partition

An interior partial wall dividing a larger area.

Louver

An opening in wall or ceiling protected from the rain by slats placed at an angle.

Rosette

An ornamental motif formed by a series of leaves arranged around a central point. The leaves are usually conventionalized and may be arranged to form a circle, ellipse of square.

Coffer

An ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling, vault, or the lower surface of an arch, beam or other architectural feature.

Echinus

An ovoid shaped molding forming part of a classical capital. It springs from the shaft of the column, just under the abacus.

b.5. ) Smocking

Another type of heading made as in smocked trim on dresses. Uses double or triple rows of puckers created by a line of stitching through the fabric according to a set pattern. Starts out looking like pencil pleats before certain points are stitched together to form x or diamond patterns.

Bisque Cracks

Any fractures in the body of a tile visible both on the face and back

Murals

Any kind of wall painting printed on paper

Cladding

Any material fixed as "clothing" to walls and roofs. It is a weathering surface that protects a building.

Backing

Any material used as a base over which a finished material is to be installed.

Catalyst

Any substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive when added in minor quantity as compared to the amounts of primary reactants.

13) Corner windows

Any window that comes together at the corner of a room.

Gilding

Application of a gold finish. Achieved by applying gold leaf, or by using metallic powders.

Appliques

Applied or laid on, as figures cut from paper and laid on to another paper

Impervious and vitreous tiles

Appropriate for use in exterior applications exposed to rain and freezing temperatures or in interior applications that require constant exposure to water, such as swimming pools.

Fan Shades

Arcs of fabric pulled together in the center by rings and cords and then fastened to the back of the shades with the arc, or fan, facing down.

Stack back

Are required and used by pleated curtains when they are open on either side of the window. You need to allow for this when you measure your curtain track.

wall lining

As a ________, wood was employed over the years in the form of paneling, divisions and shapes in rhythmic patterns, and in the carvings and mouldings with which paneling was enriched.

Cyma Recta Curva or Cyma Reversa

As opposed to the Cyma Recta, here the curve starts and end vertically.

Bijar

As thick as 2 or 3 ordinary rugs

Extension Brackets

Attached to ordinary brackets to extend the length of the rod return. Basically needed for multiple tier curtains to hang freely.

Stains

Available in wood tones and in colors like blue, red and green.

Rayons

Avicolor, Avicron, Avsio, Coral, Fibro, Kolorbon, Skybloom, Skyloft, Soluran, Spunvis, Staylux, Tufton

Anthemion

Based on the honeysuckle flowers and leaves (looks like a fountain)

Sizing

Basic term for coatings applied to the back of woven products to enhance stiffness and reduce raveling. Certain qualities enhance the use of hot melt seam tape while others inhibit its use. Many resist latex, a complication for the unprepared installer.

Block Flooring

Basically parquet flooring preassembled at the mill into one huge square block piece and installed with a sealant, adhesive or protective coating.

Fillers

Basically used for wood - cover holes, cracks and other imperfections in the wood, plaster or any construction surface before actual finishing.

Custom Rods

Bent

Semi-Antique or Old

Between 50 and 100 yrs old

Half-Relief or Demi-Relief or mezzo-relievo

Between low and high relief

Azlons

Brand name like Vicara

Triacetate

Brand names like Arnel

Acetates

Brand names like Avisco, Celaire, Cromspun, Estron

Sarans

Brand names like Rovana, _______

Scroll Pediment

Broken pediment with each half shaped in the form or a reverse curve, ending in an ornamental scroll. Usually a finial or some sort is placed in the center between the 2 halves of the pediment.

Blistering

Bubbles or blisters in the paint film. Caused by water vapor being attracted by heat and forming spaces beneath the film, or resins form knots in the timber being attracted to heat or paint being used on surfaces which have extreme heat.

Hamadan

Camel's hair rug with a coarse weave in light browns, reds and blues.

Homogenous Tile

Can be applied to any kind of material and applied to the fact that its color is solid throughout.

Tester

Canopy framework over a four-poster bed.

Soft Floor Covering

Carpet is unmatched among floor coverings for a luxurious feel underfoot. When properly selected, carpet is durable enough to last the life of most leases and relatively easy to maintain.

Puckering

Carpet seam flaw due to poor layout or stretching.

Envelope Curtains

Casual curtains that do not pull back. The bottom inside corners are hooked back to let light in.

Categories of Ceramic Tile

Categorized into 5 basic types: wall, ceramic, mosaic, quarry, paver and special purpose.

8) Slanting windows

Cathedral windows. Main charactetistic : angle at the top where the window follows the line of a slanting roof.

Broken Joint

Ceramic tile installation featuring each row offset for half its length

Flutes

Channels in a vertical position used to embellish columns, pilasters or furniture legs. These are parallel concave grooves that are used to ornament a surface.

Classification of Flooring Materials

Classified according to hardness or rigidity and ability to absorb moisture and liquids.

Hessian

Clean textured, Scandinavian feeling

Sehna

Close woven small rug with minute pattern.

Turkoman Rugs

Closely woven with a short, film pile, predominantly red with designs including squares, diamonds, octagons and other simple angular motifs. Woven by nomadic tribes of Boukara, Afghanistan, Belouchistan and Turkestan.

Ispahan Heart

Coarse pile weaving intricately done & stately design on claret ground _________ (modern) using Turkish knot. (Ghiordes Knot)

Coir

Coconut Plush. A strong and flexible hair like fiber from coconut shells. Its pale yellow fibers are spun into a yarn which is finally woven into either flat weave carpeting or cut pile rugs and mats. It is tough, does not pill, can withstand heavy abrasion, highly resistant and proven unfriendly to insects.

Curtain Wire

Coiled wire with a plastic coating. Slightly expandable and fixed by eyelets screwed into the wire at each end, which are then fixed to the hook. Used for lightweight fabrics, sheers and nets that only have a short span to cover and do not need to be drawn.

Blends

Combinations of 2 or more fibers into a single carpet yarn, with each yarn lending to the other its dominant characteristic. I.E. 70% woo and 30% nylon will give the yarn abrasion resistance of nylon and the warmth, softness and luxury of wool. Objectives of blends - performance standards, a more appealing aesthetic quality, and improved economics.

Double Glue-down

Combines the underfoot comfort of stretch-in installation with the stability of the direct glue-down method. The carpet cushion is adhered to the floor and the carpet is then glued to the cushion.

Extendable Track

Come in standard sizes with a range that they can extend to. Ideal as you can alter them to suit different window widths without having to cut them and leaves room for human error, which usually occurs when measuring curtains.

Border

Composed of decorative designs repeated in one direction around the outside of the rug.

Face

Composed of the pile, which is the upright ends of yarn whether cut or looped. Forms the wearing surface of carpet or rugs.

Unglazed tiles

Composed of the same ingredients throughout and derive their color and texture from the materials of which the body is made.

The Kandarya Mahadeva Temple

Conceived as a sculpture, a colossal monolith encrusted with an extraordinary wealth of sculptured forms, both figurative and decorative. Carved in stone but originally cloaked in plaster and brightly painted.

History of Babylonia

Considered to begin with the reign of Hammurabi, in 1750BC, famous for his code of law.

Molded Fringes

Consist of round or elongated wooden turnings that are wound with one or more of a variety of yarns.

Strapwork

Consisting of enriched interlacing flat bands and forms similar to fretwork.

Rubble Stone

Consists of quarried stone of various shapes and sizes, but having irregular mortar joints.

Parquet Flooring

Consists of small lengths of wood strips, either individual slats or preconfigured into tiles that are arranged to form pattern.

Kick Pleated Valance

Constructed like a box pleats, but the pleats spaced further apart.

Single Roll

Containing 36 sq ft of surface after trimming

Vinyl cork tiles

Cork tiles with a laminated top layer of vinyl. Makes them tougher and non-porous. Can be kept clean by damp mopping.

Japanese Sculpture

Countless sculptures made under government sponsorship. Most associated with religion and medium used declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism. Mediums - wood, bronze or clay.

b.4. ) Shirring

Created by a row of gatherings on a pole or rod. Should be 3x more fabric as the length of the rod for added fullness. Curtains with this kind of heading usually called cased (slot) or gathered curtains.

Cut Pile

Created by cutting each loop pile

Indian Wool

Crush resistant wool

Indian Rug

Decorated with motifs of flowers, vines and animals. More brilliant colors and a more naturalistic style. Associated with places like Agra, Lahore, Kashmir and Srinagar.

Law of Frontality

Decrees that the body of the figure in the round must not be twisted in any way. The face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other although hand and feet could be in a different position.

Polonnaise

Delicately colored antique silk rug

Utility Value

Depends entirely on the durability of the fabric as a floor covering

Art Value

Depends on color and design rather than upon texture

Collector's Value

Depends upon the rarity of the art value

Flush Mount (product depth)

Depth required to mount a window treatment that it is completely recessed inside the window frame and no portion of it sticks out from the frame of the window.

Double Flat Rods

Designed for double curtain treatments, such as curtain plus valance. Design of outside rod longer than inside rod.

Commemorative

Designs that memorialize a historic event

Corner Brackets or Spandrels

Designs which sometimes fill the corners of the field.

Colorwash

Diluted layer of paint or proprietary product applied over a base coat to provide a wash or "glimpse" of color. Often used in country homes.

Return

Distance from the front of a window treatment to the wall.

Drop Length

Distance from the top of the object to where you want the fabric to end.

Projection

Distance from the wall to the front of the rod

Hand knotted

Each knot is individually tied by hand. These knots are single strands of yarn that have been looped around 2 adjacent warp threads. Known to be the best kind of rug construction.

Pazyryk Carpet

Earliest surviving pile carpet, dates form 5th - 4th century BC. Excavated by Sergei Voinovich Rudenko in 1949 from a Pazyryk burial mound in Altai Mountains in Siberia. This richly colored carpet is 200 x 183 cm (6'6" x 6'0") and framed by a border of griffins. Experts in oriental carpets hypothesize that is is of Armenian workmanship.

Portable

Easily movable

Gadroon

Elongated ovoid forms placed in a parallel series and projecting beyond the surface they enrich.

Roller Printing

Employs embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet. Each cylinder paints a different color.

Screen Printing

Employs flat templates or screens, through which dyes are forced to form the finished pattern on the carpet pile.

Saraband

Entire field covered with a repeating pattern of palm leaves with rose or blue ground. Mir is the name of the village in this district where the design had its source and in the trade today the finest of these rugs is often called Mir-____________.

Yarn Weight

Expressed as count, which indicates the fineness or coarseness of the finished yarn.

Factors to evaluate in the installation of windows:

Exterior Evaluation: 1) Climate 2) Orientation 3) Prevailing Breeze 4) Architectural Style 5) Setting or Location

Hem Allowance

Extra fabric added to measurements to create a hem.

Railroading

Fabric horizontal rather than vertical. Fabric without a nap or a directional design can be railroaded easily. Used to avoid seams in long lengths of fabric (as in dust ruffles).

Myron

Famous for the boldness of which he fixed moments of violent action in Bronze. E.G. Discobolus the discus thrower

Passementerie

Fancy decorative trimmings such as tassels, tieback and ribbons,

Guillermo Tolentino

Father of Philippine sculpture. Classical Philippine sculpture reached its peak in his works due to his training in classical sculpture in Rome. Created the Oblation at UP - symbol of freedom. Other works : Bonifacio Monument, Caloocan

Kore

Female form of Archaic sculpture

Bearding

Fiber fuzz on level loop pile carpets

High Relief or Haut Relief or alto-relievo

Figure may almost be detached from the surface

Finishing Coat

Final coats. Provide the final color and gloss level required. Protection layer from weather, moisture, knock and chips. Aesthetic layer of the paint system.

Wood Veneer

Fine films of wood veneer, slivers of wood woven together with cotton and applied to a paper backing.

Sarouk

Fine pile in dark reds & blues mixed with lighter colors.

Kerman and Kermanshah

Fine pile in soft cream, rose, light blue and other pastel colors

Stucco

Fine plaster or cement made of Portland cement, sand and lime applied to a structure used as ornamentation.

Flocks

Finely powdered silk, wool or other fibers glued onto paper

a) Hems

Finished bottom edges of the drapery. Usually 4 inches of double fabric. However, some draperies have 5 or 6 inches of hems to weigh them down and help them to hang better (all draperies should be corner weighted to keep drapery ends hanging evenly with no flares). Sheer fabrics often lightweight that the hem floats and billows. To stabilize these hems and give the fabric weight, sew a bead tape to the hems.

Primer

First coat of paint applied to a raw (unpainted) surface. Used to "stick" to the substrate and provide adhesion for the remaining coats of paint. Provides a smooth stable surface for the following coats and prevents corrosion and chemical attack of the substrate. There are numerous types selected to suit the substrate and surface conditions.

Scratch-Coat

First coat of plaster or stucco, applied and scratched to a wall or ceiling in 3-coat work.

Napoleon Abueva

First modern Filipino sculptor. Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture. Pupil of Tolentino and helped shape the local sculpture scene to what it is now. Utilized all kinds of materials, with a stylization bordering on the abstract. Youngest National Artist awardee at 46.

Sponge Rubber Cushions

Flat sponge, ripple (waffle) sponge or reinforced foam rubber. Provide a firm feel; ripple sponge rubber, a softer feel; Unlike felted fiber cushions, rubber cushions are highly compressible. Reinforced foam rubber has a smaller cell structure than sponge rubber, thus providing more uniform support.

Allovers

Floral foliage, or scroll patterns, covering the entire paper

b.6. ) Pleats

Folds of cloth sewn or taped into place to create fullness

Opaque

For maximum privacy and light blockage. Include most hard window treatments and lined curtains.

Ramon Orlina

Foremost glass sculptor of the Philippines. First to carve figures out of blocks of glass by using the cold method, cutting, grinding and polishing his works by using improvised tools and methods.

Intaglio

Form of incised relief in which the design is sunk below the surface

Fringes

Formed by gathering and knotting together bundles of warp strings at both ends of the rug after the rug has been cut from the loom. The knots in these bundles of warp strings keep pile knots and end finishes tight at the rug's ends.

Bullion Fringe

Formed of twisted loops of rope

Leon Battista Alberti

Gave a practical and theoretical lead to painters and sculptors, giving them not only perspective formulas and proportional canons but also principles of style. Renaissance

Carpet

General designation for fabric used as floor covering. Term comes from Old Italian "carpita", "carpire" meaning to pluck. Gives visual and textural softness, resilience and warmth, absorbs sound, reduce noise and provide comfortable and safe surface to walk on. Historically also used for table and wall coverings. Not commonly used on the floor in European interiors until 18thC, with opening of trade routes between Persia and Western Europe.

3) Fabric Shades

Generally drawn up from the bottom

Persian Rugs

Generally have a delicately colored all-over pattern of flowers, vines or leaves, which start from a center medallion and almost completely cover the background color. Soft & delicate colors blending with one another.

Ceiling Rose

Generally made of plaster, a circular decorative molding fixed to the ceiling, often in the center and often has a pendant light fitting suspended from it.

Curtains

Generally shirred or smocked (gathered onto a rod) or have have headings attached to rods. Can be pleated and hung on a rod with the use of hooks. Usually informal window treatments.

Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Gigantic gold and ivory statue of a seated Zeus said to be 13 meters high and one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World. Early Classical Greek Sculpture

Agglomerate

Granular material, such as sand, graval, crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic-cement, concrete or mortar.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Great monument of the Late Classical Greek period. Similar to Great Pyramids because it was the burial place for an ancient King and 1 of the 7 Wonders of the ancient world.

Phidias

Greatest name in Greek Sculpture. He designed and directed the building of the Parthenon and the statues of the gods which initiated the Greek Classical Style of Art. Greatest achievement : 1) Athena Parthenos in Athens 2) Zeus at the temple of Olympus.

Nicola Pisano

Had classical leanings, continued the Italian tradition of elaborate freestanding carved pulpits, managed crowded figures, merged into broad narrative panels instead of being tighly compartmented in the Romanesque manner.

Plain Rings

Hand-stitched to the top of the curtain and then slid onto rods.

Binding

Handmade fabric edge applied to soft floor coverings to prevent fraying.

Bleed Through

Happens when 2 fabrics are used in layers adn teh darker color of the bottom one "bleeds through" to the top one in the light and spoils the color and pattern of the top one.

composition

Hardness of stone is related to its _________. Igneous is hard, metamorphic is softer and sedimentary is softer than metamorphic.

Basic Window Types- 1) Double Hung Window

Has 2 sashes, one or both of which slude up or down

Relief

Has a raised texture that you can feel.

Semivitreous Tile

Has an absorption level of more than 3.0%, but not more than 7.0%.

5) Jalousie Window

Has narrow horizontal strips of glass that open by means of a crank to any desired angle

a.3. ) Microminiblinds

Has slats 1/2" in size rather then 1"

Glazed tiles

Have a glassy surface of ceramic materials fused upon their face to give them a decorative appearance and to make the surface impervious to moisture.

Bright Glazes

Having a highly polished surface and reflects and image clearly

Semi-scenic

Having scenes spaced at intervals

Zeus Chryselephantine

His sculpture done in ivory and adorned with gold. Greek Hellenic Sculpture.

End finishes

Hold knots and wefts from working off the rug's warp strings. Many rug types have a flat-woven kilim selvedge at both ends.

Velcro

Hook and loop tape used for attaching fabric to a mounting board. Sometimes used for lightweight fabrics and valances.

Flexible Track

Ideal for bay or bow windows if you want to follow their line with the curtains. Made of PVC and very strong.

Crackle-Glaze Paint

Imitates old peeling paint and provides a cobweb look. The crackle glaze is applied between 2 water based coats of differing colours. This then produces a series of cracks on the top layer and exposes the base coat colour underneath.

Rail

In paneling, any horizontal strip forming a portion of the frame; the vertical strips are called stiles.

Level Type Shear

In the loop surface, some of the loops are cut and some remain uncut. Adds interest to colors and gives a desirable pattern effect.

Hard Window Treatments

Include blind shades and screens made of wood, plastic or strong fabric

Polyurethane Foam Cushion

Include bonded, modified prime, and densified prime urethane foam. Chemical compositions of these 3 types are similar but their different cellular structures affect their performance. Manufactured from scraps of foam bonded together through an adhesive and heat fusion process. Manufactured in a continuous sheet and unlike densified foam, may contain fillers. Densified foam - denser than modified prime foam and highly resistant to bottoming out.

Soft Window Treatments

Include draperies, curtains and shades that are purely made of fabric

Banner Valance

Includes triangularly cut fabric pieces that overlap together

Plasticizers

Increase flexibility so that the flooring can be rolled without cracking or breaking.

Random Match

Individual leaves are random matched for effect. Knotty veneers are often laid this way. This is done to disperse characteristics such as clusters of knots more evenly across the sheet.

Andrea de Vorrochio

Influential sculptor, goldsmith and painter. Created a version of David - as underage and modestly clad as opposed to Donatello's

Leading Edge

Inner vertical edges of the curtain that meets its pair at the center of the window, the edge that is not fixed to the end of the track when you draw back curtains and is often decorated with a contrasting, lipping, braid, tasseled fringe.

Berthel Thorvaldsen

Inspired by the antique and embodied the style of Classical Greece. His works was so famous in his day that a special museum was built in Copenhagen as a memorial to him. Neoclassic. Works : Hebe, Jason

Inside Mount

Installation of a window covering inside the window frame.

Outside Mount

Installation of window coverings placed on the wall beyond the window frame.

Double-cut Wallpaper Seam

Installation technique where 2 strips of paper are overlapped, while a cut is made through the center of the overlapped seam and the excess paper is removed

Factors to evaluate in the installation of windows:

Interior Evaluation: 1) Light 2) View 3) Ventilation 4) Safety

Lost Wax Process for Casting Bronze

Introduced by the Romans. 1) Make a rough mold out of wood, then formed in clay 2) Make a wax mold, cover with a thick layer, then carve to the exact figure 3) Stick pegs all over then cover with another layer of clay 4) After it cools, break the wax mold 5) Polishing and felting

Negative relief

Introduced by the Romans. A technique of undercutting with a drill around the figure rather than modelling them in rounded form producing a strong but flattering contrast of light and darkness.

Cafe Curtains

Invention of a French restaurateur. Allow seated patrons privacy beside the window, while allowing passersby a glimpse of the tempting atmosphere within. Only lower portion of window is covered, are stationary and usually on rods with rings. Used to create privacy in kitchens or bathrooms.

Shading

Irregualar light and dark patches occurring on the carpet. Similar to tracking but no temporary. More obvious in plain dark colors (must consider this on selecting a carpet). As this isn't a manufacturing defect, it doesn't affect the product's durability.

Colossal

Larger than heroic; epic

Heroic

Larger than life-size

Self-Stick

Latest development in carpet installation techniques. A flexible adhesive layer is applied to the carpet backing and covered with a protective plastic film. The labor involved in adhesive application and the time required to ensure the proper tackness are eliminated.

Detachable Linings

Linings that hang by a special heading tape from the same hooks as the as the curtain but they are not actually stitched to the curtain fabric.

Puddle

Long draperies that are lying on the floor in a puddle fashion

Random Shear

Loops are sheared to different heights, forming a pattern that can be definite or irregular. Produces tonal contrast between the cut and uncut loops of varying heights.

Gates of Paradise

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Dado

Lower portion of a wall, when treated differently from the surface above it. In the classical styles, this usually has a base, shaft, and cap molding and is often paneled or ornamental.

Crushed Relief or relievo-sticciato

Lowest degree or relief in which the projection barely exceeds the thickness of a sheet of paper.

Slat Block

Made by assembling narrow slats into larger units.

Floral Rugs

Made by educated urban people, sometimes philosophers & poets, and leaders in Oriental art & handwork. Usually made of fine quality wool. Intricate flowing patterns indicate a sophisticated lifestyle. Named after capital cities in the past - Kirman, Keshan, Kazvin, Meshed, Tabriz, Isfahan, Nain, Qum, Sarouk.

Unit Block

Made by joining short lengths of strip flooring edgewise.

Fiber Cushions

Made by needlepunching and natural fiber, synthetic fiber or a combination of the 2, into a felt like pad. Antimicrobial treatments recommended for natural fiber pads because they are susceptible to mold and mildew. Fiber cushions tend to have a firm feel underfoot.

Conventional Rugs

Made by townspeople who make their living weaving during the winter months. Tend to use repetitive, stylized, ______. Small motifs repeated again and again. Examples are: Saraband, Herati, Senna , Fereghan, Kandahar, Hamadan, Serab, Bibikebad, Enjelus, and some of the Bijar rugs.

Edge bindings

Made by wrapping several warps at the edge of the rug with yarn to reinforce this part of the rug.

Accordion Pleats

Made easily with patented devices that allow the creation of neat, even folds that snap on and off a traverse track without hooks. These folds simulate the look of accordion folds, thereby having a uniform exterior and interior appearance. Can be stacked in a minimum amount of space.

Paint

Made from a combination of pigments, oils, resins, solvents, plasticizers, and additives to color interior walls.

Water Stains

Made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts dissolved in hot water. Safest to use - can be sealed without any chemical reaction. Advantage: can be thinned for a lighter stain or mixed to make own colors. However, it raises the grain of the wood and must be sanded smooth before and after sealing. If not sealed, they eventually wash off.

Maize

Made from corn husks.

Anaglypta

Made from heavy white paper backed with another layer of ordinary wood pulp and embossed while damp so pronounced relief patterns remain when hung. Normally painted over. Comes in standard range of patterns - bubbles, squares, swirls, etc.

Starch Paste

Made from maize, corn, potato or wheat. In powdered form, made to paste by adding water. Has a fungicide added during manufacture. Tendency to mark the wallpaper so not commonly used. 3 types available - cold water, hot water and dextrine (stains more than others, rarely used)

Sheers

Made of a very thin fabric and is nearest to the glass when at least 2 sets of curtains are used. Provide maximum amount of light when curtains are drawn, but least amount of privacy. Also called "Glass Curtains".

Tiles

Made of compounded and natural clay bodies

Vertical Woven Blinds

Made of fabric in approx. 4" widths. When closed, these woven strips fold one in back of the other creating a look of a macrame panel on either side the window.

a.1. ) Venetian Blinds

Made of lightweight metal, usually aluminum, coated with paint. Has 2" wide slats held together by a 1" wide cotton braid "ladder" or nylon chord.

Wood Shades

Made of narrow horizontal strips connected with thread (sometimes colored) woven on both sides. Others made of bamboo, tortoise shells or woven wood.

c) Balloon Shades

Made of soft fabric, with cords placed vertically along the shade to hold the fabric in place. Has straight sides and a straight lower hem. When the cord is pulled to raise it, deep inverted pleats cause the shade to billow out into puffs along the bottom edge.

b. Vertical Blinds

Made of vertically aligned vanes. Have the advantage of horizontal blinds as well as the side-draw operation of draperies. Slats can be made of PVC, fabric, wood, painted aluminum or polycarbonate plastic. May be used as room dividers abd stacks neatly against the wall when not in use.

Plywood

Made up of thin layers or plies of timber that get bonded together. Layers are laid face to face but each adjacent layer, the grain runs in the opposite direction, which strengthens the board, making it stiffer and stronger than solid timber of the same thickness.

Face Fabric

Main fabric that faces the the interior of the room. The "good" side of the fabric.

Distressing

Making a finish look older than it really is or time worn and rugged. Achieved by using 2 different colors, base and top coat and partially removing the top coat to expose the base underneath. Looks as if it has been worn off by years of wear and tear.

Kouros

Male form of Achaic sculpture

Bienvenido Cellini

Mannerist sculptor. Genius artist with a terrible character. Carried out works inspired by the drawings of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rafaello, etc. Was outcast, falling out with the Medicis. Famours work: Persius holding Medusa's Head

Giambologna (Giovanni de Bologna)

Mannerist. Created his own personal style around an elegant and carefully studied formalism with refined and dynamically balanced figures. His output - prodigious and inventive. Had equal virtuosity in stone or bronze, and basically excelled in the creation of fountains. Work: Mercury

Plywood

Manufactured wood panel made from thin sheets of wood veneer. Used instead of plain wood because of its resistance to cracking, shrinkage, splitting and twisting/warping, and its general high degree of strength.

Examples of semi-poruous floors

Marble, terrazzo, rubber, most linoleums, vinyl, vinyl asbestos, thermoplastic

Ashlar

Masonry constructed of flat-surfaced stones with straight, clean-cut jointing

Additive Process

Material is added again and again to build up the form as in clay

Shelf Life

Maximum interval during which a material may be stored and remain in a usable condition.

Balls

May be silk, cotton, wood and crystal

Denier

Measurement of weight in grams of a standard 9000 meter length of yarn. Ex. 2,500 denier yarn which means that yarn of 9000 meters weighs 2,500 grams.

Anchoring

Mechanical bonding of a coating to a rough surface as contrasted with adhesion, which is chemical bonding.

Cast

Metal or plaster poured into a mould and left to harden to produce a work of art

Anti-Corrosive Paint

Metal paint designed to inhibit corrosion.

Cylinder Seal

Metals with designs engraved or embossed on it, rolled on to freshly prepared surfaces that retain its design. (Mesopotamian period sculpture)

Fresco

Method of painting on wet plaster with tempera colors. The plaster absorbs the pigment, and when dry, the painting becomes hard and durable and a part of the plaster.

Blushing

Milky opalescence in lacquer usually caused by lack of compatibility in the piant or bieng applied in cold or wet weather (moisture in the lacquer).

Trim

Millwork around openings such as windows and doors, usually called casings.

Spirit or Alcohol Stain

Mixed with alcohol-solution anilyne powders and warmed alcohol.

Cold Cast Bronze

Modern method of casting sculptures in which the casting material is a resin mixed with powdered bronze. The finished sculpture has a surface which looks very similar to a traditionally cast bronze although it tends to be much lighter.

Lysippus

Modified the canon by using smaller heads for his figures and broke with frontal traditional and conceived his statue in the round. Wanted to depict people as they seemed to be. Acknowledged the statue of Doryphoros an inspiration.

High Pressure Laminate

Molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in (70kg per sq cm) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lb per sq in (84 to 140kg per sq cm)

Direct Glue-down

Most common method of commercial installation. Economical and practical. Carpet is glued directly to the floor without a cushion. Most dimensionally stable installation method and often required for stair or ramp applications even if different installation methods are specified for other areas of the project.

Sateen

Most draperies lined with this. May have to be interlined.

Wood Strip Flooring

Most popular choice - between 40mm and 60mm (1-1/2" and 2-1/2") wide

Nylon

Most popular man-made carpet fiber today. Versatile, easy to maintain and clean and withstands heavy foot traffic. Because of nylon's excellent durability, appearance retention is a concern. Long before it wears out, its appearance can be permanently ruined. Often combined with wool for durability. Many types are available, each with its own performance attributes.

C and S Scrolls

Motifs, which emulate the letters c, and s, which are characteristics of the Rococo style. Found on furniture and decorative frames.

Archaic Smile

Movement implied by the face in a sort of grimace. Only sign of life in this type of sculpture.

Gimpe or gimp

Narrow flat braid of rounded cord of fabric used for trimming

Sisal (Scratch rush)

Natural product that grows like grass. Light cream or oatmeal in color. Strong, woody fiber produced from leaves of the agave plant found in C. America, the West Indies, and Africa. Has a rough texture. Stiff and inflexible, it is a leaf fiber. Named after a Mexican town in the Yucatan peninsula where it is grown. Tends to stain and crush easily, but still stronger and more durable than any natural fiber. Colorfast and static-free, perfect for a carpet or rug for just about any area. Used mostly in twine, rugs, floor mats and rope.

Polypropylene Olefins

Newest and one of the most economical. Comparable to Nylon in durability, strength and wear resistance. Lightest commercial carpet fiber. Solution dyed. Absorbs little moisture, resists stains, cleans well, and almost completely free of static build-up. Commonly used in outdoor carpeting. Most resistant synthetic fiber today - repels water and impervious to most stains and usually less expensive than other fibers.

Argentinian Wool

Noted for its gloss and sheen with natural resistance to soiling. Not as white as New Zealand wool.

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

Nude statue by Polycleitus of Argos based on his ideal of the perfect male nude, to which real men can only aspire.

Woolen Count

Number of running yarn in 1 ounce of finished yarn. Refers to any yarn, whether woolen or not. Ex. "2-ply 50" or "2/50" count indicates 50 yards of 2-ply yarn per ounce.

Figurative

Of or portraying the human or animal figure. Either realistic in varying degrees or stylized.

Marbling

Offers alternative to costly marble

Border Carpet

Often a narrow width product intended to enhance the aesthetic value of another carpet, either as an area rug, fitted wall to wall and quite stunning in halls and stairways (3", 6", 9", 13" are common border widths)

Plasticene

Oil-based clay used for modelling sculptures; its chief advantages over water clay is it does not shrink, crack or dry out and can be worked on over a long period of time.

Drapery Panel

One complete section of drapery used for patio door applications or as decorative stationery side panels that hang on each side of the window and do not meet in the middle.

Eduardo Castrillo

One of Asia's most progressive and original. Started as a jewelry designer but now specializes in embossed copper, as well as constructed and welded brass. E.G. People Power Monument

Panel

One of more widths of fabric, sewn together to create a large "panel" to adequately cover the window. A pair of draperies consists of a right panel and a left panel. A one-way draw drapery can either be a left panel or a right panel.

Snake Goddess

One of the best known Minoan sculptures, holding a snake in each hand.

Acrylic

One of the first synthetic fibers to be used successfully in the production of carpet and once very popular for such use. Always used as a staple fiber and has many characteristics of wool and has the lowest static build-up factor. Highly resistant to sunlight, stains and mildew. Mostly used in bath mats and rugs.

Resist Dyeing

Opposite of differential dyeing. Yarn is treated to resist additional dyes. It produced no discernible pattern and used for shading only.

Cased Heading

Or Slot Heading. A curtain heading consisting of a simple hemmed top through which a rod or a narrow pole could be slotted.

Base

Or plinth. What the sculpture is attached, fixed or mounted on.

Mastic

Organic tile adhesive.

Crocket

Ornament used on the sides of pinnacles, usually leaf or bud shaped; commonly seen in Gothic art.

Vignettes

Ornamental motifs, patterns or portraits centered on a large field.

Millefleur

Overall pattern of stylized flowers and plants, French origin.

Carpet Cushion

Padding used underneath carpet or area rugs made of felt, polyurethane foam, rubber and other materials to provide comfort and durability.

Flaking

Paint or varnish lifting away from the surface in flakes because of a breakdown of the adhesion. Occurs when painting damp surfaces, esp. timber, or painting powdery surfaces. To prevent this ensure that all the surfaces are completely dry and that the correct sealer and preparation has occurred.

Anti-Slip Paint

Paint that contains a grit (sand, plastic chips, cork dust) that forms a grippable surface that breaks the "tension" of the water.

Alkali Resistant

Paint used on new plaster, which is durable in contact with lime.

Murals

Painting on any large surface, be it a wall or ceiling. Usually done on public buildings, and employs many techniques among all the most well-known is "fresco" - uses water soluble paints with a damp lime wash.

Anti-Fungus Paints

Paints that contain toxic compounds, which kill any fungi attempting to feed from it. Some paint have a fungicide added to them. These sometimes do not last the duration of the paint films' life.

Vinyls

Paper fused or coated with vinyl plastic, rendering it impervious to steam and damp

Blisters or Bubbles

Paper is not flat on the substrate and has pockets of air trapped behind. Caused by under soaking or not evenly brushing paste, or insufficient smoothing whilst handling

Gaufranes

Paper printed from copper plates, leaving the design slightly impressed.

Moire

Paper subtly shaded to look like watered silk or "shot" taffeta.

Veneer

Paper-thin wood sheets applied to the outer surface of furniture, which are often inlaid or matched to create intricate, decorative patterns.

Embossed

Papers that have relief pattern which are often colored and gold/silver leafed.

Warps

Parallel strings stretched from loom beam to loom beam upon which rows of knots are tied. They are the stationary threads on the loom. These fibers are the strongest part of the rug. They are intersected with wefts. Cotton usually used for ___ materials if it is available because it is easier to weave a flat, straight rug on cotton warps than on wool warps. (Wool yarn more elastic than cotton string and more affected by changes in humidity.)

Demountable

Partitions that can be removed from its mounted position.

Folding

Partitions with joined sections that can be folded together like an accordion.

Set Match

Patterns that match straight across. Of particular relevance when working with narrow width goods.

Byzantine Period

Period of Iconography, the Representation of Christ, the Virgin, angels, prophets, evangelists and apostles - came in the form of mosaics, mural paintings, book illustrations, ivories, enamels and icons.

Marble Papers

Photographically printed to resemble a variety of marble. Sometimes handmade so that individuality of color and minimal pattern puts them in a completely different class.

Wood Grain Papers

Photographically printed to resemble a variety of wood types.

Hooks or Pin-on Hooks

Pinned directly onto drapery or curtain headings

Crack Fillers

Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. used for filling nail holes, cracks and dents.

b) Draw Draperies

Pleated panels that can be pulled across the window. Uses a traverse rod, master carrier and pull cords. They operate or draw by opening and closing with a cord or by hand. Generally hung straight to the floor and tied back.

Applied

Pliant material such as cork, fabric, foil, leather, linoleum, paper, rubber or vinyl used as wall covering.

Movable

Portable. Can be replaced in storage.

Arraiolo Rugs

Portuguese hand-embroidered accent rugs made in either bright or pastel colors

Lusters

Powdered over with ground up paints, or having a thin, metallic glaze

Pleating Tape

Pre-made and evenly spaced fabric tape sewn onto a drapery heading for stiffness to receive and conceal drapery hooks.

Unbacked Fabrics

Pre-treated to make them suitable for sticking to the wall. One of the most difficult materials - need to work carefully to smooth out the fabric as it is applied to the wall.

Etchings

Prints from a copper plate upon which a drawing or design has been made by a metal tool or by "biting" with acid.

Craquelure

Process developed to imitate the crazing of very old varnish. Achieved by applying 2 varnishes to a surface that dry at different rates. Achieves a fine crazing than by using the crackle glaze but is a more expensive method.

Carving

Process in which artist subtracts or cuts away, superflous material until the desired form is reached. Resulting image or form is usually hard and frequently weighty. Design generally compact and governed by the nature of the material.

Recessing

Process of actually weaving a design into a low level rather than shearing down or carving into the carpet.

Modelling

Process of addition or building up of form. Materials used are soft and yielding and can be easily shaped, enabling rapid execution.

Antiquing

Process of artificially ageing paint. Achieved by rubbing over the new paint with a darker glaze of colour wash. Creates a dirtier color.

Continuous Dyeing

Process of dyeing carpet in a continuous production line, rather than piece-dyeing separate lots, most often done on Kusters continuous dyeing equipment which flows on dyestuff as distinguished from submerging carpet in separate dye becks.

Carving

Process of incising a design into a carpet or rug which has already been woven.

Photogravure

Process of photographic separation using copper or steel cylinders.

Hand-blocked

Process of printing with blocks in which a separate block is needed for each color

Printing

Process where patterns are applied to a carpet after it is manufactured. ____ carpet simulates the intricate patterns of woven carpet at a much lower cost.

Space Dyeing

Process whereby different colors are "printed" along the length of the yarn before it is manufactured into carpet, with different color baths for each of the yarns.

Textures of Carpets

Produced as a result of pile construction, pile height and the manner in which the carpet is cut. The prime visual characteristic of a carpet after color.

Handprints

Produced by hand-screening

Screen Print

Produced by the silk screen process

Plastic Laminate

Produced with kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before they are heated and pressed together.

Open Back Dyeing

Produces about 1,000 yards of dyed carpet. Carpet ends are attached to form a large loop submerged in a dye vat.

Low Relief or Bas Relief or basso-relievo

Projecting figure is closer to the surface and no part is entirely detached from the background

Stabilizers

Provide color permanence and stabilize the pigments against heat and light deterioration.

Glazing Compound

Putty used to set glass in window frames and to fill nail holes and cracks.

Dimension Stone

Quarried and square stones, cut into specific sizes, squared to dimensions, and of specific thicknesses.

Ragging

Ragging produces a delicate, fabric-like texture with a soft variegated appearance.

Pattern Match

Random pattern repeats are matched vertically at the selvage edge so that the pattern lines up horizontally at the leading edge of the fabric.

Ground

Raw stock in which a coat of pigment is applied before the top colors are put on.

Woodgraining

Recreating the grains of many woods with paint.

Rows (Axminster) and wires (Wilton) and velvet carpets

Refer to the number of ends per inch lengthwise

Breadth

Refers to the span across the weft of the carpet and generally used when several sections are seamed together.

Subtractive Process

Removal or subtracting materials to create the form as in carving

Bust

Representation of a person from the chest up

Statue

Representationalist sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object.

Eyelet Rings

Rings that have additional smaller ring on the bottom. May be sewn directly to the curtains or the hooks that have been sewn on the headers could be made to slip through the eyelets if big enough.

Porphyry

Rock composed of crystals or white or red ground mass. A valuable stone for architectural and ornamental use.

Igneous

Rocks that are formed by the crystallization of molten magma.

Sedimentary

Rocks that are formed by the deposition of sediments.

Metamorphic

Rocks that have undergone a change in structure, texture or composition - changes brought about by natural forces like heat and pressure, making the rock harder and more crystalline.

Wood Poles

Rods mainly used for decorative purposes. Curtains are attached with the use of rings, but other top treatments may be used provided that the rod is not entirely covered.

Tension Rods

Rods which stay in place inside the window frame through spring tension.

Cartridge Pleats

Round, 2" to 2.5" pleats, filled in with cotton or paper to hold the shape. Generally spaced 2" to 3" apart.

Bevelling

Rounding off those parts of a carpet that have already been carved, recessed or embossed.

Geometric Rugs

Rugs of the tribal and primitive village people of Persia, still being made under the same conditions today as in the past. Each tribe - distinguished by its own rug style.

a.2. ) Miniblinds

Same as Venetian blinds only that it has 1" wide slats.

a.4. ) Wood blinds

Same as Venetian blinds, only the strips are made of wood.

Weaving Methods of Rugs

Same as that of carpets 1) Machine Woven 2) Hand Woven

Scottish Wool

Scottish black face sheep bear finest of all carpet wool with staples as long as 15 inches.

Deviling

Scratching plaster to prepare the surface for the next coat.

Rinceau

Scroll and leaf ornament sometimes combined with cartouches or grotesque forms and applied to friezes, panels or other architectural forms. Usually a symmetrical horizontal composition. Sometimes called an arabesque.

Praxilteles

Sculptor of Aphrodite of Cnidus - most famous Greek statue of the Late Classical Greek Period. Through gentle curves and relaxed poses - introduction of gracefulness and sensuality in his works.

Size

Sealer used to prepare the wall before paper is applied

Cross Seams

Seams created by joining carpet end-to-end rather than side-by-side.

Eggshell Paint

Semi-gloss paint. Paint with a finish midsheen between matte and gloss.

Lead weights

Sewn in at the vertical seams and each corner of drapery panel

Fringes

Sewn onto the edges and hems of curtain panels.

Flokati

Shaggy wool area rugs made in Greece in solid colors as well as natural off-white shade.

Semivitreous and nonvitreous Tiles

Should not be used continually in wet locations.

Equestrian Statue

Showing a significant person on horseback

11) Double Windows

Side by side windows. If more than 1, they are called multiple windows

Fan Curtain

Similar to fan shade, but used on half circle windows with the fan facing up.

Wilton Loom Rugs

Similar to hand-knotted rugs, but are machine made. Pile is woven between 2 backings and then split down the middle, so you get 2 separate rugs.

Deep Dye-Printing

Similar to screening. An electrostatic charge forces the pre-metallized dyes used in the process deep into the pile. Puts down all the colors in the design at the same time.

Spattering

Simple and straightforward technique. If completed correctly, spattering with a variety of gray, black and white paints, can add depth to any painted object. By adding a brown over the surface, the overall effect can even be made to look like granite.

Hold Backs

Simple or ornamental knobs or hooks where you attach the tie backs or use them by themselves.

Wallpaper Sizes

Sizes vary depending on where they are produced in Metric / Euro or American widths and lengths; packaged and sold in double or triple roll lengths to avoid waste.

Chain weights

Small beads strung in a line along bottom hemline of sheers, to insure an even hemline and straight hanging.

Figurine

Small moulded statuette

Caucasian Rugs

Small rugs with contrasting, strong colors woven by nomadic tribes with geometric designs, often incorporating stylized people and animals. Principle types include Shirvan, Kuba, Soumak, Daghestan, and Ghendje rugs. Dyed in different colors other than blood red.

Maquette

Small scale model for a finished sculpture. Used to visualize and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full scale sculpture.

Polyester

Soft and luxurious. Strong, durable with high abrasion resistance. Dyes well, producing clear colors which resist fading. Has low static build-up factor. Used for residential carpet applications than for commercial ones (as shags and random sheared carpet).

Cotton

Softer than wool but less durable.

Jute

Softest of all natural fibers. May fade or darken in color when exposed to sunlight. Fibers disintegrates with prolonged exposure to moisture.

Thinners

Solvents used to thin coatings.

Fillers

Sometimes added to supplement the bulk and thickness of the flooring. Mineral fillers, the most common, also serve to improve the flooring's fire resistance. Pigments are required for color because most vinyl is clear.

Turkish Rugs

Sometimes called Asia-Minor. Woven in both geometric and floral designs but with smaller patterns than the Persian or Indian. Brighter, sharper colors than the Turkoman or Caucasian. Prayer rugs are typical, esp those from Ghiordes. Armenian and Anatolian rugs are this classification. Bergamo, Smyrna.

12) French Doors

Sometimes called French windows. Come in pairs and open onto a porch or patio.

Plenum

Space between a finished ceiling and the structure above. Main thoroughfare for heating, air conditioning, fire suppression, and lighting systems in contemporary commercial interiors.

Package Dyeing

Spun yarns wound on large perforated forms. Under heat or pressure, dyes are forced through the perforation and onto the yarn.

Adhesive Stains

Stains that appear on the paper face, caused by bad pasting methods or poor paper handling.

a) Overdrapes

Stationery draperies used on either side of a window with other window treatments between them. Can be left straight or tied-back

Crinoline

Stifening material similar to buckram used in drapery headings

Banding

Strips of coordinating or contrasting fabric, folded and finished, then affixed to the style as a decorative accent. Used to frame or border a piece of work to add interest to the finished work.

Bias Binding

Strips of fabric cut on the bias

Welting

Strips of material sewn between upholstery seams or drapery seams to give a finished appearance. May be braided or filled with cord.

Fake Leathers

Suedes and some very sophisticated reptile skin effects

Giovanni Pisano

Surpassed his father's brilliance in sculpture, developed free standing sculptures in wood, ivory and marble.

Exposed Grid Systems

Suspend square or rectilinear frames that hold attached or loose laid panels. Channel - or angle-shaped sections are attached to the wall to support perimeter panel edges. Various decorative profiles available for both the exposed grid and the panel edge. These panels can be pushed up and temporarily moved out of place to gain access to the ceiling plenum.

Grain Raising

Swelling and standing up of the wood grain caused by absorbed water and solvents.

Turkish Knot

Symmetrical structure. A short piece of thread is laid across 2 warps, and the ends are carried down outside and up between them and pulled tight. Also called a Ghiordes knot (left + right side = balanced)

Flemish Headings

Takes the form of goblet pleats linked along their base by hand-sewn cord.

Tassel Fringe

Tassels attached to the bottom edge. 8" long bell shaped trims constructed entirely from yarns and are tied together at the neck.

Example of Mesopotamian Art

The Lion Hunt Reliefs from Nineveh from the palace of 7th C BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal

Finished Width

The actual width after the treatment is finished and all allowances have been utilized.

Bond

The adherence of one material to another. Effective bonds must be achieved between the mortar and scratch coat, between the tile and mortar, and between the adhesive and backing.

Pattern Match

The aligning of the pattern across the seams to maintain the consistent rhythm of the pattern as defined by the carpet itself.

Bleeding

The appearance of one color to another

Wrong Side

The back of a fabric. The less finished side that may have stray threads or a rougher look to it.

Field

The background of the rug inside the borders. May be a solid color or patterned.

Set

The condition reached by a cement paste, mortar or concrete when it has lost plasticity to an arbitrary degree, usually measured in terms of resistance to penetration or deformation.

Lift

The control, typically a cord, which raises and lowers blinds or shades.

Trumeau

The decorative treatment of the space over a mantel, door or window, consisting of a mirror and painting. Specifically, if was the over-the-mantel panel treatment of the Louis XV and XVI periods.

Specification of Ceramic Tiles

The density and porosity of the ceramic tile determines its ability to absorb moisture. In general, the lower the water absorption level of a tile material, the better able it is to resist staining. Quantified into 4 levels of water absorption: 1) Nonvitreous 2) Semivitreous 3) Vitreous 4) Impervious

Pattern Repeat

The distance travelled within the materials to arrive at the same location on the next pattern. Measured in length and width.

Bevel

The edge of any flat surface that has been cut at a slant to the main area.

Finished Length

The exact vertical measurement for draperies or curtains.

Wefts

The filling yarn woven through the warps. They run across the width of the rug, over and under the warp strings and between rows of knots. Most often made of cotton, wool or silk. Hold rows of knots in place and strengthen the structure of the rug.

Cartouche

The form of an unrolled scroll with an oval center and having pierce, curled edges. A conventionalized shield or ovoid form used as an ornament, often enclosed with wreaths, garlands on scroll-like forms.

Nosing

The front dividing line of a step, where the top or a riser joins the front of a thread.

Light Strike

The gap on the side or in the center of a window treatment through which light penetrates.

Bambooing

The imitation of bamboo achieved by painting turned or carved wood to copy the bamboo knots and grain, then decorating it. Popular during 18thC, often used to change the look of an old piece of furniture.

Aggregate

The inert ingredient mixed with a cement in making a casting mix.

Incised

The inside of the outline is the one that is carved out

Pattern Repeat

The interval between the repetitions of the same pattern.

Lacquering (Japanning)

The layering of numerous coats of varnish, sanding in between coats. Creates a smooth, lustrous effect. Original technique came from East. Sap of the Lac tree used. Popular use on furniture and can be used on walls.

Nosing

The leading or prominent edge of a moulding or drop. May be the edge of a step or edge or a table or bench. E.G. Bull ________.

Non-vitreous Tile

The most absorptive, at a rate of more than 7.0%

Live Load

The moving load or variable weight to which a building is subjected, due to the weight of the people who occupy it, the funishings and other movable objects.

Guard Borders

The narrow decorative designs flanking the main border.

Clearance

The necessary distance between the wall and the back of the rod or treatment. Or the front of one layer of the window treatment and the back of the rod or treatment.

Blooming

The opening & untwisting of the pile yarns. Very common and a desired trait with tightly woven wool products.

Negative Stencil

The paint passed through the voids that surround the design.

Diamond Match

The pattern formed is a diamond shape.

Finished Drop Line

The place where the curtains stops.

Right Side

The printed side of the fabric that is used as the finished side of an item. The right side generally has the most color and the most finished look to it.

Flexography

The printing surface is made of rubber, cut in relief

Embossing

The process of weaving a design in a higher level

Boss

The projecting ornament placed at the intersection of beams or moldings. Often a carved head of an angel, flower or foliage motif.

Mantel

The projecting shelf surmounting a fireplace.

Prestige Wall

The prominent or accent wall

Seam Slippage

The pulling apart of a sewn seam often, though not always, a result of improper or inadequate sewing techniques.

Fullness

The ratio of the total fabric used to the finished width of a drapery. The fuller the draperym the smaller the spaces between each pleat.

The Medallion

The round, oval or polygonal design element that sometimes occupies the center of the field.

Bullnose

The rounding of an edge or area. E.G. To the edge of a table or a rounded edge of a brick.

Delamination

The separation of the secondary backing or attached cushion from the primary backing of the carpet.

Adhesion

The state in which 2 surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of valence forces or interlocking action, or both.

Tracery

The stonework formed int eh head of a Gothic window. Applied to the surface on a door or wood panel.

Pile

The surface yarn that makes up the face of the rug.

Chair Rail

The topmost molding of a dado, sometimes known as the dado cap. Placed on a wall at the height of a chairback to protect the finish of the wall.

India

The trade name designating imported Chinese painted papers

Substrate

The underlying support for the ceramic tile installation.

Wallpaper Straight Match

The wallpaper design will match at the same position on each strip of paper

Scalloping

The wavy puckering around the perimeter of a room from improper stretching angles. Unlike tufted carpets, few woven materials allow for equal stretch in width and length.

Hand hooked

The weaver pushes a hooking tool through the foundation cloth to the front of the rug, then pulls the yarn to the back, leaving a loop on the surface.

Main Border

The widest decorative design around the outside of the rug.

Dust Cap

The wood board at the top of top treatments, cornices or valances. Purpose is to prevent dust from settling on the under treatment.

Primary Backing

The yarns need a "ground" on which to "hook" themselves. That foundation is the canvas on which the yarns are woven (handtufted).

Clip-on Rings

These grip the curtain with spring-tension prongs. Easily attaches and detaches from curtains as needed for cleaning. But may not be strong enough to bear the weight of full-length curtains.

Ladder Cord

Thin cords threaded through each slat that hold a blind together. May substitute a cloth tape for a ladder.

Wood veneer

Thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3mm obtained either by "peeling" the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks of wood that typically are glued onto core panels (wood, particle board or MDF) to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture.

Impervious

This kind of tile has the lowest absoption level

Dragging

This painted effect creates a feeling of elegant silk fabric or wallpaper. The effect is achieved by pulling a dry brush or combing device through wet paint to reveal fine lines or pinstripes of the base color.

Spongeing

This technique adds texture to the walls by adding multiple layers of color in a random pattern, building an intricate dimension that lends visual interest to the walls.

Colorwashing

This technique lends itself to a rustic country look, but versatile enough in any setting when using appropriate colors. Works best with earthy colors, such as Venetian red, raw sienna and other natural, soft colors.

Ceiling-Mounted Track

This track is mounted to the ceiling rather than the wall. Useful when you have a window that goes right up to the ceiling or a wide protruding sill you wish to avoid.

Matte Glazes

Those which do not reflect an image or are entirely without sheen.

Knots

Tied by looping yarn around pairs of warps and cutting off the standing end. The ends of the "knot" become the pile or nap of the rug.

Encaustic

Tile decorated with colored clays inlaid and fired. Also colored tile laid in a wall or floor to form a pattern.

Buttonback Tile

Tiles that have projections on the bondable side. Many of these projections are round, thus the term ______.

Latex

To glue on the "roots" of the yarns onto the cotton canvas backing on which they are woven - a mixed synthetic natural rubber latex compound is used for the carpets. The composition is formulated to provide superior tuft lock and resilience in stretching, esp. for wall-to-wall installations.

Permanent

To last indefinitely, fixed and changeless.

Buff

To polish or grind down to a smooth finish

14) Sliding Glass Doors

Today's functional French doors. Often set into a regular wall, sometimes part of a modern "glass wall".

Boulle

Tortoiseshell, ivory, mother-of-pearl and metals of various colors used as inlay to ornament cabinetwork, name is derived from Andre Charles ______.

Anaglypta and Lincrusta

Trade names for wallcoverings whose patterns and textures are entirely formed by surface embossing to various depths or reliefs.

Berber Rugs

Traditional hand-woven carpets of the _____ people of North Africa, which uses a distinct knot that gives a similar appearance to a modern Berber carpet but are brightly colored with designs that are different from other Oriental rugs.

Carpet Cushion or Underlay

Traditional method of installation requires the use of a separated foundation. Otherwise referred to as "lining" or "cushioning". Increases wearability, gives added insulation, helps deaden sound and provides comfort underfoot. Also improves cushioning, helps maintain carpet appearance and prolongs life of carpet to as much as 70%.

Plaster

Traditionally a mixture of lime, sand and water, sometimes with hair or other fiber added, used for coating walls and ceilings.

Mullion

Trim that sets off smaller panes of glass in a window.

A la Duchesse

Type of bed with a canopy suspended from the ceiling rather than supported by posts. Also "Angle Bed"

Contrapposto

Type of pose where the knee of the forward leg is lower than the other and the right hip is thrust down forward, the left hip, up and outward. The axis of the body is not straight vertical but a faint s-like curve. The weight rests mainly on one leg. Life effuses through the entire sculpture.

Bleeding

Undercoat staining through the topcoat.

Stencilling

Use of stencils to add texture, prints and designs to the wall. With this techniques, printed wallpaper designs can be easily copied.

Solomon Saprid

Used a blowtorch to weld strips of metal together. Best known for his tikbalang series. Works : Gomburza monument in front of Manila Cathedral

Seaweed

Used as marquetry in furniture panes. Also known as an endive.

Hairline Carving

Used between colors in a multicolor design rug in order to accentuate and give a design some dimension.

Glosheen or colored Sateen

Used for lining but generally interlined with white flannel.

Extension Plates

Used to mount brackets beyond the window frame.

Double Tracks

Useful when you use 2 sets of curtains, or a pelmet and a curtain.

Oystering

Using veneers cut as cross sections of roots and branches of walnut, olive-wood, and some fruit woods to resemble the irregular concentric rings in oyster shells.

17) Glass Wall

Usually a group of basic window units made to fit together, forming a veritable "wall" of windows

Glue-down Method

Usually employed with a bonded carpet. High density foam rubber used as the secondary backing and is cemented directly to the floor.

Feraghan

Usually produced with a small all-over design of flowers or conventional forms arrayed in rows.

7) Dormer windows

Usually smsll window projecting from the house in an alcove-like extension of the room

3)Ranch or Strip Windows

Usually wide window set high off the floor, usually has sliding sashes and common to ranch type houses.

Jet Printing

Utilizes rows of very closly spaced jets which spray the carpet with color as it passes by. Texture of this printing method often preferred because, unlike screen printing, this process does not crush the carpet tile.

Arched Valance

Valance treatment that is arched along the lower edge

Abrash

Variation or striation of color in a rug

Slipmatching

Veneer pieces joined in sequence without flipping the pattern. If the grain is straight, the joints will not be obvious.

Fan Folded

Vertical fold of accordion action of the fabric that creates folds and helps hold the drapery to the form intended for pinch pleats.

Jet Beck Dyeing

Very consistent level of color. Carpet sewn together end to end, forming a continuous loop placed in large circular tubes called ______. The carpet loop is circulated under a jet of dye liquor.

Examples of resilient flooring

Vinyl composition tile or vinyl sheet flooring

Fakes and Fantasies

Wallcoverings made from and made to look like many materials other than paper.

Matching

Wallpaper pattern matches including random match, straight match and drop match

Wallpaper Pattern Match

Wallpaper pattern repeat refers to the vertical distance between one point to another identical point on the wallpaper roll

Overlapping

Where one length encroaches on the next. Caused by poor workmanship, insufficient soaking or missed patches whilst pasting - makes the paper swell unevenly.

Overstretch

Where paper is poorly matched, creased, polished (shiny) or embossed papers are flattened. Caused by bad paper handling over brushing.

Efflorescence

White fluffy surface deposit caused by salts in the plaster being drawn to the surface. The moisture evaporates and the efflorescence appears. Dry brushing will remove it.

Lincrusta

Widely used for imitating Spanish leather, ceramic tiles, and paneling

Planks

Widest of the 3 basic forms, about 3in to 10in (75mm 254mm)

Architectural

With relation to sculpture - any component of a building or structure modeled, carved, or welded by a sculptor and integrated into the whole in some manner to embellish or enhance it, as distinguished from work created for display independently.

Apron

Wood facing below the sill on windows

Albert Giacometti

Worked on the human figure, from life then from memory. Work: Man Pointing

Impy Pilapil

Worked with various materials - glass, steel and stone. Best known for her Benevolent Force Exhibition, Energy at Meralco Building, Frozen Wave at Serendra, Asean Sparkle

Rivelling

Wrinkles occurring in the paint film as it dries. Happens because the paint has been applied too thickly. To prevent it, ensure that the paint is applied to the normal film thickness.

Polycleitus of Argos

Wrote a book outlining his theories on a precise numerical scheme to determine the perfect proportions of the male figure. Highly idealized conception of the male figure with sharply defined muscles that do not mimic that of a real man.

Paints

_____ for flooring usually polyurethane, acrylic or epoxy resin and come in fairly wide range of colors.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

_______ resin is the most important and most expensive ingredient in vinyl flooring. Gives the flooring its wear resistance and durability.

Hardwood

_______ used in paneling might be smooth or rough textured, plain edged, flush jointed or grooved.

4) Hems and Headers

a) Hems b) Headers

Lamination

process of placing something between layers of plastic and gluing them with heat, pressure and an adhesive.

1) Draperies

Thick kind of fabric made with pleats. Main purpose is decorative, also used for privacy and elimination of light. Usually lined, hung by tabs, eyelets or drapery hooks on plain or traverse rods.

Goblet Pleats

Calculated and formed in the same way as French pleat headings. But instead of making the single tuck or fold into a triple one, you secure only the base of it forming a short cup. This cup is then stuffed with a rolled-up piece of interlining or Dacron (synthetic filling fiber) to pad out the full shape.

Semi-Sheers

Fabric is thicker than the Glass Curtain and may be used alone or with draperies. Diffuse light for a little privacy. During the day, people will not be able to see in the room, but will be able to at night, when interior lights are on.

a) Roman Shades

Fabric-covered shades of horizontal panels, with wooden slats inserted horizontally at intervals downs its entire length. Raised and lowered via pull cord, gathers soft folds as it does. Newer variations include lighter fabrics and pleats without wooden slats, so the folds drape more dramatically when the shade is raised.

Box Pleats

Flat symmetrical pleats formed by folding the fabric to the back at each side of the pleat. These are deep, inverted, tailored pleats featuring two straight fabric folds facing in opposite directions creating a classical boxy look. Each fold is an equal distance from the center line of the pleat. The spaces in between are the same width as thw finished pleat.

Pleated Shades

More like a blind than a shade. Made of accordion-pleated fabric or fibrous paper, raised and lowered with cords like a blind. Permanently pleated so when drawn up, folds neatly into clean pleats. Unlike a blind, it must be raised in order to see outside. Fabric made of different thicknesses or transparencies - semi-transparent, semi-opaque, opaque. Stitched Roman shade is made to resemble this.

b.2. ) Tie Top Curtains

Small strips of fabric attached to the head of the fabric and used to tie over a curtain rod, holding the curtain in place. An informal look is created and mostly with sheers and lightweight fabrics

b) Headers

The "hems" at the top of the draperies

c. Roller Blinds

A roll of material attached to a spring-wound tube or roller mechanism that hangs on your window.

Lambrequins

1) Extends asl the way down either side of the window as well as across the top, framing the window on 3 sides. 2) Usually plywood covered with fabric or other materials.

Pole Treatments

1) Lend a nice, airy feeling to the room with drapery hanging just below the pole with rings or with drapery fabric fully gathered on the pole. 2) Large poles can be brass, painted or stained wood whirred with fabric with decorative end finials, even wall-papered. 3) Sizes usually 1-1/2" dia. for brass and 1-3/8" for wood (with 2" rings)

Shutters and Screens

1) Lend elegance, simplicity and architectural interest to a bedroom. 2) Solid-panel shutters block all light when closed. 3) Louvered shutters, lattice screens and Japanese shojis allow varying amounts of light to enter.

Scarf

1) Long piece of fabric designed to drape across the top of a window and hang to the floor on either side, but easily customized for unique looks. 2) Can be hung from hooks in the top corners of a window, draped across a curtain rod or suspended from other specialty hardware.

Benefits / Uses of Window Treatments

1) Privacy 2) Energy Conservation 3) Light Control 4) View Enhancement 5) Acoustics and Noise Control 6) Aesthetics

Jabots

1) Pronounced Zha-bow. French term meaning "Bird's crop" 2) Pleated or draped lengths of fabric hanging down the side of the window. Can be foot long or floor length, depending on style or personal tastes. 3) Loose, hanging ends called "cascades" or "tails" of the jabots. Cascades more clearly defined as descending in a zigzag line from the heading or top treatment.

Valances

1) Soft, horizontal treatments mounted across the tops of a window and always made entirely of fabric (often same as that of the main draperies). 2) Primarily camouflage the hardware and traverse rods; Also give a finished appearance to the framing of a window. 3) Can use any type of heading and have embellishments such as trimmings, braid, ribbon and tassels. 4) Can be used with or without a curtain underneath. 5) Can be attached to a mounting board using Velcro, staples or tacks or hung on a rod depending on the heading style 6) Those that are attached with Velcro can be easily removed for cleaning with less damage to the fabric than staples of tacks

Aesthetic Function of Windows

1) To cover or conceal defects on walls 2) To decorate the wall in a certain style 3) To relieve the monotony of unbroken wall space

Pencil Pleats

A curtain heading formed by a tape which, when drawn up creates a row of narrow, densely packed folds.

16) Palladian Window

An arched top window with straight panes below the arch

b) Stretch or Sash Curtains

Brise-bise, French for "wind screen". Curtain is gathered and hung with 2 rods (top & bottom). Cannot be drawn or traversed. Usually installed in casement windows or Frech Doors, but sometimes does not run the entire height of the window. Pleats can be used instead of shirring for both top & bottom.

10) Bow Window

Circular Bay. A curved window.

Millium Sateen

Either in white or gray/silver in color. Eliminates in-terlining but 2x the cost of sateen.

a.) Horizontal Blinds

Consist of horizontal panels that open and close at right angles, depending on the privacy needed.

b) Austrian Shade

Curtains that are pulled up, but with cords rather than by a roller. The vertical shirring transforms the tailored folds of the Roman shade into soft draping scallops. Generally made of sheer or lightweight fabrics.

f) Under Curtains

Curtains that hang behind the main curtains

Trim

Decorative cording, braids or fringes applied to edges or hems of draperies, to match or contrast the panel fabric.

Windows

Derived from Old Norse word for wind (vindr) + word for eye (auga) = vindauga. Literally "an eye of the house through which wind entered."

d) Tie-back Curtains

Designed to be gathered at the side of the window and held by a decorative tieback, sleeve or cord

6) Picture Window

Designed to frame an outside view.

c) Hourglass Curtain

Similar to stretch curtains but permanently tied with a tie back in the middle. Works well on glazed doors and is generally made of sheer fabric. Usually found in kitchen doors with glass panes on top or in French doors.

4) Awning Window

Has wide horizontal sashes that open outward to any angle. Can usually be left open when raining

b.1.) Tab tops`

Highlight the decorative hardware used to hang them. Looped or tab-top headers are loops of separate fabric sewn onto unpleated, flat drapery. a round rod slides through the loops. Best not used where they will be drawn frequently as they don't move easily over the poles and will wear quickly. Can be used in valance, cafe style and drapes in every room of the house.

a) Tiers

Impart a homey, country feel to a room and come in several different styles. Short in length, each about 1/2 the height of the window, where they are to be hung. Often used in kitchens and baths. Can be beautifully combined with a swag, valance, etc.

Cellular Shades

Or "Honeycomb Shades". Consists of 2 or more sheets of accordion-pleated reinforced fabric bonded together. Appears to be a standard pleated shade from the front, but from the side, the multi-layer construction (single, double or even triple layers of honeycombed air spaces) is visible. Its honeycomb construction created multiple air pockets within the shade having an insulation effect.

Semi-Opaque

Provide partial blockage of light when curtains are closed. At night, only shadows on the inside are seen from the outside. Most widely available and include most drapery fabric and a few hard window treatments.

Bishop Sleeves

Rod pocket curtains with extra length so the sides can be gathered with tiebacks to create multiple poufs and often puddle on the ground

Blinds

Shutters with adjustable louvers function the same way as ______________.