MBIO 2010- Exam 1
Scanning Electron Microscope
3D Images Higher Magnification than Light Microscopes Surface of Specimen coated with then Metal
Form of Energy for Active Transport
ATP Proton Motive Force
Tuberculosis Stain
Acid-fast Stain due to the Mycobacterium genus
Ribosomes
Aid in making proteins
Aquaporins
Aid in water passing through the cell
Sex Pillus
Allows for bacteria to stick to each other for a specific type of DNA transfer
Scanning Probe Microscope
Allows for the images of individual atoms
Purpose of heat fixing a Smear
Attach cells to a slide
Function of Pilli
Attachment to a Surface
Gram-positive Bacteria
Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.
Three Components of Flagellum
Basal Body Hook Filament
Scientific Naming
Binomial System. Carl Linnaeus
Electron Microscope
Can Magnify images up to 100,000x. Allowing for the study of specific cell structures.
Eukaryotic
Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.
Order of Reagents for Gram Stain Procedure
Chrystal Violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin
polyhydroxybutyrate
Commercially valuable products from microorganisms, used in manufacture of diapers and plastics
Typical Bacterium
Contains a single, circular chromosome
Chloroplast evolved from
Cyanobacteria
Main function of Lysosomes
Degradation
Lysozyme
Destroys the structural integrity of PTG
Detergents
Disrupt the cell membranes
Phase Contrast Microscope
Employs an optical mechanism that amplifies slight differences between the refractive index of dense material and that of the surrounding medium
Lysozyme
Enzyme that breaks the bonds that link the alternating subunits of the glycan chains of PTG
Produced by microorganisms
Ethanol Antibiotics
Redi
Person who demonstrated that maggots do not rise spontaneously from decaying meat
Endospore Staining Reagents
Primary Stain: Malachite Green Decolorizer: Water Secondary Stain: Safranin
Members of genera Bacillus and Clostridium
Produce dormant cells called endospores
Two Macromolecules Major in Cytoplasmic Membranes
Proteins Lipids
Autotroph
Requires only carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source
John Needham
Showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.
Bacterial Chromosome
Single, Circular, Double-stranded DNA molecule containing genetic information
Biotechnology
Solve practical problems
Making a Smear
Spreading thin film of suspended cells on glass slide Air drying liquid placed on glass slide
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Surface details of a cell
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
Depth Filter Trap
Used for filtering fluids
Agar
Very few molecules can degrade Not destroyed by high temperatures allowing for heat method of sterilization Solidified Agar remains solid until above 95 degrees Celsius Melted Agar remains liquid until cooled below 45 degrees celsius
binary fission
bacterial cell division, enlarge and then divide
Prokaryotic Cells
cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
UV Radiation
damages DNA
Differential Stains
gram stain and acid fast stain
Mycobacterium Cells following an Acid-fast stain
reddish-pink color
Pasteur
swan neck flask experiment
Endospore Stain
Gentle heat applied to drive the stain into the Endospore
Gram-Negative Cells v. Gram-Positive Cells
Gram-negative cells have an outer membrane
Penicillin Effect on PTG
Inhibits enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains Interferes with the synthesis of PTG
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Internal structure of a cell
Storage Granules
accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess