MBA 703 Sadhya Test 3
A text language that allows you to define the different components of a web page.
HTML
An ________ _______ can tell the browser to show a word in italics, to link to another web page, or to insert an image.
HTML tag
Enables a computer to do something wonderful, driving the limitless possibilities of information technology.
Software code
A software product offered commercially by a third party
Software package
A ____________ _________ __________________ system handles the interconnection between these links as well as the inventory of the products in their various stages of development.
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
The process of programming is sometimes called "______________" because the developer takes the design and encodes it into a programming language which then runs on the computer.
"coding"
A __________ application is one that becomes so essential that large numbers of people will buy a device just to run that application. For the personal computer, it is the spreadsheet.
"killer"
Advantages of buying software:
- Less expensive - Available sooner - Has already been tested
Disadvantages of buying software:
-Your competitiors may be using the same software making it difficult to differentiate - You will have to customize it
Three phases of agile methodologies:
1. Plan 2. Collaborate 3. Deliver
What are the seven steps to the Systems Development Life Cycle?
1. Preliminary analysis, 2. System analysis, 3. System design, 4. Programming, 5. Testing, 6. Implementation, 7. Maintenance PSDPTIM
The RAD methodology consists of four phases:
1. Requirements Planning 2. User Design 3. Construction 4. Cutover
A group of methodologies that utilize incremental changes with a focus on quality and attention to detail. Each increment is released in a specified period of time (called a time box), creating a regular release schedule with very specific objectives.
Agile methodologies
_______ computing devices require an operating system.
All
__________________ software is utilized directly today to accomplish a specific goal such as word processing, calculations on a spreadsheet, or surfing the Internet using your favorite browser.
Application
_____________________ ________________ performs specific tasks such as word processing, accounting, database management, video games, or browsing the web.
Application software
These can range from end-user programs like those in Office, to the complex set of programs that manage a business's inventory, payroll, and accounting.
Applications
____________________ __________________ is the second-generation language and uses English-like phrases rather than machine-code instructions, making it easier to program. It must be run through an assembler, which converts it into machine code.
Assembly language
____________________ __________________________ ________________use data created by other systems to provide reporting and analysis for organizational decision making
Business intelligence systems
_______________________ ___________ ______________ are used to define the styles of the components on a page.
Cascading Style Sheets
____________ ___________________ allows users to access software and data storage services on the Internet.
Cloud computing
__________________ - _________ ___________________ ___________________ tools allow a designer to develop software with little or no programming
Computer- Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
A _________________ ________________________ _____________________ system manages an organization's customers.
Customer Relationship Management
_________________ involves switching from the old system to the new software. Timing of the cutover phase is crucial and is usually done when there is low activity.
Cutover
The _____________________ _____________________________ _________________ stores and retrieves the data that an application creates and uses.
Database management system
Refers to applications installed on a personal computer—your browser, your Office suite (e.g., word processor, spreadsheet, presentation software), photo editors, and computer games are all desktop software.
Desktop software
When computers in different locations can communicate with one another, this is often referred to as:
Distributed computing
An IDE provides a variety of tools for the programmer, and usually includes:
Editor Help system Compiler / Interpreter Debugging tool Check-in / Check-out mechanism
_______________________ ________________ can make products and services more efficient, more reliable, more functional, and can enable entire new businesses and create or reinforce resources for competitive advantage.
Embedded systems
The ______________ ___________________ _______________ system (sometimes just called enterprise software) was developed to bring together an entire organization within one program. This software utilizes a central database that is implemented throughout the entire organization.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
_____________ - ____________________ languages are a class of programming tools that enable fast application development using intuitive interfaces and environments. It has a very specific purpose, such as database interaction or report-writing. These tools can be used by those with very little formal training in programming and allow for the quick development of applications and/or functionality.
Fourth-generation
Once the new system is developed and tested, it has to be implemented in the organization. This phase includes training the users, providing documentation, and data conversion from the previous system to the new system.
Implementation
The key to successful supply chain management is the __________________ ______________.
Information system
Most of these programs provide developers with an environment in which they can write the code, test it, and convert/compile it into the format that can then be run on a computer. This software is typically identified as the _________________ _______________________ _______________________ and is provided free from the corporation that developed the programming language that will be used to write the code.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
____________________ languages require a runtime program to be installed in order to execute. Each time the user wants to run the software the runtime program must interpret the program code line by line, then run it.
Interpreted
________ ____________________ focuses on taking an initial idea and developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP). The MVP is a working software application with just enough functionality to demonstrate the idea behind the project.
Lean methodology
_________ - _______________ software makes the source code available for anyone to copy and use.
Open-source
Since maintenance is normally an __________________ Expense while much of development is a _____________ Expense, funds normally come out of different budgets or cost centers.
Operating Capital
____________________ _____________ manage the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user.
Operating systems
The step of the Systems Development Life Cycle in which a request for a replacement or new system is first reviewed. Includes questions about the project and a feasibility study.
Preliminary analysis
The basic idea is for the cloud service provider to section off web server space for a specific organization. The organization has full control over that server space while still gaining some of the benefits of cloud computing.
Private cloud
____________________ software's purpose is to produce software.
Programming
______________________ is the process of creating a set of logical instructions for a digital device to follow using a _________________________ language.
Programming programming
The _________________ ________________ states that for any product or service being developed, you can only address two of the following: time, cost, and quality. It is designed to help you understand the trade-offs that must be made when you are developing new products and services.
Quality triangle
This methodology is much better suited for smaller projects than SDLC and has the added advantage of giving users the ability to provide feedback throughout the process.
Rapid Application Development
_____________ ______________________ __________________________ focuses on quickly building a working model of the software, getting feedback from users, and then using that feedback to update the working model.
Rapid Application Development
_____________________ ________ ________________ focuses on making web pages render well on every device: desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone.
Responsive Web Design
Every object has properties, which are descriptive fields associated with the object. Also known as a _____________, it is the logical view of the object
Schema
At its simplest, a __________ ________ is the linkage between an organization's suppliers, its manufacturing facilities, and the distributors of its products. Each link in the chain has a __________________ ___________ on the complexity of the process.
Supply chain multiplying effect
In this phase one or more system analysts work with different stakeholder groups to determine the specific requirements for the new system. No programming is done in this step. Instead, procedures are documented, key players/users are interviewed, and data requirements are developed in order to get an overall impression of exactly what the system is supposed to do.
System analysis
In this phase, a designer takes the system requirements document created in the previous phase and develops the specific technical details required for the system. It is in this phase that the business requirements are translated into specific technical requirements.
System design
The _____________ ___________________ _______ _________ methodology has been criticized for being quite rigid, allowing movement in only one direction, namely, forward in the cycle.
Systems Development Life Cycle
This approach to software development is very structured and risk averse, designed to manage large projects that include multiple programmers and systems that have a large impact on the organization. It requires a clear, upfront understanding of what the software is supposed to do and is not amenable to design changes. This approach is roughly similar to an assembly line process.
Systems Development Life Cycle
The _______________ _________________________ _________ ___________ was first developed in the 1960s to manage the large software projects associated with corporate systems running on mainframes.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
High-level languages include:
Third generation Fourth generation
__________ - _________________ languages are not specific to the type of hardware on which they run and are similar to spoken languages. The developer writes the program in a form known generically as ___________ ________, then the compiler converts the source code into machine code, producing an executable file
Third-generation source code
________________ software includes programs that allow you to fix or modify your computer in some way. Examples include anti- malware software and programs that totally remove software you no longer want installed.
Utility
___________________________ is the process of using software to simulate a computer or some other device.
Virtualization
__________ ____________________ allows companies to license functions provided by other companies instead of writing the code themselves.
allows companies to license functions provided by other companies instead of writing the code themselves.
In a supply chain, information flows in _______ directions
both
When a program takes hundreds of hours to develop, it is understandable that the programmers do not want to just give it away. This led to a new business model of restrictive software licensing which required payment for software, a model that is still dominant today. This model is sometimes referred to as ___________ _____________, as the source code is not made available to others
closed source
The __________ refers to applications, services, and data storage located on the Internet.
cloud
A computer language is written in a human-readable form. In a ________________ language the program code is translated into a machine-readable form called an executable that can be run on the hardware
compiled
________________ ____________________ is getting faster and cheaper, creating all sorts of exciting and disruptive opportunities for the savvy manager.
computing hardware
Why would anyone want to program in a lower level language when they require so much more work?
control and efficiency
Building a mobile app for both iOS and Android operating systems is known as:
cross platform development
Low-level languages are machine - _________________
dependent
To be more ______________ at programming, additional tools, such as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or computer-aided software-engineering (CASE) tools can be used.
efficient
A person who is skilled in a particular program, such as a spreadsheet or database package, may be called upon to build smaller applications for use by their own department. This phenomenon is referred to as ______- ________ ___________________
end-user computing
Organizations with poor communication processes will find it very difficult to communicate requirements and priorities, especially for projects at the __________________ level
enterprise
The lean methodology works best in an ______________________ environment where a company is interested in determining if their idea for a program is worth developing.
entrepreneurial
Control programs stored on chips are sometimes referred to as ________________.
firmware
The goal of agile methodologies is to provide the _________________ of an iterative approach while ensuring a ______________ product.
flexibility quality
One way to characterize programming languages is by their _____________________.
generation
Operating systems provide you with these key functions: 1. managing the _______________ __________________ of the computer; 2. providing the _______-_______________ components; 3. providing a ________________ for software developers to write applications.
hardware resources user-interface platform
Java is actually a ___________ of compiled and interpreted languages
hybrid
High-level languages are machine - ____________________
independent
In those early languages very specific instructions had to be entered _________ _____ _________ - a tedious process.
line by line
First generation languages were called _______________ ________ because programming was done in the format the machine/computer could read. So programming was done by directly setting actual ones and zeroes (the bits) in the program using binary code.
machine code
Low-level languages include:
machine language assembly language
In the ____________________ phase the system has a structured support process in place. Reported bugs are fixed and requests for new features are evaluated and implemented. Also, system updates and backups of the software are made for each new version of the program.
maintenance
When developing software or any sort of product or service, there exists a tension between the developers and the different stakeholder groups such as ____________________, __________, and _________________.
management, users, and investors.
A ____________ _______ is a software application designed to run specifically on a mobile device.
mobile app
An ___________ - ________________ ________________________ language is designed so that the programmer defines "objects" that can take certain actions based on input from the user. It focuses on the different items being manipulated.
object- oriented programming
The Linux operating system is ________ ____________, meaning individual developers are allowed to make modifications to the programming code.
open source
Software can be broadly divided into two categories: ____________________ _____________ and _____________________ ________________
operating systems and application software.
A change in strategy is called a
pivot
A ______________________ ____________________________ language is designed to allow a programmer to define a specific starting point for the program and then execute sequentially. It focuses on the sequence of activities to be performed.
procedural programming
Known as _________________ software, these programs allow office employees to complete their daily work efficiently. Many times, these applications come packaged together, such as in Microsoft's Office suite.
productivity
The code finally gets written in the _______________________ phase. The result of this phase is an initial working program that meets the requirements specified in the system analysis phase and the design developed in the system design phase.
programming
A ________________________ ____________________ is an artificial language that provides a way for a developer to create programming code to communicate logic in a format that can be executed by the computer hardware.
programming language
Sometimes a programmer can quickly write a short program to solve a need, but in most instances the creation of software is a _____________-__________________ process that involves several different groups of people in an organization.
resource-intensive
In a hardware context a ___________ is a computer that has been configured to support requests from other computers and in a software context a __________ is a program that fulfills requests
server server
The feasibility study includes an analysis of the _______________ feasibility, the ________________ feasibility or __________________, and the _________ feasibility.
technical economic affordability legal
In the ______________ phase the software program developed in the programming phase is put through a series of structured tests including the unit test, the system test, and the user acceptance test.
testing
This tension relates to how quickly the software can be developed (_______), how much money will be spent (________), and how well it will be built (____________).
time cost quality
The consistent look, feel, and functionality that operating systems enforce across various programs help make it easier for users to learn new software, which reduces ______________ ________ and ____________________ ___________.
training costs and operator error.
Graphical ________ __________________ items like scroll bars and menus are displayed on the hardware of the computer display.
user interface (UI)
Organizations implement _____________ __________________ in an effort to reduce the number of physical servers needed to provide the necessary services to users. This also reduces the demand for electricity to run and cool the physical servers.
virtual machines
The SDLC methodology is sometimes referred to as the _________________ methodology to represent how each step is a separate part of the process.
waterfall