MBIO 2010- Exam 1

Scanning Electron Microscope

3D Images Higher Magnification than Light Microscopes Surface of Specimen coated with then Metal

Form of Energy for Active Transport

ATP Proton Motive Force

Tuberculosis Stain

Acid-fast Stain due to the Mycobacterium genus

Ribosomes

Aid in making proteins

Aquaporins

Aid in water passing through the cell

Sex Pillus

Allows for bacteria to stick to each other for a specific type of DNA transfer

Scanning Probe Microscope

Allows for the images of individual atoms

Purpose of heat fixing a Smear

Attach cells to a slide

Function of Pilli

Attachment to a Surface

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.

Three Components of Flagellum

Basal Body Hook Filament

Scientific Naming

Binomial System. Carl Linnaeus

Electron Microscope

Can Magnify images up to 100,000x. Allowing for the study of specific cell structures.

Eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.

Order of Reagents for Gram Stain Procedure

Chrystal Violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin

polyhydroxybutyrate

Commercially valuable products from microorganisms, used in manufacture of diapers and plastics

Typical Bacterium

Contains a single, circular chromosome

Chloroplast evolved from

Cyanobacteria

Main function of Lysosomes

Degradation

Lysozyme

Destroys the structural integrity of PTG

Detergents

Disrupt the cell membranes

Phase Contrast Microscope

Employs an optical mechanism that amplifies slight differences between the refractive index of dense material and that of the surrounding medium

Lysozyme

Enzyme that breaks the bonds that link the alternating subunits of the glycan chains of PTG

Produced by microorganisms

Ethanol Antibiotics

Redi

Person who demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat

Endospore Staining Reagents

Primary Stain: Malachite Green Decolorizer: Water Secondary Stain: Safranin

Members of genera Bacillus and Clostridium

Produce dormant cells called endospores

Two Macromolecules Major in Cytoplasmic Membranes

Proteins Lipids

Autotroph

Requires only carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source

John Needham

Showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.

Bacterial Chromosome

Single, Circular, Double-stranded DNA molecule containing genetic information

Biotechnology

Solve practical problems

Making a Smear

Spreading thin film of suspended cells on glass slide Air drying liquid placed on glass slide

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface details of a cell

Bioremediation

The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Depth Filter Trap

Used for filtering fluids

Agar

Very few molecules can degrade Not destroyed by high temperatures allowing for heat method of sterilization Solidified Agar remains solid until above 95 degrees Celsius Melted Agar remains liquid until cooled below 45 degrees celsius

binary fission

bacterial cell division, enlarge and then divide

Prokaryotic Cells

cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

UV Radiation

damages DNA

Differential Stains

gram stain and acid fast stain

Mycobacterium Cells following an Acid-fast stain

reddish-pink color

Pasteur

swan neck flask experiment

Endospore Stain

Gentle heat applied to drive the stain into the Endospore

Gram-Negative Cells v. Gram-Positive Cells

Gram-negative cells have an outer membrane

Penicillin Effect on PTG

Inhibits enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains Interferes with the synthesis of PTG

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Internal structure of a cell

Storage Granules

accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess