MCAT Behavioral Science

zone of proximal development

Vygotsky skills/abilities have not yet fully developed, but in the process gaining requires more knowledgeable other

second sickness

Waitzkin exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

ego-expressive function (attitude)

allows us to communicate and solidity our self-identity ex) wear sports team hat

disconfirmation princile

bias and overconfidence Idea that states that if evidence obtained during testing does not confirm a hypothesis, then the hypothesis is discarded or revised.

confirmation bias

bias and overconfidence a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

chunking

clustering mnemonic take individual elements of a list a group together with related meaning

reappraisal

cognitive appraisal ongoing monitoring ex) being followed

primary appraisal

cognitive appraisal, stage 1 initial evaluation of envrm and associated threat irrelevant, benign-positive, stressful threat --> stage 2

secondary appraisal

cognitive appraisal, stage 2 evaluate whether organism can cope w/ stress harm, threat, challenge individual dependent

just-world hypothesis

cognitive bias during impression formation good things happen to good ppl and bad things happen to bad ppl victim blaming karma

halo effect

cognitive bias during impression formation judgements about a specific aspect of an indv can be affected by one's overall impressions of the indv attractiveness can also affect

top-down processing

conceptually driven memories/expectations allow brain to recognize whole object, then recognize components based on these expectations deja vu

catecholamine hypothesis (+disorder)

decrease serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine depressive disorder risk factors

racialization

def or estb of a group as a particular race ex) Jewish

projection

defense mechanisms attribute undesired feelings to other Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test ex) I hate my parents --> my parents hate me

suppression

defense mechanisms deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

repression

defense mechanisms ego's way of force undesired thoughts to the unconscious disguise threatening impulses unconscious forgetting

rationalization

defense mechanisms justify behaviors acceptable to self and society

regression

defense mechanisms revert to earlier developmental state

reaction formation

defense mechanisms suppress urges by unconsciously convert them into opposite ex) reduce stress of unrequited love w/ hatred

displacement (+ex)

defense mechanisms transference of undesired urge from one person/object to another ex) go home and kick the dog

sublimation

defense mechanisms transform unacceptable urge into acceptable behavior ex) boss attract to employee become her mentor/advisor

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1 severe memory impariment w/ changes in mental status and loss of motor skills associated with chronic alcoholism

human brain subdivisions (low to high?)

hindbrain midbrain forebrain note: more complex functions = higher up, survival functions = base of brain

medulla oblongata

hindbrain myel-encephalon function: vital functioning (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) location: lower brain structure *gotta breathe

brainstem

hindbrain + midbrain developed earlier - most primitive region of the brain

working memory

hippocampus keep a few pieces of info in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that info frontal + parietal ex) simple math in out heads

population pyramids

histogram representing the distribution of population by age and gender

mate bias

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate evolutionary mech aim at increase fitness of species direct/indirect benefits

social constructionism

how indv put together their social reality how construct concepts and principles

sundowning

increase in dysfunction in late afternoon/evening Alzheimer's

cornea

light first passes through when enter eye gather/focus incoming light domelike clear window

rods (+# + sensitivity)

light/dark, low sensitivity to detail rhodopsin retina, 120 million

superior colliculu

midbrain receives visual sensory input *(superman has superior vision)

gender identity

self-appraisal of masculinity/femininity - sep dimensions estb by 3 not tied biological sex/sexual orientation

reference group

self-concept depends on whom we're comparing ourselves to

impression management strategies

self-disclosure managing appearances ingratiation aligning actions alter-casting

self-schema

self-given label carries w/ it a set of qualities

threshold of conscious perception

sensory system send signal to CNS and perceived subliminal perception ** exs) too brief sensation, to too subtle

disturbance of avolition

negative symptom, schizo decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

disturbance of affect

negative symptom, schizo experience/display emotion ex) blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect

types of nerve cells in nervous system

sensory/afferent neurons motor/efferent neurons interneurons

phonology

sound of language 40 speech sounds, phonemes in english categorical perception

critical vs. sensitive period

no lang exposure --> later training ineffective vs. envrm input has max effect on devlp of ability

anterograde vs. retrograd amnesia

no new long-term memories (hippocampus damage) vs. memory loss of events that happened before brain injury

funcional impairments

relationship b/w functional impairments and brain lesions Broca

psychophysics

relationship b/w physical nature of stimuli and sensations/perceptions they evoke

secondary group

superficial interactions few emotional bonds short-term form and dissolve w/out any special significance

Wernicke's area

superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe language reception and comprehension

synapses (b/w what cells)

tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons

cultural attribution

type of culture an individual is a part of plays a major role in the types of attributions the individual makes

Who linked behavioral traits with expansion (bumps) on skull? What was this called?

Franz Gall phrenology

deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. especially if masked or in uniform --> antinormative behavior ex) violence in riots

selective attention

focus one part of sensorium, while ignore other stimuli not exactly all-or-nothing ex) cocktail party phenomenon

bony labyrinth (x3 bits)

inner ear cochlea + vestibule + semicircular canals

hypothalamus parts

lateral hypothalamus ventromedial hypothalamus anterior hypothalamus

consensus cues

matches others' behaviors --> dispositional (if differs)

inferior colliculi

midbrain auditory reflexes

social cohesion

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

attribution theory

social cognition tendency for indv to infer the causes of other ppl's behavior

ethnicity (demographics)

social construct sort ppl by cultural factors - lang, nationality, religion, etc. can choose whether or not to display (vs. race) symbolic ethnicity

race (demographics)

social construct on phenotypic diffs racialization racial formation theory

feminist theory

social inequalities by gender gender roles, objectification institutional discrimination --> glass ceiling

social reproduction

social inequality passed from one gen to the next

peer pressure

social infl on indv by group of ppl adolescence a lot, peers (=social standing) > adults positive or negative identity shift effect

medicine (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: heal sick - status: dr, patient - value: hippa, stay healthy - norms: beneficence, justice

esteem support

social support affirm qualities and skills of a person

network support

social support gives a person a sense of belonging

emotional support

social support listening, affirming, and empathizing w/ someone's feelings

informational support

social support provide info that will help someone

taboo

socially unacceptable, disgusting, or reprehensible

norms

societal rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior not laws, but mech for regulate behavior social controls

plutocracy

society ruled by the wealthy fear of Amer

absolute vs. relative poverty

socioeconomic condition ppl not enough $ to maintain quality of living w/ basic necessities vs. poor compared to larger pop in which they live

class (prejudice)

socioeconomic status haves vs. havenots

conversion disorder

somatic symptom disorder unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions - hysteria begin soon after indiv experience high level of stress or traumatic event no neurological damage often poetic la belle indefference ex) paralysis, blindness

two-point threshold

somatosensation min dist b/w 2 points of stim on skin that felt as 2 distinct stim depends on density of nerves

physiological zero

somatosensation normal temp of skin (86-97 F) cold if under, warm if over

gate theory of pain

somatosensation special gating mech turn pain signal on/off spinal cord preferentially forward signals not experiencing the pain to brain, reducing sensation of pain

whole-report vs. partial report

time it takes to list items, a few fade

anterior pituitary gland

"master" releases hormones regulate activity of endocrine glands FSH, LH, ACTH, TH, etc. (NOT fromdiencephalon)

Stanford-Binet IQ test equation

(mental age) / (chronicle age) x 100

incidence

(new cases) / (population at risk) / (time)

prevalence

(total cases) / (total population) / (time)

latency stage Freud

5-puberty libido sublimaed

effects of chronic stress (brain, immune, circulatory, adrenal, reproductive)

- brain: impair memory, increase depression - thymus/immune tissue: deteriorated immune response - circulatory systm: high blood pressure, high risk CVD - adrenal: high hormone slow recovery acute stress - reproductive: infertility/miscarriage

certain racial/ethnic minorities have worse health profiles

- African-Americans worst off - white Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans - Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders have the best health profiles

effects of acute stress (brain, immune, circulatory, adrenal, reproductive)

- brain: increase alert, less perception of pain - thymus/immune tissue: immune systm ready for possible injury - circulatory systm: fast heart, constrict vessels = more O2 to muscles - adrenal: hormone to mobilize E supplies - reproductive: temp suppress

Alzheimer's disease biological markers**

- diffuse atrophy of brain - flat sulci cerebral cortex - enlarge cerebral ventricles - low blood flow parietal, cognitive decline // - low acetylcholine - low ChAT - low metabolism temporal + parietal lobes - senile plaques B-amyloid - neurofibrillary tangles tau

biological influences in bipolar disorders x3

- high norepinephrine and serotonin - higher risk if parent - higher risk if multiple sclerosis

sexual motivation (x4)

// hormone concentration + smells + cultue conditioning + cognition

acute stress disorder (+length + symptoms x4)

//PTSD, but symptoms last less than 1mo, more than 3 days intrusion symptoms avoidance symptoms negative cognitive symptoms arousal symptoms

endorphins

-peptide neurotransmitter, slow acting, long effect // enkephalins natural painkillers CNS

limbic system (function, location, components)

-forebrain, developed later -function: emotion + memory (= aggression, fear, pleasure, pain) -location: loop around central portion of brain -components: septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocamppus, thalamus, hypothalamus, fornix

dopamine x3 + damage

-neurotransmitter, CNS award/pleasure smooth movements postural stability (2) damage: schizophrenia, Parkinson's

glutamate

-neurotransmitter, CNS brain excitation

serotonin x4 + damage + where

-neurotransmitter, CNS mood sleep eating dreaming (4) damage: depression (under)/mania (over)

acetylcholine

-neurotransmitter, CNS + PNS voluntary muscle control parasympathetic attention alertness (4) -Alzheimer's

epinephrine and norepinephrine

-neurotransmitter, catecholamines, monoamines, biogenic amines = adrenaline/noradrenaline fight-or-flight wakefulness alertness (3) PNS

GABA (gama-aminobutryic acid) and glycine

-neurotransmitter, hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane, CNS brain "stabilization"

trust vs. mistrust (age + question + fail) Erikson

0-1yr Can I trust the world? fail: suspicious of world

oral stage Freud (+fail)

0-1yr libidinal energy center on mouth fixation --> excessive dependency

sleep deprivation

1 or more nights poor/short sleep irritability, mood disturbances, decreased performance, slowed rxn time extreme --> psychosis REM rebound

autonomy vs. shame and doubt (age + question + fail) Erikson

1-3yr Is it okay to be me? fail: doubt/persistent external locus of control

anal stage (+fail) Freud

1-3yr toilet training fixation --> excessive orderly/messy

strategic interactions, competitors alternatives, game theory (4 square combos)

1. altruism: donor benefit recipient at cost to self 2. cooperation: both benefit 3. spite: both negatively impacted 4. selfishness: donor benefit, recipient negatively impacted

biological influences on aggression (x5)

1. amygdala: whether something is a threat, activation 2. prefrontal cortex: brakes on amygdala, reduce impulsiveness 3. hormonal control: high testost (men >women) 4. cognitive neoassociation model 5. exposure to aggression

tenets of medical ethics (4)

1. beneficence 2. nonmaleficence 3. respect for patient autonomy 4. justice

bias and overconfidence (**x4)

1. disconfirmation principle 2. confirmation bias 3. overconfidence 4. belief perseverance

social institutions list x6

1. education 2. family 3. religion 4. government 5. economy 6. medicine

types of stressors (x5)

1. environmental factors 2. daily events 3. workplace/academic 4. social expectations 5. chemical/biological

compliance techniques x4

1. foot-in-the-door 2. door-in-the-face 3. lowball 4. that's-not-all

depressive disorder risk factors x5

1. genetics - med bro imp 2. sociocultural 3. amygdala high active 4. atrophied hippocampus 5. catecholamine hypothesis 6. high cortisol

developmental milestones x3

1. gross/fine motor progress head --> toe and core --> periphery 2. social skills shift from parent-orient --> self-orient --> other orient 3. lang skills increasingly complex **chart p. 36

neuropsychology methodologies (x4 ways to study) + pros/cons

1. humans w/ brain lesions: rarely isolated to specific brain structures 2. lab animals w/ brain lesions: extirpation = specific, electrodes 3. EEG: electrically stimulate and record:,cortical maps, assistance of patient, local anesthesia 4. rCBF: broad patterns activity by blood flow

Janis' 8 factors indicative of groupthink

1. illusion of invulnerability 2. collective rationalization 3. illusion of morality 4. excessive stereotyping 5. pressure for conformity 6. self-censorship 7. illusion of unanimity 8. mindguards

factors influence motivation x3 +

1. instincts 2. arousal 3. drives needs: Maslow + SDT (self-determination theory)

5 stages of psychosexual development (Freud) (+ages)

1. oral: 0-1 2. anal: 1-3 3. phallic/Oedipal: 3-5 4. latency: 5-puberty 5. genital: puberty-adult

biological factors affect cognition x4

1. organic brain disorders 2. genetic and chromosomal conditions 3. metabolic derangements 4. drug use

mechanisms of mate choice x5

1. phenotypic benefits 2. sensory bias 3. fisherian/runaway selection 4. indicator traits 5. genetic ompatibility

Kohlber's phases (+ages)

1. preconventional morality: preadolescence 2. conventional morality: adolescence - adulthood 3. postconventional morality: adulthood (if at all)

coping w/ stress (2 strategies)

1. problem-focused: overcome stressor 2. emotionally focus: change feelings about stressor - adaptive vs. maladaptive exercise, meditation, etc.

theories of personality areas (x4)

1. psychoanalytic = psychodynamic 2. humanistic = phenomenological 3. type and trait 4. behaviorist

Maslow's hierarchy of needs x5

1. self-actualization 2. esteem 3. love/belonging 4. safety 5. physiological

information processing model (4 steps)

1. thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli 2. stimuli analyzed by brain (not automatically) to be useful in decision making 3. decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated/adjust to help solve new problems -- situational modification 4. problem-solving dependent on person's cognitive level + context/complexity of problem

Erikson's Stages of Crisis (+ages, x8)

1. trust vs. mistrust: 0-1yr 2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt: 1-3yr 3. initiative vs. guilt: 3-6yrs 4. industry vs. inferiority: 6-12yrs 5. identity vs. role confusion: 12-20yrs 6. intimacy vs. isolation: 20-40yrs 7. generativity vs. stagnation: 40-65yrs 8. integrity vs. despair: 65-death

encoding for controlled processing (weak vs. strong)

1. visual encoding -- weakest acoustic encoding 2. semantic encoding (put into meaningful context, esp. self-reference effect) -- strongest

neurotic needs (4)

10 needs direct toward making life bearable become problematic if 1/4: 1. disproportionate in intensity 2. indiscriminate in application 3. partially disregard reality 4. provoke intense anxiety

identity vs role confusion (age + question + fail) Erikson

12-20yr Who am I? What can I be? fail: identify confusion, amorphous personality shifts

sensorimotor stage (age + who + ends)

1st stage Piaget birth - 2 yrs manipulate envrm for physical need circular rxns object permanence ends stage

dyads, triads

2, 3 members allow indvs to present more of themselves to the group

intimacy vs. isolation (age + question + fail) Erikson

20-40yr Can I love? fail: withdrawn, only superficial relationsihps

self-discrepancy theory

3 selves 1. actual self: way we see ourselves as we currently are 2. ideal self: person we'd like to be 3. ought self: representation of the way others think we should be closer together = higher self-esteem

ecstasty

3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine, MDMA stimulant hallucinogen + amphetamine physio: increase heart rate, blood pressure, blurry vision, sweating, nausea, hyperthermia psych: euphoria, alertness, sense of well-being

Phallic/Oedipal stage (+age) Freud

3-5yr resole Oedipal/Electra conflict

initiative vs. guilt (age + question + fail) Erikson

3-6yr Is it ok for me to do, move, and act? fail: fear of punishment --> restrict self or overcompensate

somatosensation (x4)

4 modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, temperature

generativity vs. stagnation (age + question + fail) Erikson

40-5yr Can I make my life count? fail: stagnation, self-indulgence, bored, self-centered

industry vs. inferiority Erikson (age + questions + fail)

6-12yr Can I make it in the world of people and things? fail: inadequacy, low self-esteem, incompetence

integrity vs. despair? Erikson (age + question + fail)

65-death Is it ok to have been me? fail: bitterness about life, worthless life, fear of impending death

kinsey scale

7-point scale that's found 2% of females and 4% of males are homosexual. Scale takes into account psychological and physical arousal

timeline of language acquisition

9-12 mo: babbling 12-18 mo: one word / month 18-20 mo: explosion of lang + combo words 2-3 yrs: longer sentences 5 yrs: lang rules mostly mastered

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

= cognitive arousal theory = two-factor theory arousal + label of arousal based on envr --> emotion cognitive appraisal: must consciously analyze envrm in relation to nervous system arousal to feel an emotion ex) I'm excited b/c my heart is racing and everyone else is happy 1: nervous system arousal + cognitive appraisal 2. conscious emotion

sensory memory

= iconic (visual) + echoic (auditory) very short (<1s) maintain by occipital (see) /temporal (hear) fade quickly

conformity

= majority influence matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms internalization and identification

humanistic theories of personality

= phenomenological theories value of indv, person center how human reaches self-realization Gestalt therapy ex) Lewin, Maslow, Kelly, Rogers **

psychoanalytic theories of personality (+3 ex)

= psychodynamic theories assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate overt actions and determine personality ex) Freud, Jung, Alder

visual cortex

= striate cortex furrowed/stripped

5 tastes

=/= flavor (nonchemical stimuli) sweet sour - acid salty - alkali metals, Na bitter umami (savory)

ambivalent attachment

=anxious-ambivalent attachment caregiver inconsistent response to child's distress unable to form secure base very distressed separation from caregiver, mixed response when returns

cultural transmission

=cultural learning the manner in which society socializes its memebers

mere exposure effect

=familiarity effect proximity, interpersonal attract prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently also used in marketing

self-presentation

=impression management display oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors use specific strategies to shape what others think of them

intersexual selection (mating)

=mate choice selection of a mate based on attraction mate bias

cerebral cortex (=/= function, make, division)

=neocortex forebrain, tel-encephalon bumpy outer covering of cerebral hemispheres - gyri + sulci most recent evolutionarily divided into cerebral hemispheres divided into four lobes

symbolic culture

=nonmaterial culture ideas represent a group of ppl mottos, songs, et.c or themes slower to change - culture lag

fisherian selection

=runaway selection mate choice positive feedback mech trait no effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time - sexually desirable trait ex) peacock plumage

impression management (+3 selves)

=self presentation our attempts to infl how others perceive us regulate info in social interactions 3 selves: authentic, ideal, tactical

self-serving bias

=self-serving attributional bias cognitive bias during impression formation indv view own success based on internal factors but failures on external factors (depression = opposite) locus of control infl emotional factor - self-esteem

social perception

=social cognition tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other ppl liked to attitudes

material support

=tangible support social support financial/material contribution to another person

misinformation effect

A phenomenon in which memories are altered by misleading information provided at the point of encoding or recall.

Affordable Care Act

ACA increasing coverage rate and affordability of insurance for all Americans reduce overall costs of healthcare

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH, anterior pituitary awakeness stimulate cortisol release

autonomic nervous system

ANS part of PNS, peripheral regulates: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions --involuntary muscles *regulate body temp: activate sweating/piloerection autonomic and automatic --> sympathetic and parasympathetic

creative self and style of life

Adler force by which eachh indiv shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality vs. manifestation of creative self, describes person's unique way of achieving superiority fam envrm very imp.

fictional finalism

Adler individual motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences ex) life would be perfect if only

inferiority complex (drive + who?)

Adler, psychoanalytic theories of personality individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially strive for superiority drive personality

cardinal traits

Allport, type+trait personality traits around which a person organizes his life not everyone has

functional autonomy

Alport, type+trait personality behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior what began as a means to a goal became the goal itself ex) hunting when no longer need food

central traits

Alport, type+trait personality major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer ex) honesty or charisma

secondary traits

Alport, type+trait personality personal characteristics more limited in occurrence aspects of one's personality only appear in specific situations

reciprocal determinism

Bandura, social cognitive our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, envrm all interact together to determine actions ppl choose envrm that suit their personalities

K-complexes

Brainwave patterns that consist of a sharp right and fall in amplitude, lasting for about 2 seconds on an EEG. Indicative of stage 2 NREM sleep, occurring about once a minute although can also be triggered by external stimuli.

central nervous system

CNS brain + spinal chord

corticotropin releasing factor

CRF, hypothalamus awakeness

neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

stereotype content model (+dimensions)

Classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence warm: not in direct competition w/ in-group competent: high status w/in society

what does the reflex arc control?

Controls reflexive behaviors from interneurons located in the brain and spinal cord. direct connection b/w sensory neuron and motor neuron -- interneurons allows extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement ex) step on something pain act w/out wait brain

dissociative identity disorder

DID, (multiple personality disorder) dissociative disorder 2 or more personalities recurrently take control of a person's behavior components of identity fail to integrate physical/sexual abuse as children

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (+classify by)

DSM-5 diagnostic tool US compilation many psychological disorders classify by symptoms, not cause or treatment 20 diagnostic classes

basic model of emotional expression

Darwin facial expressions + behaviors + postures + vocal changes + physio changes sim across cultures animals similar muscle actions to humans

mood disorder

Disorders defined by two extremes, depression and mania

electroencephalogram

EEG noninvasive amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

beta and alpha waves

EEG, characterize awake brains beta: high frequency, alert/concentrating alpha: awake, relaxing eyes closed

stage 1 sleep (describe waves)

EEG, theta waves irregular waveforms, slower frequencies, higher voltages

stage 2 sleep

EEG, theta waves more deep sleep sleep spindles: close together K complexes: peak + valley

evolutionary stable strategy

ESS study sex ratios nat select prevent alternative strategies from arising strategies = inherited traits passed along w/ pop object of game = become more fit than competitors

PEN model

Eysenck, type+trait personality psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

fixed-interval schedules (speed)

FI, operant conditioning reinforce first instance of behavior after specified time period *works slowest for learning new behavior ex) once rat gets pellet, must wait 60s before another

fixed-ratio schedule

FR, operant conditioning reinforce behavior after specific number of performances of that behavior continous reinforcement: FR, w/ r=1 ex) reward w/ food every 3rd trick

id

Freud basic, inborn urge to survive + reproduce pleasure principle primary process: response to frustration wish fulfillment

fixation

Freud child overindulged or overly frustrated during stage of development --> neurosis

neurosis

Freud fixation --> a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent personality pattern based on particular stage

ego

Freud organizer of the mind reality principle secondary process, suspends primary process to meet demands of objective reality growth of perception, memory, etc. moderate superego and id

superego

Freud perfectionist, judge actions with pride and guilt --> conscience + ego-ideal

unconscious thought (freud) **

Freud thoughts that been repressed =/= subconscious superego + ego + id

preconscious thought (freud)

Freud thoughts that we aren't currently aware of superego + ego

conscious thought (freud)

Freud thoughts to which we are aware superego + ego

Oedipal/Electra conflict

Freud (male/female) male: envy father relation w/ mother, fears castration, guilty so identify w/ father - sublimates libidinal energy female: penis envy, less morally developed/less stereotypically female behavior

reality principle

Freud, ego takes into account objective reality as it guides/inhibit id secondary process postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained

pleasure principle

Freud, id aim to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension

wish fulfillment

Freud, id mental imagery, daydreaming, fantasy that fulfills need for satisfaction

conscience

Freud, superego collection of improper actions for which a child is punished

ego-ideal

Freud, superego proper actions for which a child is rewarded

intersectionality

Gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class must not be studied in isolation, because they have intermingled effect on our identity, knowledge, and outcomes

dramaturgical approach

Goffman, impression management metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how indv create images of themselves in various situations front stage and back stage

Who was the first to measure speed of nerve impulses. Why was this important?

Hermann von Helmholtzs psych -->into field of natural science

overcome basic anxiety/hostility x3

Horney 1. move toward ppl: to obtain goodwill of ppl who provide security 2. move against ppl: fight to obtain upperhand 3. move away: withdraw from ppl threaten child use only one rigidly and exclusively

basic hostility

Horney child's early perception of self imp and stem from relation w/ parents neglect and rejection cause anger = basic hostility

basic anxiety

Horney child's early perception of self imp and stem from relation w/ parents vulnerability and helplessness caused by inadequate parenting

multiple intelligences (7 + preferentially)

Howard Gardner, W values top 2 7 types: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spacial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

intelligence quotient

IQ, test to measure Stanford-Binet IQ test

Who wrote an article that was seen as functionalism inception? What did he criticize and what was his theory

John Dewy criticize reflex arc study organism as a whole as it adapts to environment (mentally)

personal vs. collective unconscious (+ex)

Jung Freud unconscious: repressed thoughts vs. shared all humans, residue experiences of early ancestors images of common experiences - ie have mother/father

personal construct psychology

Kelly, humanism indv = scientists of personal life person devises and tests predictions about behavior of people in life psychotherapy: acquire new constructs allow successfully predict troublesome events ex) anxious b/c hard understand variables in envr, not victim inner conflict

language acquisition device

LAD nativist theory theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb lang rules

lateral hypothalamus (+damaged)

LH trigger eat/drink damaged: starve to death (when LH is destroyed, one Lacks Hunger)

force field theory

Lewin, humanism no constrains on personalities no past/future present field = one's current state of mine = sum infl on indv at that time

false consciousness

Marx barrier to class consciousness misperception of one's actual position w/in society

proletariat vs. bourgeoisie (overthrow?)

Marx have-nots could overthrow the haves by developing class consciousness

class consciousness

Marx organization of working class around shared goal and recognition of a need for collective political action barrier: false consciouness

conflict theory

Marx power differentials are created and contribute to maintenance of social order can lead to dominance of particular group

peak experiences (+who)

Maslow, humanism profound moving experiences in a person's life that have important and lasting effects on individuals self-actualized ppl more likely to have

N-Ach

McClelland, type+trait personality need for achievement avoid high risk and low risk realistic goals, stop striving is success is unlikely

transformational grammar**

Noam Chomsky, nativist theory syntactic changes in word order retain the same meaning children do so easily at young age

obsessive-compulsive disorder

OCD obsessions raise individual's stress level compulsions relieve the stress ego-dystonic

neuroticism

PEN, type+trait personality measure emotional arousal in stressful situation

psychotism

PEN, type+trait personality measure nonconformity or social deviance

extraversion

PEN, type+trait personality measure tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

peripheral nervous system

PNS nerve tissue/fibers outside of brain and spinal chord spinal nerves, cranial nerves connects CNS to rest of the body --> somatic + autonomic

sympathetic nervous system

PNS, peripheral, ANS activated by stress fight or flight: *dilate eyes, inhibit salivation, *relax bronchi, *increase heartbeat, sweating/piloerection, inhibit peristalsis/secretion, *increase blood-glucose, *release epinephrine/adrenaline, inhibit bladder contraction, orgasm, *blood to locomotion muscles, *dilate pupils *inhibit bladder *decrease digestion/peristalsis (12)

parasympathetic nervous system

PNS, peripheral, ANS conserve energy rest and digest: constricts pupils, saliva flow, constrict bronchi, slow heartbeat, peristalsis/secretion, bile release, contract bladder (7)

avoidance symptoms

PTSD deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, places, ppl, activities associate w/ the trauma

negative cognitive symptoms

PTSD inability to recall key features of the event negative mood or emotions feeling distanced from others persistent negative view of the world

arousal symptoms

PTSD increased startle response irritability anxiety self-destructive behavior sleep disturbances

post-traumatic stress disorder (how long + 4x symptoms)

PTSD occurs after experience/witnessing a traumatic event symptoms at least 1mo: intrusion symptoms avoidance symptoms negative cognitive symptoms arousal symptoms

intrusion symptoms

PTSD recurrent reliving of the event flashbacks, nightmares, prolonged distress

masklike facies

Parkinson's facial expression static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes, partially open mouth

pill-rolling tremor

Parkinson's flex and extend finger while move thumb back and forth

cogwheel rigidity

Parkinson's muscle tension intermittently halts move as an examiner attempts to manipulate limb

brady-kinesia

Parkinson's slow move

resting tremor

Parkinson's tremor appear when muscles not being used

Who linked pathology with certain brain regions?

Paul Broca lesions (talk = left side of brain) Broca's area

actor-observer asymmetry

People tend to attribute the cause of their own negative behavior to the situation, Observers tend to attribute the cause of another person's negative behavior to their stable disposition

formal operational stage

Piaget 11 yrs - ability to think logically abstract ideas adolescence

preoperational stage (+ages + 3chrs)

Piaget 2 - 7 yrs symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

concrete operational stage

Piaget 7 - 11 yrs understand convo and consider perspectives of others engage logical thought when concrete objects no abstract thinking

assimilation vs. accommodation

Piaget adaptation classifying new info into existing schemata vs. process existing schemata modified to encompass new info

Who thought specific regions of brain was for specific functions and that the removal of one part of brain weakens the whole

Pierre Flourenes extirpation, ablation

extirpation, ablation

Pierre Flourenes remove parts of brain and observe behavioral consequences

paradoxical sleep

REM sleep heart rate, breathing, EEG // wakefulness, but individual still asleep dreaming memory consolidation

unconditional positive regard

Rogers, humanism therapist accepets client completely express empathy to promote positive therapeutic envrm

seasonal affective disorder

SAD major depressive disorder w/ seasonal onset depressive symptoms present only in winter months abnormal melatonin metabolism bright light therapy

bright light therapy

SAD treatment patient exposed to bright light specified amount of time each day

self-determination theory (+ universal needs)

SDT 3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness

socioeconomic status**

SES merit + external chrs + ascribed status --> social stratification

system for multiple level observation of groups (3 modes of interaction) (SYMLOG)

SYMLOG interaction process analysis 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: 1. dominance vs. submission 2. friendliness vs. unfriendliness 3. instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive

general adaptation syndrome (3)

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

somatotypes x3 Sheldon

Sheldon, type+trait personality short = jolly tall = aloof, high strung middle = strong, well-adjusted

Who first inferred existence of synapses? What was wrong about this?

Sir Charles Sherrington synapses - space b/w neurons for communication wrong about: electrical process of synaptic transmission (really chemical)

behaviorist perspective of personality

Skinner, operant conditioning personality is a reflection of behaviors reinforced over time therapy focus on learning skills and challenge behaviors via operant conditioning

hidden curriculum

Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.

tetrahydrocannabinol (which receptors + increase/decreases)

THC - marijuana cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, and opioid receptors inhibits GABA activity, increase dopamine activity

Michelangelo phenomenon

The concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas an individual has regarding his own abilities, traits, and beliefs; AND, the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self. self can be sculpted w/ help from others

learned helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Dunker's candle problem

There is a table in the corner of the room but you can't move it, you have a candle, a box of nails, and matches, light the candle but can't let the wax hit the table *functional fixedness*

word salad

Thought process: Incoprehensible speech due to lapses in connections even within a single sentence; incoherent incomprehensibly schizo Wernick'es aphasia

Yerkes-Dodson law

U-shaped (bell curve) function b/w level of arousal and performance different tasks require different levels simple tasks = higher arousal

ventromedial hypothalams

VHM satiety center, signals to stop eating damaged: obesity (when VMH destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry)

variable-interval schedules

VI, operant conditioning reinforce first instance of behavior after varying interval of time ex) once rat gets pellet, must wait another 60s before another, and then 90s, and then 30s

variable-ratio schedule

VR, operant conditioning reinforce behavior after varying number of performances of that behavior, but average to receive reward is constant *works fastest for learning new behavior, Very Rapid, Very Resistant to extinction ex) reward after 2, then 4, then 8

social action

Weber actions + behaviors that indivs are conscious of and performing b/c others around around ppl behave diff by envrm

medicalized

When normal biological events and/or processes are considered problematic conditions in need of medical attention. often unwarented

five ethnic model

White, black, Native American, Asian, and Latino

functionalism (+who)

William James John Dewey study how mental processes help individuals adapt to their envirornments

Who is called the "Father of American Psychology" and what did he believe

William James functionalism- how brain adapt to environment

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief or expectation that helps to make itself true

umbilical cord

a cord or funicle connecting the embryo or fetus with the placenta of the mother and transporting nourishment from the mother and wastes from the fetus

meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

epinephrine vs. norepinephrine

adrenal medulla, systemically hormone vs. acts local level as neurotransmitter low = depression high = anxiety/mania

power (prejudice)

ability of ppl to achieve their goals depsite obstacles ability to control resources

communication

ability to convey info by speech, writing, signals, behavior foundation of social interaction effective: when desired message is received by the recipent

divided attention

ability to perform multiple tasks at the same time not good for new tasks

theory of mind

ability to see how another's mind works --> aware of judgements and react ex) understanding how a friend is interpreting a story while you tell it

perceptual organization

ability to use top-down and bottom-up processing in tandem synthesis of stim to make sense of the world includes integration of: depth, form, motion, constancy

empathy

ability to vicariously experience the emotions of another strong influence on altruism

manic episodes (how long + 7)

abnormal, persist elevated mood - bipolar disorder at least 1 week at least 3 of following: Distractible Insomnia (decreased sleep) Grandiosity Flight of ideas (racing thoughts) Agitation (goal orientated) Speech (pressured) Thoughtlessness (risky behavior) (DIG FAST)

negative symptoms (+ex x2) (schizophrenia)

absence of normal or desired behavior ex) disturbance of affect and avolitoin

appraisal model

accepts biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced also a cognitive antecedent

achieve status

acquired by direct, indv efforts

mnemonics

acronyms/rhymes provide vivid organization of info to remember method of loci peg-word

elder abuse

across socioeconomic class neglect older relative mostly caretaker usually source of abuse mandated reporter

manifest vs. latent functions

action intended to help system vs. unintended positive consequences on other parts of society unstated, unrecognized

conventional morality Kohlber

adolescence - adulthood see self in relatinoship to other 3. conformity: shouldn't do it b/c it's wrong 4. law and order: maintains social order, if everyone stole ppl couldn't continue their businesses

adrenal cortex

adrenal glands produce hormones = corticosteriods (ie cortisol) + testosterone/estrogen above kidney sex hormones + cortisol

adrenal medulla (location + release + system)

adrenal glands releases epinephrine + norepinephrine sympathetic nervous system above kidneys

postconventional morality Kohlber**

adulthood (if at all) may conflict w/ laws 5. social contract: moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good, reasoning focused on individual rights 6. universal human ethics: decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles

components of attitude x3

affective behavioral cognitive (ABC)

sensory neurons

afferent neurons (A>E) sensory info receptors --> spinal cord + brain Afferent neurons Ascent in the cord toward the brain PNS

optic tracts

after cross occurs in chiasm, reorganized pathways that leave the chiasm Carry the axons of neurons from the optic nerves and optic chiasm toward the brain

age (demographics)

age cohort - fastest = +85 ageism: prej/descrim by age

cognitive neoassociation model

aggression more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions large scale riots + small scale

states of consciousness x4

alertness sleep dreaming altered state of consciousness

prestige

amount of positive regard society has for a given person/idea

poverty line

amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government prob: fail account geographic variables impact value of $ in diff locations

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder fear of being in places or situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape fear leave home

social anxiety disorder

anxiety due to social situations persistent fear when exposed to social of performance situations that may result in embarrassment

benzodiazephines

anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and sleep meds increase GABA, relaxation addictive risk -- w/ alochol --> coma + death ex) alprozolam, lorazepam, diazepam, comazepam

barbiturates

anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) and sleep meds increase GABA, relaxation addictive risk -- w/ alochol --> coma + death replaced by benzodiazephines -- less prone to overdose ex) amobarbital and phenobarbital

animal communication

any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another nonverbal, pheromones, vocalization emotional expressions highly conserved cross species ex) waggle chance

stimulus

anything to which an organism can respond

Hawk-Dove game

application game theory-centered upon a struggle between 2 parties for a shared food resource --> 2 hawks: 1 win, 1 lose --> hawk v dove: hawk win --> 2 does: share

cerebrospinal fluid

aqueous solution brain and spinal chord rest in produced by cells in ventricles

persona (Jung)

archetype aspect of personality we present to world adaptive to social interaction // identity

anima and animus (Jung)

archetype man's inner woman - femininity woman's inner man - masculinity

shadow (Jung)

archetype unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

conductive aphasia

arcuate fasciculus affected speech production and comprehension intact unable repeat something that's been said b/c connection lost

ghettoes

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or relig minorities concentrated due to social/econ inequalities extreme = slum

types of statuses x3

ascribed achieved master

semantics

association of meaning w/ a word ex) women vs. mommy

classical conditioning

associative learning =acquisition takes advantage of bio, instinct to create associations b/w 2 unrelated stim stimuli change, but response constant conditioned + unconditioned response/stimuli ex) Ivan Pavlov + dogs

biopsychosocial approach

assumes bio, syc, and social components to individual's diosrder bio: body, genetics, etc. psych: thoughts, emotions, behavior social: surroundings, class, stigma, etc. indirect + direct therapy

looking-glass self

assumes that people imagine the perception others hold of them, and this perceiving of the self through the eyes of others creates the sense of self

social construction model

assumes: no bio basis for emotion emotions based on experiences and situational context different across cultures some emotions only exist w/in social encounters must be familiar social norms

dorsal prefrontal cortex (x2)

attention + cognition

learning theory for attitudes

attitudes developed through different forms of learning direct contact w/ object, direct instruction from others, others attitudes, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning

functional attitudes theory x4

attitudes serve 4 functions: knowledge ego expression adaptation ego defense

pinna

auricle outer ear cartilaginous outside part of the ear channel sound waves into external auditory canal

dissociative disorders

avoids stress by escape from identity otherwise remains intact sense of reality ex) dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder

interneurons

b/w other neurons, most numerous type found in: brain and spinal chord reflexive behavior controlled by reflex arcs don't tell what to do, just transport CNS

extrapyramidal motor system

basal ganglia gathers information about body position and carries this information to the central nervous system

nationality

based on political borders shared history, media, cuisine, national symbol

characteristic institution (flow)

basic orgz of society clan --> urban trade --> bureaucracy

long-term potentiation (resutls from)

basis of long-term memory conversion of short --> long term memory strengthen of neuronal connections result from increasing neurotransmitter release and add of receptor sites

prodromal phase

before schizo diagnosed poor adjustment phase evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences

hypnotic induction

begin hypnosis relax subject and increase subject's level of concentration then suggest perceptions requires willing personality and lack of skepticism

aggression

behavior intends to cause harm or increase social dominance protection against perceived threats, fight off predators, gain resources

incentive theory

behavior motivated by desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Freud vs. Jung vs. Adler (ppl motivated by ___)

behavior motivated by inborn instincts vs. person's conduct governed by inborn archetypes vs. ppl motivated by strive for superiority (instincts vs. archetypes vs. superiority)

reflex

behavior occurs in response to stimulus w/out higher cognitive input

dispositional vs. situation approach

behavior primarily determined by individual's personality vs. environment and context

fad

behavior transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community

Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation

behavioral factors, personal factors, and environmental factors can all influence each other

social cognitive perspective

behaviorism even further focus not just on how envrm infl behavior but also on how we interact w/ that envrm locus of control: in control of envrm vs. envrm control you future behavior sim past behavior in sim situations ex) Bandura

token economics

behaviorist personality used in mental hospitals; residents receive tokens or chips as positive reinforcers for performing certain desirable behaviors.

learning theory for language

behaviorist theory operant condition of lang acquisition reinforcement: parents/caregivers reinforce sounds that sound most like the lang spoken by the parents

lens (+location)

behind iris control refraction of incoming light

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

being in the presence of others will signif raise arousal enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at and hinders performance of less familiar tasks

culture

beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of ppl learned by living w/in a society, observe traits, and adapt them culture shock: travel outside and very different

function vs. dysfunctions

beneficial consequences of ppl's actions keep society in balance vs. harmful consequences of ppl's actions as they undermine a social system's equilibrium

cultural capital

benefits receive from knowledge, abilities, and skills

intuition

bias and overconfidence ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence develop by experience recognition-primed decision model

belief perseverence

bias and overconfidence inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

emotion

bias and overconfidence subjective experience of a person in a certain situation feels expect to feel also influence decision making

overconfidence

bias and overconfidence tendency to erroneously interpret one's decisions as infalliable

US pop changing

bigger older more diverse

stressor

biological element, external condition or event that leads to a stress response distress or eustress

nativist theory

biological theory innate capacity for language = language acquisition device (LAD) transformational grammer critical period for acquisition: 2 yrs - puberty (probably actually sensitive period)

direct vs. indirect therapy

biopsychosocial model treatment acts directly on the individual (meds, regular psychologist mtgs) vs. increase social support by edu + empower family/friends

cyclothymic disorder

bipolar combo hypomanic episodes + periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

ganglion cells (loss+)

bipolar cells synapse w/ group together to form optic nerve less # than receptors = represent combo activity = loss of detail (more loss rods than cones)**

choroidal vessel and retinal vessels

blood vessels supply nutrients to the eye

somatic symptom disorder

bodily symptoms cause significant stress or impairment at least 1 somatic symptom may or may not be linked to underlying medical condition - disproportionate concerns about its seriousness - devotion of an excessive amount of time/energy to it - elevated levels of anxiety hypercondriac is somatic symptoms

semicircular canals

bony labyrinth 3, arrange perpendicularly sensitive to rotational acceleration ampulla swelling w/ hair cells - endolymph resists motion

vestibule

bony labyrinth utricle + saccule: linear acceleration, balance, 3d orient otoliths hair cells - resist motion

object recognition assumptions

bottom-up and top-down processing need both

Parkinson's disease symptoms

brady-kinesia resting tremor pill-rolling tremor masklike facies cogwheel rigidity shuffling gait + stooped posture (also depression and dementia common)

synaptic pruning

brain changes grow older weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered, increase efficiency of brains' ability to process info

ipsilaterally

brain communicate on same side ex) hearing

contralaterally

brain communicates across sides ex) motor neurons on left side of brain activate movement on right side of body

theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep low frequency, high voltage

hindbrain (controls, develops)

brainstem controls: balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, sleep/wake -- vital function (6) development: to myel-encephalon + met-encephalon

midbrain (controls, develops)

brainstem controls: receives sensory info from rest of body

generalization

broadening effect stim sim to conditioned stim also produces conditioned response

arcuate fasiculus

bundle of axons allow appropriate association b/w lang comprehension and speech production connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area

morbidity vs. mortality

burden/degree of illness associated w/ a given disease vs. deaths caused by a given disease low-income groups worse for both

spontaneous recovery

but if conditioned stim presented again after extinction --> weak response can be exhibited extinction not permenant

obediance

changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure most likely for ppl to actualy do ex) Milgram shock experiment

marijuana (ingred + physio + psych)

cannabis sativa + cannabis indica tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) physio: eye redness, dry mouth, fatigue, impair short-term memory, increase heart rate, appetite, lower blood pressure psych: stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

avoidant attachment

caregiver little response to distress child no preference b/w stranger and caregiver little distress when caregiver leaves, little relief when returns

role performance

carrying out of behaviors associated w/ a given role

echopraxia

catatonia, schizo imitate another's actions

echolalia

catatonia, schizo repeat another's words

representativeness heuristic

categorize items on basis whether they fit the stereotypic image of the category base rate fallacy

biological influences in schizophrenia

causes: genetic, hypoxemia at birth, marijuana in adolescence bio: excess dopamine in brain, structural changes in brain treat: block dopamine receptors

neural crest

cells at leading edge of neural fold migrate through body to form disparate dissues

fovea

center of macula/center of retina contains only cones visual activity best here, most sensitive in daylight vision

hindbrain parts

cerebellum/pons medulla oblongata reticular formation (3)

forebrain parts (5)

cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system thalamus hypothalamus (5)

compliance

change in behavior based on direct request group asks the indv to make change has no actual power to command, yet will ask him to change his behavior

patterns of kinship

change over time and culture responsibility for child-rearing, familial loyalty

demographic shift

changes in makeup of pop over time America: age increase ethnically and racially diverse

pheromones

chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species debatable humans

errors of growth

child applies grammatical rule in situation where it doesn't apply: runned (2-3 yrs)

representational thought

child begun to create mental representations of external objects

urbanization

dense areas of pop create pull for migration

secure attachment

child had consistent caregiver go out, explore, know has secure base to return to upset depart caregiver, comfort return caregiver prefer caregive to stranger

birth rate defintion

children per 1000 ppl per year

fertility rate (def + US)

children per woman per lifetime US: trend down, but >2 = pop grow

long term consequences of alcohol on children (3 big categories)

children suffer major depressive disorder cirrhosis, liver failure, pancreatic damage, gastric ulcers, gastrointestinal cancer Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

schizoid personality disorder (2-3 big things)

cluster A, weird 1. pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships 2. restricted range of emotional expression 3. few close friends, poor social skills

schizotypal personality disorder

cluster A, weird patter of odd/eccentric thinking ideas of reference (//delusions of reference) magical thinking: superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance

paranoid personality disorder

cluster A, weird pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives ex) prodromal phase of schizo = premorbid

borderline personality disorder (+ cluster)

cluster B, wild a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures split ppl entirely good or entirely bad

histrionic personality disorder

cluster B, wild constant attention-seeking behavior colorful clothing, dramatic, exceptionally extroverted seductive behavior to gain attention

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster B, wild grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness preoccupation w/fantasies of success need for constant admiration and attention characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships - entitlement fragile self-esteem, constantly concerned w/ how others view them

antisocial personality disorder

cluster B, wild more common men disregard for/violation of the rights of others illegal acts, deceitful, aggression, lack of remorse ex) prison, serial killers

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

cluster C, worried OCPD perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order inability to discard worn-out objects lack of desire to change excessive stubbornness lack of a sense of humor maintenance of careful routines ego-syntonic

dependent personality disorder

cluster C, worried continuous need for reassurance remain dependence on one specific person to take actions/make decisions

avoidant personality disorder

cluster C, worried extreme shyness and fear of rejection see self as socially inept socially isolate despite intense desire for social affection stay same job, situations, etc. despite wanting to change

stereotypes vs. prejudices vs. discrimination

cognitive vs. affective vs. behavioral

ganglia

collection neuron cell bodies found outside of CNS

cones (+detail + # + location + types)

color vision, fine detail retina, 6 million short, medium, long concentrated in macula

iris (+muscles)

colored part of the eye 2 muscles: dilator and constrictor pupillae

variations in intellectual ability due to

combos of: envrm edu genetics

propaganda

common way attempt to create prejudices

nonverbal communication

communicate w/out words facial expressions, tone (prosody), eye, etc. often dictated by culture

multiculturalism

communities containing multiple cultures encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences enhance cultural diversity and acceptance (opp of assimilation) cultural mosaic

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft

community and society community: groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography ex) family, neighborhoods society: groups form b/c mutual self-interests working together toward same goal ex) companies, countries

sleep cycle (+adults/children)

complete progression through sleep stages: 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM change during course of night SWS early, REM late length increase over lifespan children longer SWS

lowball technique

compliance get an initial commitment and then raise the cost of the commitment

that's-not-all technique

compliance indv is made an offer, but before make the decision is told the deal is even better than she expected ex) infomercials

door-in-the-face technique

compliance large request is made at first, and if refused, a second, smaller request is made

foot-in-the-door technique

compliance small request is made and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

attention

concentrating on one aspect of the sensory environment -- sensorium

false memories (synonym)

confabulation **

internalization

conformity change one's behavior to fit w/ a group while also privately agreeing w/ the ideas of the group ex) Stanford Prison Experiment

adhering to social expectations or others' requests

conformity compliance obedience

identification

conformity outward acceptance of others' ideas w/out personally taking on these ideas

source-monitoring error

confusion b/w semantic and episodic memory remember details but confuse context ex) hear story of someone else and remember as yourslef

Eustachian tube

connect middle ear to nasal cavity equalize pressure b/w middle ear ad envrm

symbolic ethnicy

connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols/identity remain important even when ethnic identity doesn't play a signif role in everyday life

hypophyseal portal system

connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland hormone transport infl behavior *anterior regulated through blood

Jung and consciousness (vs. unconsciousness)

conscious mind = ego unconscious = personal + collective

types of cues**

consistency consensus distinctiveness

consistency cues

consistent behavior over time

illness anxiety disorder

consumed w/ thoughts about having/developing a serious medical condition quick worry about health hypercondriac if no somatic symptoms, or avoid med appts somatic symptom disorder

formal organizations

continue despite the departure of an indv member history before and after expressed goals hierarchical allotment of formal roles/duties

accommodation reflex

contraction of ciliary muscle pulls on suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens

anterior hypothalamus

controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep, regulates body temp damage: inhibition sexual activity (when A is destroyed, one is Asexual)

forebrain (controls, develops)

controls: complex perceptual, cognitive, behavioral processes not needed to survive, rather emotional/intellectual --> tel-encephalon + di-encephalon

similarity - interpersonal attraction

convenience viewpoints validated opposites: complementary

la belle indefference

conversion disorder person unconcerned by the symptoms

cortical maps

created with the help of an awake patient, activates individual neurons to see what they do

associative learning

creation of pairing b/w 2 stim or b/w a behavior and response --> classical + operant conditioning

Erikson's psychosocial development

crises conflict b/w needs and social demands emotional develop + social interacts fail at any stage of develop, but don't have to master one stage to move on to next

cultural barriers

cultural diff impedes interaction w/ others

display rules

cultural expectations of emotions which emotions can be expressed and to what degree and by whom

culture/evolution (+ex)

culture flows from evolutionary principles culture can influence evolution ex) lactose

circadian rhythms

daily cycle of waking/sleeping external cues affect, but biological signals underlie melatonin cortisol

bottom-up processing

data driven object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection combo stimuli to cohesive image before determine object

mortality rate

deaths per 1000 ppl per year US: drop

game theory

decision-making behavior strategy, win/lose, reward/punish, profit/cost evolutionary stable strategy ex) Hawk-Dove (fighter, avoidance) **

rational choice theory (+prob)

decision-making in an indv reduce process to careful consideration of cost/benefit to indv // mental pro/cons prob: altruism

explicit memory

declarative (facts, events) conscious recall memory --> semantic + episodic memory

adaptation

decrease in response to stimulus over time after a while in cold pool, water no longer seems cold get used to - block out

tolerance

decrease perceived drug affect over time opponent-process theory

aphasia

deficit of lang prod or comprehension

peer group

defined by association of self-selected equals around sim interests, ages, and statuses opportunity for friendship and feelings of belonging

Alzheimer's disease (which way, hormones, who more likely)

degenerative brain disorder dementia and memory loss - *retrograde* fashion (recent then distant) atrophy of brain bio: neurofibrillary tangles and B-amyloid plaques, *loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus*, sundowning chances: women > men, family, edu, Down's

thought broadcasting

delusion belief one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's head to the external world

thought insertion

delusion belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head

psychotic disorder (x6)

delusions hallucinations disorganized thought disorganized behavior catatonia negative symptoms

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, etc. arise from too much/oversensitivity o dopamine in the brain

iron law of oligarchy

democratic/bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group ultimately must centralized

immediate vs. distant networks

dense w/ strong ties friends vs. looser and weak ties acquaintances

pragmatics (of language)

dependence of lang on context and pre-existing knowledge ex) talk to friend vs. stranger affected by prosody

alcohol (+bio x2)

depressant 1. increase GABA activity --> generalized brain inhibition, diminished arousal 2. less inhibited, motor and resoning skills affected alcohol myopia 3. increases dopamine --> mild euphoria

consciousness-altering durgs (categories x4)

depressants stimulants opiates hallucinogens

network

describe observable pattern of social relationships among indvs or groups

groupthink

desire for harmony/conformity results in a group of ppl coming to incorrect/poor decision consensus w/out alternatives being assessed loss of independent critical thinking

normative conformity

desire to fit into a group b/c fear rejection (Asch experiments)

magnocellular cells

detect motion low spacial resolution = blurry moving image

situation (social perception)

determines what info is available by perceiver

Kohlber's moral reasoning

develop moral thinking, not resolve conflict/urges response of subjects to hypothetical moral dilemmas ex) Heinz drug wife

cognitive development

development of one's ability to think/solve problems across lifespan limited by pace of brain maturation - early // master physical envrm

neurulation

development of the nervous system ectoderm overlay notochord furrows --> neural groove surrounded by 2 neural folds

Jean Piaget

developmental psychology qualitative diffs b/w kids and adults think divided lifespan into four stages: continuous and sequential

role conflict vs. role strain

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles vs. difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

differential association theory

deviance learned through interactions w/ others intimate exposure lay groundwork degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. those that go against them "fallen into the wrong group"

posterior pituitary gland

di-encephalon axonal projects from hypothalamus release ADH and oxytocin

pineal gland

di-encephalon biological rhythms, signals from retina releases melatonin

heroin (+metbz)

diacetylmorphine rapidly metabolize heroin to morphine methadone treatment

Weber's law

difference threshold constant ratio b/w change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus =%, apply ratio innaccurate at extremely high and low ends of each range ex) high-low/low = ratio ; >ratio-->can't detect

instinctive drift

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors perparedness

primary groups

direct interactions close bonds -- warm, personal and intimate relationships long-term

sexual orientation (demographics)

direction of one's sexual interest: hetero, bi, homo coming out decreases depression/anxiety Kinsey scale LGBTQ AIDS connect

resocialization (+ex)

discards old behavior in favor of new ones to make a life change ex) armed forces train to obey orders w/out hesitation, also cults

neologisms

disorganized thought, schizo invent new words

causes for attribution

dispositional situational

generalized anxiety disorder

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things physical symptoms: fatigue, muscle tension, sleep probs

dissociative fuge

dissociative amnesia sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from one's home or usual daily activities often confused about identity, even assume new identiity

depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative disorder depersonalization: feel detached from their own mind and body ex) out of body experience derealization: feel detached from their surroundings automation, dreamlike failure recognize reflection no delusions/hallucinations

dissociative amnesia

dissociative disorder inability to recall past experiences amnesia not due to neurological disorder often linked to trauma sometimes dissociative fuge

monogamy

exclusive mating relationship

inappropriate affect

disturbance of affect, schizo affect discordant w/ content of individual's speech

blunting

disturbance of affect, schizo severe reduction in intensity of emotional expression meds also cause

flat affect

disturbance of affect, schizo virtually no signs of emotional expression meds also cause

central sulcus

divides frontal and parietal lobes

hypomania

does not significantly impair functioning no psychotic features more energetic and optimistic

cultural relativism

don't perceive cultural values superior to those of another culture, just different

mesolimbic reward pathway

dopaminergic pathway nucleus accumbens (NAc) ventral tegmental area (VTA) medial forebrain bundle (MFB) -- connects NAc to VTA motivation and emotional response drug addiction

generalized personality disorder

dramatic or overly emotional behavior odd or eccentic behavior anxious, fearful thinking and behavior

front stage

dramaturgical approach, Goffman, impression management actor in front of the audience performs according to setting, role, script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see

back stage

dramaturgical approach, Goffman, impression management actor not being observed by an audience free to act in ways may not be congruent w/ his desired public image w/out having to worry about ruining his performance

activation-synthesis theory

dreams caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry bizzare dream synthesizing the activity with stored memories

cognitive process dream theory

dreams sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

problem-solving dream theory

dreams way to solve probs while sleeping unthethered by rules of real world - think different

intrinsic motivation

driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment ex) goal master content

role exit

dropping of one identity for another

canal of schlemm

duct in the anterior chamber of eye that carries filtered aqueous humor to the veins and bloodstream

sleep disorders (x2)

dysomnias and parasomnias

sleep apnea (+locations of error)

dyssomnia inability to breathe during sleep obstructive: physical blockage in pharynx or trachea central: brain fail to send signal to diaphragm to breathe

narcolepsy

dyssomnias lack of voluntary control over onset of sleep cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations

insomnia

dyssomnias most common anxiety, depression, meds, disrupt sleep cycle difficult fall asleep/stay asleep

tympanic membrane

eardrum vibrates in phase w/incoming osund waves (high = high frequency, etc.) increase amplitude if high intensity/loud divides outer/inner ear

activities of daily living

eat, bath, toilet, dress, ambulation declines // intellectual but not uniform, level of edu, etc.

social mobility

econ and occupational structure allow acquire higher-level employ, etc. ex) "american dream" amer inequality highest in century

motor neurons

efferent neurons (A>E) motor info brain + spinal chord --> muscles + glands Efferent neurons Exit the cord on the way to the rest of the body PNS

defense mechanism (Freud) --> x2

ego relieve anxiety caused by clash of id and superego 1. deny, distort reality 2. operate unconsciously

central route processing**

elaboration likelihood model, high elaboration deep thinking, scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive info swayed by cogent argument

peripheral route processing

elaboration likelihood model, low elaboration focus on superficial details of persuasive info such as appearances, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility swayed by personability

long-term memory (where + damage)

elaborative rehearsal hippocampus, but memories move over time in/out of cerebral cortex --> names/faces parents not affect by damage to hippocampus --> implicit + explicit

electric vs. chemical transmitting

electrical until synapse then chemical

gyri

elevated portions of the cerebral cortex

attachment

emotional bond b/w caregiver + child -- begin infancy secure base: caregiver who is consistent, available, comforting, and responsive, need first 6mo - 2yr

object permanence (end and begin which stages)

end sensorimotor stage understand object continues to exist even when out of view (peek-a-boo) beginning of representational thought

Lev Vygotsky

engine driving cognitive development = child' internalization of his own culture

organizations

entities set up to achieve specific goals chrz by having a structure and a culture

catecholamines x3

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopaime = monoamines/biogenic amines emotions

reference groups

estb the terms by which indvs evaluate themselves

retrieval of emotional memories (explicit vs. implicit)

event --> sensory systems --> explicit = conscious memory of emotional event + implicit = expression of emotional response

formation of emotional memories (pathway)

event --> sensory systems --> explicit = memory about emotion + implicit = emotional memory

democracy

every citizen political voice usually though electing representatives

demographic transition

ex of demographic shift change in birth/death rates as develop preindustrial to industrial

hallucinogens (+neurotransmitter + physio)

ex) lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD) neurotransmitters - serotonin distortions of reality, enhance sensory experiences, introspection physio: increase heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, dilation of pupils, sweating

categorical perception

example of constancy ability to perceive sounds as belonging to different phoneme categories (e.g. that ability to differentiate between /p/ and /b/)

hyperthyroidism (contect to psyc)

excessive levels of T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate creates anxiety like systems must rule out before anxiety disorder

ventral prefrontal cortex

experience emotion ventromedial prefrontal cortex: decision making + controlling emotional responses from amygdala

distress

experiencing unpleasant stressors

strain theory

explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect b/w social goals and social structure (anomic conditions) deviance so try achieve social goal outside of limiting social structure ex) theft to achieve American dream

opponent-process theory

explains destructive motivation of continuous drug use as well as tolerance body attempt counteract effects of drug by changing physiology - this rxn lasts longer than the drug -- withdrawal

semantic vs. episodic memory

explicit memory facts, concepts vs. events, experiences

Malthusian theory

exponential growth of pop outpace growth of food supply --> social degradation/disorder as nations industrialize, pop grow too fast

attitude

expression of a positive/negative feeling toward a person, place, thing, scenario develop from experiences w/ others who affect our opinions and behaviors past experiences can inform

Broca's aphasia

expressive aphasia speech comprehension intact, but reduced ability to produce spoken lang

exchange theory

extension of rational choice theory interactions in groups indv carry out behavior b/c of rewards/punishments behavior approved by others reinforced - operant conditioning

adaptive value

extent to which a trait/behavior positively benefits a species by influence evolutionary fitness of species --> adaptation via natural selection

situation attributions

external attributions relate to features of the surrounding, such as threats, money, social norms, peer pressure consider social context

extrinsic motivation

external forces rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if desired behavior is not achieved ex) competition

Jung's dichotomies of personality

extraversion v.s introversion sensing vs. intuiting (objective info vs info abstractly) thinking vs. feeling (logic vs value system) --> Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (adds judging vs. perceiving (orderliness vs. spontaneity)

stigma

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person/group based on perceived diffs from rest of society

visual pathway from eye

eye --> optic nerves --> optic chiasm --> optic tracts --> lateral genicultate nucleus of thalamus (LGN) + visual radiations (temporal + parietal lobes) --> visual cortex (occipital lobe)

behavioral response (emotion)

facial expressions + body lang

short-term memory (limits/increase, where)

fades quickly, over 30s limited to 7 +/- 2 rule increase via clustering hippocampus: short --> long

automatic processing

familiar or routine actions allows brin to focus on other tasks with divided attention vs. controlled/effortful processing

agents of socialization

family, peers, school, religious affiliation, and other groups that promote socialization

panic attack

fear and apprehension trembling sweating hyperventilation sense of unreality "sense of impending doom"

separation anxiety (+age)

fear of separate parental figure social development, 12 months

stranger anxiety (+age)

fear of unfamiliar individuals social development, 7 months

women vs. men health profiles

females > males - higher life expectancy - lower rate life-threatening illness - higher rate of accessing and utilizing health resources - lower mortality rates BUT - females higher rates of chronic disease - and higher morbidity rates

physiological response (emotion)

first experience a feeling --> arousal stimulated by autonomic nervous system changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temp, blood pressure

primacy effect vs. recency effect

first impressions more imp than subsequent impressions vs. most recent info we have about an indv that is most imp in forming out impressions

primary drives homeostasis x3

food, water, warmth motivate to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

forces (lewin)

force field theory those assist attain of goals those block path to them

pros-encephalon

forebrain --> tel-encephalon + di-encephalon

hypothalamus

forebrain hunger/thirst + emotion controls neurotransmitters, homeostasis 4 Fs: feeding, fighting, flighting, f*cking

basal ganglia

forebrain movement receive info from cortex, relay to spinal cord extrapyramidal motor system damaged: Parkinson's, schizophreniz, OCD

thalamus

forebrain sensory relay station (-smell) "way station": sorts and transmits sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

ritual

formalized ceremony involves specific material objects, symbolism, etc.

algorithm

formula/procedure solving a certain type of problem mathematical, or set of instructions designed to automatically produce the desired solution

capitalist vs. socialistt

free market trade laissez-faire division of labor vs. industries as collective bus profit distrib equally to workforce

cochlea

from incus to inner ear spiral shaped 3 scalae

anterior vs. posterior chamber

front of eye, in front of iris vs. b/w iris and lens, aqueous humor

four lobes of cortex

frontal parietal occipital temporal

primary motor cortex

frontal lobe location: precentral gyrus (just in front of central sulcus) function: voluntary motor movements, send neural impulses down spinal chord toward muscles projection area motor homunculus: finer control = take up more space

prefrontal cortex

frontal lobe supervise/direct operations of other brain regions: perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long-term planning association area damage: impulsive, depressed, apathetic

mirror neurons

frontal/parietal lobes fire when individual performs action and watches someone else perform

cerebral cortex (function only)

function: complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes (language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long term planning)

achieved status

gained as a result of one's efforts or choices

exhaustion (+system, suceptible)

general adaptation syndrome body no longer maintain elevated response w/ sympathetic nervous system susceptible to illness

resistance (general adaptation syndrome)

general adaptation syndrome continuous release of hormones --> sympathetic nervous system remains engaged to fight stressor

alarm (+bio x2)

general adaptation syndrome initial rxn to stressor epinephrine --> activate sympathetic nervous system ACTH --> cortisol manage BS

fundamental attribution error

generally biased toward making dispositional > situational attributions especially in negative contexts

innate behavior

genetically programmed via evolutions regardless of environment/experience

bipolar risk factors x2

genetics multiple sclerosis

law of proximity

gestalt principles elements close together tend to be perceived as a unity ex) group of circles make a triangle, we see a triangle

law of good continuation

gestalt principles elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together ex) perceive continuous patterns, not abrupt changes

subjective contours

gestalt principles negative space shapes

law of similarity

gestalt principles objects that are similar tend to be grouped together ex) triangle of big dots against background of small dots

law of closure

gestalt principles space enclosed by contour tends to be perceived as a complete figure ex) square instead of 4 right angles even though not complete

law of pragnanz

gestalt principles perceptual organization always be as regular, simple, symmetric as possible

ascribed status

given involuntarily based on race, ethnicity, gender, and family background

four humors

greek blood: impulsive/charismatic bile: aggressive/dom black bile: depressive/cautious phlegm: relax/affectionate

risky shift and choice shift

group polarization initial ideas tend not to be extreme, but through discussion w/ group become more and more extreme polarization = indv level choice shift = behavior of group as a whole diff means

subcultures

groups of ppl w/in a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong symbolic attachment to clothing, etc. diff from majority can be perceived as negative when subvert majority's defs of normalcy

cerebellum

hindbrain met-encephalon function: refined motor movements location: top of hindbrain, mushrooming out of back of pons damage: --> clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance (i.e alcohol) *(balance)

in-groups vs. out-groups

groups to which an indv belongs vs. indv ocmpetes or is in opposition

mindguards

groupthink appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

illusion of morality

groupthink belief that the group's decisions are morally correct

excessive stereotyping

groupthink construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

illusion of invulnerability

groupthink creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

illusions of unanimity

groupthink false sense of agreement w/in the group

collective rationalization

groupthink ignoring warnings against the idea of the group

pressure for conformity

groupthink pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal

self-censorship

groupthink withholding of opposing views

universal emotions

happiness sadness contempt surprise fear disgust anger

empathy-altruism hypothesis

help another when feel empathy for them regardless of personal cost

altruism

helping behavior person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself motivated by egoism, ulterior motives, or selflessness

nature vs. nurture

hereditary, inherited characteristics vs. infl of environment on behavior really somewhere in between

decision making

heuristics biases intuition emotions

parvocellular cells

high color and spacial resolution detect shape slow move b/c low temporal resolutions

bipolar cells

highlight gradients b/w adj rods or cones rods/cones --> bipolar --> ganglion

rhomb-encephalon

hindbrain --> met-encephalon + myel-encephalon

reticular formation

hindbrain arousal + alertness

pons

hindbrain met-encephalon function: sensory + motor pathways b/w cortex and medulla, regulate sleep location: above medulla *(sleep pon the bed)

religiosity

how religious one considers himself

syntax

how words are put together to form sentences

Carl Rogers

humanism client-centered, person-centered, nondirective therapy freedom control own behavior not slaves to unconscious (psychoanalysts), not subjects faulty learning (behaviorists) client reflect on probs and make decisions real + ideal self

Gestalt therapy

humanism therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

bipolar II disorder

hypomania w/ at least 1 major depressive episode more high functioning

endocrine system negative feedback

hypothalamus --CRF--> anterior pituitary --ACTH--> adrenal cortex --cortisol--| anteriori pituitary + hypothalamus

adaptive function (attitude)

idea one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins

identical vs. fraternal

recognition (comp to recall)

identify piece of info previously learned easier than recall

archetypes (Jung) (+list x4)

images of collective unconscious have emotional element 1. persona 2. anima 3. animus 4. shadow

migration rate equation

immigration rate minus emigration rate

emotional memory

implicit, unconscious memory storage of actual feelings of emotion associated w/ an event experience sim event --> trigger same emotions ex) PTSD

self-disclosure (IM)

impression management give info about oneself to estb an identity ex) disclose that you are a premed student

alter-casting

impression management imposing an identity onto another person ex) as a X you should -- assign role of X

aligning actions

impression management make questionable behavior acceptable via excuses ex) justify for miss deadline, bad grade b/c too little sleep

ingratiation

impression management use flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over ex) blindly agree to someone else's opinion, compliment before ask for a favor

managing appearances

impression management use props/appearance/emotional expression/associations w/ others to create a positive image ex) wear coat, keep calm difficult patient, etc.

stage 3 (demographic transition)

improve contraceptions, women's rights shift agriculture to industrial econ birth rates drop children school longer and supported by parents for longer --> fewer children

stage 2 (demographic transition)**

improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages death rates drop but pop growing

functional fixedness

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

goals in American healthcare

increase access decrease cost disease prevention primary care increase edu decreased paternalism reduced econ conflicts of interest

stimulants

increase in arousal in nervous system increase frequency of action potentials

insticts

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli ex) primitive reflexes

identity

individual components of our self-concept related to groups to which we belong multiple diff than self-concept

attribution substitution

individuals must make judgements that are complex, but instead substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

stage 4 (demographic transition)

industrialized society birth and death rates low

belief

indv accepts to be truth

group conformity

indv compliant w/ group's goals even when the group's goals may be in direct contrast to the indv's goals conform in an attempt to fit in

Asch's conformity experiement

indv conform to opinion of the group male perception, actors respond incorrectly, and so as a result so does test subject

bystander effect

indv don't intervene to help victims when others are present likelihood of response inversely related to # of bystanders 1. group --> ppl less likely notice danger (social etiquette, rude to watch others) 2. humans take cues from others (no one respond, less likely perceive situation as a threat) 3. degree of emergency (low = less likely respond) 4. degree of responsibility (competency, relationship to victim, victim deserving of aid) 5. cohesiveness of group (strangers = slower response)

assimilation (+factors assess completeness)

indv or group behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group merge of cultures, usually uneven - melting pot completeness: socioeconomic status, geogrphaic distribution, lang attainment, and intermarriage

identity shift effect

indv state of harmony disrupted by threat of social rejection --> indv conform to norms of group accompany by internal conflict b/c outside norm chr --> identity shift, adopt stnds of group as her own //cognitive dissonance

Piaget's leaning

infants learn instinctual interaction w/ envrm schema --> adaptation --> assimilation and accomodation

primitive reflexes

infants, disappear w/ age in adults = neurological diseases rooting reflex moro reflex babinski reflex grasping reflex (4)

midbrain parts

inferior and superior colliculi

Broca's Area

inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, dominant hemisphere (usually left - regardless of handed) speech production

paternalistic stereotype (warmth + competence + status + competition + exs)

inferior, dismissed, ignored warmth: high competence: low low status, not competitive ex) housewives, elderly, etc.

gender (demographics)

infl by cultural norms/values gender inequality: empowerment of one gender to detriment of the other gender segregation: bathrooms

perceiver (influenced by) (social perception)

infl by experience, motives, and emotional state

arousal (inovles what system +)

infl motivation the psych and physio state of being awake and reactive to stimuli involves brainstem, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system behavior and cognition

relearning

info stored in long-term memory spacing effect

instinct (Frued) (categories + define)

innate psychological representation of biological need life instincts: eros, promote quest for survival though thirst, hunger, sex death instincts: thanatos, unconscious with for death and destruction

membranous labryinth

inner ear fills space b/w bony labyrinth endolymph: K+ perilymph: transmit vibrations from outside and cushions inner ear structures (surrounds endolymph)

retina

innermost layer of the eye contains photoreceptors transduce light into electrical info brain can process CNS light/dark + color photoreceptors

amacrine and horizontal cells

input from multiple retinal cells pass info to ganglion cells edge detection, perception of contrasts

globalization

integrate global econ w/ free trade and tap foreign markets --> signif econ hardship in industrializing nations ex) WHO, dr w/out borders, etc.

association vs. projection area

integrates input from diverse brain regions (prefrontal cortex) vs. rudimentary/simple perceptual and motor tasks (visual cortex, primary motor cortex) post transduction

self-concept

internal answer to "who am i" one all-encompassing diff than identity sum of identities

dispositional attribuations

internal attributions relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics

drives

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals originate w/in an individual w/out requiring any external factors create uncomfortable state so motivate to eliminate state

ventricles

interval cavities of the brain cerebrospinal fluid

biomedical approach

interventions symptom reduction of psych disorders biomedical disturbances biomedical soltns prob: ignores lifestyle, socioeconomic

recognition-primed decision model

intuition A decision-making model in which experience and recognition of similar situations one has already experienced play a large role in decision-making and actions; also one of the explanations for the experience of intuition.

social capital

investments ppl make in society in return for econ/collective rewards benefits receive from group association privilege

prejudice

irrational positive/negative attitude toward a person/group prior to actual experience w/ that entity

substantia nigra

layer cells in brain functions to produce dopamine to permit proper functioning of basal ganglia

envious stereotype

jealousy, bitterness, distrust warmth: low competence: high high status, competitive ex) rich ppl, feminists

ethnocentrism

judge other cultures based on values of own culture ex) ethnic pride, supremacy groups

social action vs. social interaction

just the indv that is surrounded by others vs. behavior/actions of 2 or more indv who take one another into account

difference threshold

just-noticeable difference (jnd) min diff in magnitude b/w 2 stim before one can perceive this diff Weber's law

maintenance vs. elaborative rehearsal

keep info at forefront of consciousness vs. association of info to knowledge already stored in long-term memory self-reference effect

labeling theory

labels given to ppl affect how others respond to that person + person's self image --> deviance or conformity

anomie

lack of social norms breakdown of social bonds b/w an indv and society accelerate decline of social inclusion --> obstruct opportunities to acquire social capital

social interactionist theory

lang devlp focus on interplay b/w biology and social processes driven by child's desire to communicate/behave in a social manner brain development + lang acquisition

macrosociology vs. microsociology

large groups and social structure vs. small groups and the individual

nerve impulse

lead psych to field of natural sciences the message carried by a neuron

observational learning

learn by watching others not just imitation - watch get scolded = less likely to do mirror neurons through modeling

latent learning

learning occurs w/out reward, but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced ex) mice learn maze vs. reward each step of maze

trial-and-error

less sophisticated problem-solving solutions tried until something works

prestige (prejudice)

level of respect shown to a person by others

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

libido (sex drive) present at birth: libidinal energy underly force accounts for human psych 5 distinct stages of psychosexual development fixation + neurosis

concordance rate

likelihood both twins exhibit same train

interpersonal attraction (+factors)

liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person factors: physical characterisitics, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

amygdala

limbic system defensive/aggressive behaviors (fear/rage) detects external cues, interprets facial expressions damaged: docility/hypersexual

hippocampus

limbic system learning + memory, long-term memorias --> cerebral cortex fornix (context emotion) location: temporal lobe damaged: anterograde amnesia *hippos like elephants, and elephants never forget

septal nuclei

limbic system primary pleasure centers associated addictive behavior

threshold

limina minimum amount of stimulus renders a difference in perception types: absolute, conscious perception, difference

Whorfian hypothesis

linguistic relativity hypothesis perception of reality determined by content of language lang affect way we think

operant conditioning

links voluntary behavior w/ consequences to alter frequency of those behaviors reinforcement + punishment

superior olive

localizes sound from MGN

temporal lobe

location: middle, bottom function: memory processing, emotion, lang hippocampus --> memory auditory cortex Wernicke's area

somatosensory cortex

location: on postcentral gyrus (behind central sulcus), parietal lobe projection area receives incoming sensory signals: touch, temp, pain

occipital lobe

location: rear of brain function: learning + motor control visual cortex

parietal lobe (location + function x2 + aka)

location: rear of frontal lobe function: spacial processing and manipulation somatosensory cortex

fornix

long projection lets hippocampus communicate w/ other portions of limbic system

cognition

looks at how our brains process and react to info of world not uniquely human, but ppl have big frontal lobes

agnosia (+caused by)

loss of ability to recognize objects, ppl, or sounds - usually only one of three physical damage to brain - stroke/multiple sclerosis

dementia (x3)

loss of cognitive function impaired memory --> impaired judgement + confusion personality changes

biological basis of Parkinson's

low dopamine prod in substantia nigra basal ganglia impaired = initiate/terminate movements + motor taks L-DOPA to manage

healthcare across income/ethnic/weight

low income and minorities and obese receive worse care than white americans

poverty

low socioeconomic status + lack of financial resources

major depressive episode x8

major depressive disorder period of at least 2 weeks 5 of following impair functioning: - prominent/persist depressed mood* - loss of interest in formerly enjoyable activities* - appetite disturbances - major weight changes - sleep disturbances - low energy - feel worthless/guilty - difficult concentrating - psychomotor symptoms - suicidal thoughts (SIG E. CAPS) sadness + Sleep, Interest, Guilt, Energy, Concentration, Appetite, Psychomotor, Suicidal thoughts

anhedonia

major depressive episode inability to experience pleasure

stereotype

make sense complex world via categorizing to predict behavior attitudes/impressions based on limited/superficial info

stereotyping

making assumptions about ppl based on the category the perceiver places them in

bipolar disorders

manic depression mood disorder depression + mania

biopolar I disorder

manic episodes w/ or w/out major depressive episodes

pituitary gland

master gland location: base of brain secretes hormones to endocrine glands where then activated --> anterior + posterior

sensory bias (mating)

mate choice development of trait to match preexisting preference of pop ex) crabs build pillars b/c attract to what breaks up horizon

genetic compatibility

mate choice mate pair w/ complementary genetics reduced frequency of recessive genes attract very diff = low prob offspring homozygotic for disease carrying allele

phenotypic benefits

mate choice observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex increase production and survival of offspring ex) nurturing males

indicator traits

mate choice signify overall good health may/may not be genetic ex) cat shiny coats b/c no infection/malnutrition/etc.

direct vs. indirect benefits (mate choice)

material advantages, protection, emotional support to the mate vs. promote better survival in offspring to the offspring

artifacts

material items possess and value drives concept of material culture

material culture

meaning of obj of a given society physical items ex) American flag

inclusive fitness

measure of an organism's success in the pop # offspring, success in support offspring, ability of offspring to then support others explain altruism: help offspring at cost to self b/c pass genes to future generations

crude rate

measurement of the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

promiscuity

member one sex mate w/ any member of the opp sex w/out exclusivity

round window

membrane covered hole in cochlea that allows perilymph to move b/c fluids incompressible

semantic network

memory as a network interconnected ideas, not stockpile unrelated facts

Korsakoff's syndrome

memory loss by thiamine deficiency retrograde amnesia and amtegrad amnesia confabulation

most common psychiatric disorder in men and women

men: substance use disorder women: anxiety disorder

pia matter

meninges closest to brain

dura matter

meninges closest to skull

arachanoid matter

meninges middle

drug addiction (pathway + dependence)

mesolimbic reward pathway activation = positive reinforce of substance use all produce psychological dependence (gambling and falling in love too)

mes-encephalon

midbrain

ossicles

middle ear 3 smallest bodes in body transmit/amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to inner ear malleaus --> incus --> stapes (--> cochlea)

organ of Corti

middle scala, cochlea hearing apparatus rests on basilar membrane rests under tectorial membrane hair cells + endolymph note: other 2 scalae = perilymph

choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

suburbanization

migration pattern of middle class to suburban communities --> urban decay

absolute threshold

minimum intensity at which a stimulus will be transduced to CNS threshold in sensation not percpetion ex) I0=10^-12 sound

method of loci

mnemonic associate each item w/ location along a route

peg-word system

mnemonic associates numbers with items

depth perception (cues x2)

monocular + binocular cues

major depressive disorder

mood disorder at least one major depressive episode

persistent depressive disorder

mood disorder dysthymia or major depressive episode more than 2yrs 2yrs

dominant hemisphere

more heavily stimulated during lang reception/production,(Broca's, Wernicke's), managing details usually left; =/= handedness visual: letters, words auditory: lang sounds lang: speech, reading, writing, arithmetic move: voluntary spatial: dne

specific phobia

most common type of anxiety disorder irrational fear of something that results in compelling desire to avoid it anxiety produced by specific object or situations

dreams + theories (x3)

mostly REM, a bit Stage 2 activation-synthesis theory problem-solving theory cognitive process dream theory

secondary drives

motivate to fulfill nonbiological, usually emotional desires stem from learning

drive reduction theory

motivation based on goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

expectancy-value theory

motivation needed to reach goals is the result of individual's expectation of success in reaching the goal and degree to which he values succeeding at the goal expectation + value

instinct theory

motivation, William McDougall people driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts derived from Darwin some instincts in direct conflict and overridden by experience

secularization vs. fundamentalism

move away religion society vs. strict adhere religious code

gross vs. fine motor skills

move large muscle groups/whole body ex) sit, crawl, walk vs. smaller muscles of finger, toes, eyes ex) track motion, draw, catch, wave

vertical vs. horizontal mobility

move one social class to another vs. change occupation/lifestyle remains same social class

hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

narcolepsy hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening (hypnaGOgic hallucinations occur when GOing to bed. hypnoPOmPic hallucinations occur when POPping up out of bed)

cataplexy

narcolepsy loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours emotional trigger

sleep paralysis

narcolepsy unable to move despite being awake

curve of forgetting

natural memory loss not due to disorder

family studies

nature vs. nurture compare traits of fam to non-fam assume: genetic relate = more sim genotype than unrelate limit: share envr + genetics

twin studies

nature vs. nurture concordance rates MZ vs. DZ twins same envr (flawed assumption), diff genetics

adoption studies

nature vs. nurture envr infl sims relatives and adopted child to sims adoptive relatives and adopted child

self-enhacnement

need to maintain self-worth self-serving bias locus of control

alar vs. basal plate

neural tube sensory neurons vs. motor neurons

sensory receptors

neurons respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

Karen Horney

neurotic personalities - neurotic needs personality result of interpersonal relationships basic anxiety

retroactive interference

new info cause forget old info

disorganized attachment (behaviors)

no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence/presence - mix avoidance, resistance, repetitive behaviors (rocking) erratic + social w/draw caregiver red blag for abuse

NREM vs. REM sleep

non-rapid eye movement stage 1-4 declarative memory consolidation vs. rapid-eye movement sleep interspersed b/w NREM cycles arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but muscles paralyzed -- dreams paradoxical sleep procedural memory consolidation

implicit memory

nondeclarative = procedural = emotional (skills, tasks) unconscious memory skills + conditioned responses

signal detection theory

nonsensory factors affect perception of stimulus internal/external envrm context

folkways

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions ex) shake hands post game

learned behaviors

not heredity based experience/enviornment

family group

not self-selected join through emotional ties

interaction process analysis

observe, classify, measure interactions w/in small groups

primary socialization

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society mostly via observe parents sets the stage for personal opinions

proactive interference

old info interfere w/ new learning

olfactory pathway

olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium --> olfactory bulb --> olfactory tract --> limbic system, etc.

spreading activation

one node of semantic network activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated One item triggers an activation of related memories.

individual vs. institutional discrimination

one person, conscious and obvious discriminates against person or group vs. entire institution, maintained by status quo discriminates

consciousness

one's level of awareness of both the world and one's own existence w/in that world

dilator vs. constrictor pupillae (systems)

opens pupil under sympathetic stim vs. constricts pupil under parasympathetic stim

secondary reinforcer

operant conditioning =conditioned reinforcer not reinforcer on its own, but classic conditioning to pair clicker w/ fish (**clicker of fish?)

positive punishment

operant conditioning adds unpleasant consequence in response to behavior ex) arrest for stealing

primary reinforcer

operant conditioning an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need ex) fish to dolphin trick

BF Skinner

operant conditioning behaviorism: all behaviors are connected

positive reinforcers

operant conditioning increase behavior by add a positive incentive ex) $

negative reinforcers

operant conditioning increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant --> escape learning + avoidance learning ex) taking aspirin for headache

reinforcement

operant conditioning increase likelihood an individual will perform a behavior

avoidance learning

operant conditioning negative reinforcers prevent unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

escape learning

operant conditioning negative reinforcers reduce unpleasantness of something that already exists ex) take aspirin for existing headache

negative punishment

operant conditioning reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed ex) grounded w/ no tv

shaping

operant conditioning rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

punishment

operant conditioning uses conditioning to reduce occurrence of a behavior

opium (natural vs. synthesized)

opiates (naturally occurring): morphine, codeine opioids (semisynthetic): oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin bind opioid receptors in PNS + CNS --> decrease rxn to pain, sense of euphoria --> respiratory suppression death

biological perspective of personality

oppose social cognitive personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in brain // trait theory

extinction

organism becomes habituated to the conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response goes away

discrimination (experiments)

organism learns to distinguish b/w 2 sim stim opposite of generalization ex) bells of different tones

mating system

organization of a group's sexual behavior ex) monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity

hierarchy of salience

organization of identity situation dictate which identity holds most importance at any given moment more salient = more conform to expectations

self-efficacy

our belief in our ability to succeed overconfidence vs. learned helplessness

external auditory canal

outer ear from pinna direct sound waves to tympanic membrane

night terrors (+system)

parasomnia intense anxiety occur during slow-wave sleep common in children - thrash/scream, sympathetic overdrive SWS = difficult to wake

somatic nervous system

part of PNS, peripheral sensory and motor neurons in skin, joins, muscles sensory: via afferent fibers motor: via efferent fibers

automatic vs. controlled processing

passively gain info vs. actively work to gain info effortful processing

medicare vs. medicaid

patients over 65, end-stage renal disease, ALS vs. in significant financial need

personality disorder

pattern of behavior inflexible and maladaptive ego-syntonic clusters A, B, C (weird, wild, worried) cause distress/impair function at least 2 of following: cognition emotions interpersonal functioning impulse control

strong vs. weak ties

peer group and kinship contacts - small, powerful vs. social connections personally superficial, but large in number and connect wide range indv w/out = hard contribute to and access social capital

sanctions

penalties for misconduct maintain social control fines or incarceration corporal + capital punishment

social cognitive theory

people learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others behavior from direct observation/imitation not trial-and-error behavior + personal factors + environment

correspondent inference theory

people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.

arousal theory

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal (increase/decrease accordingly)

constancy

perceive certain characteristics of objects to remain the same despite diff in envrm

components of social perception

perceiver target situation

subliminal perception

perception of stim below given threshold threshold of conscious perception

social support (+categories x5)

perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network health benefits 1. emotional 2. esteem 3. material 4. informational 5. network support

high rate psych disorders in us (8)

phobia social anxiety major depressive alcoholism PTSD generalized anxiety panic disorder bipolar

language components x5

phonology morphology semantics syntax pragmatics

dysthymia

persistent depressive disorder depressed mood isn't severe enough to meet criteria of major depressive episode

obsessions

persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses produce tension OCD

target (social perception)

person about which the perception is made

hypnosis

person appears to be in control of his normal functions, but is in highly suggestible state easy succumb to suggestions of others --> pain control, memory enhancement, weight loss, etc. hypnotic induction

anticipatory socialization

person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, relationships ex) couple living together to prep for marriage

role partner

person w/ whom one is interacting

ego-synntonic vs. ego-dystonic

personality disorders indiv perceives her behavior as normal, correct vs. indiv sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome

visual pathways

physical anatomical connections b/w eye and brain + flow visual info along these connections

proximity - interpersonal attraction

physically close to someone convenience mere exposure effect familiarity effect

3 elements of emotion

physiological response behavioral response cognitive response

melatonin

pineal gland regulates circadian rhythms decrease light --> retina --> hypothalamus --> pineal gland -- melatonin released

parallel play (+age)

play alongside children w/out infl social development, 2 yrs

self (Jung)

point of intersection b/w collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind strives for unity mandala symbol: reconciler of opposites and promotor of harmony

polygamy (male vs. female)

polygyny: male exclusive relationships w/ multiple females polyandry: female exclusive relationships w/ multiple males

statuses

positions in society that are used to classify indivs requires other statuses to compare to

pull vs. push factors

positive attributes of new location attract immigrants vs. negative attributes of old location encourage immigrant to leave --> migration rates

delusions of grandeur

positive symptom, schizo also common in bipolar I belief person remarkable in some significant way ex) inventor, historical figure, religious icon, etc.

delusions of reference

positive symptom, schizo belief common element in the envrm directed toward the individual ex) TV characters talking directly to you

delusions of persecution

positive symptom, schizo belief that the person is being deliberately interfered w/, discriminated against, threatened, etc.

delusions (+types x3)

positive symptom, schizo false beliefs discordant w/ reality and not shared by others in culture maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary types: reference, persecution, grandeur

disorganized behavior

positive symptom, schizo inability to carry out activities of daily living ex) can't pay bills, maintain hygiene, keep apts, etc.

disorganized thought

positive symptom, schizo loosening of associations speech in which ideas shift one subject to another that the listener would be unable to follow the train of thought word salad, neologisms

catatonia

positive symptom, schizo motor behavior spontaneous movement reduced or rigid posture or useless/bizarre movement not caused by external stimuli ex) echolalia, echopraxi

hallucinations + 3 types

positive symptom, schizo perceptions not due to external stimuli, but compelling sense of reality 1. most common = auditory 2. visual/tactile = drug use/withdrawal 3. olfactory/gustatory = pre-seizure ex) voices inside/outside head

left vs. right prefrontal cortex (emotion)

positive vs. negative emotion

priming

recall aid y first being presented w/ a word that is close to desired semantic memory

social factors infl prejudice (x3)

power prestige class

theocracy

power held by relig leaders

social exclusion

powerlessness when poor segregated from society can create further isolation

stereotype threat

ppl concerned about confirming negative stereotype causing reduced performance can cause self-fulfilling prophecy

reciprocal liking - interpersonal attraction

ppl like others better when they believe the other person likes them

children mimic who?

ppl like them same-sex siblings parents teachers, etc.

social facilitation

ppl perform better on simple tasks when others are around ppl exhibit a performance response when they know they're being watched

social class

ppl similar socioeconomic position in society

preconventional morality Kohlber

preadolescence consequences of moral choice 1. obedience: avoid punish 2. self-interest: gain reward instrumental relativist stage: b/c reciprocity and sharing

L-DOPA

precursor converted to dopamine once in the brain replacing what's lost due to Parkinson's (other attempt regenerate dopaminergic neurons w/ stem cells)

babbling

precursor to language even deaf children 9-12 months

preparedness (animals)

predisposition of animals to learn behaviors that coincide w/ their natural behaviors or hard to teach animals behaviors that work against their natural instincts

frontal lobe (x3 imp included)

prefrontal lobe + motor cortex + Broca's area

stage 1 (demographic transition)

preindustrial society birth and death rates high

discrimination

prejudicial attitudes lead to diff treatment -- behavior

symbolic thinking

preoperational stage, Piaget ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have imagination

egocentrism (+stage)

preoperational stage, Piaget inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

centration (+aka)

preoperational stage, Piaget tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon or inability to understand the concept of conservation ex) number of slices of pizza, not size

psychological types of stressors (x5)

pressure control predictability frustration conflict

urban decay vs. urban renewal

previously functional portion of city deteriorates vs. city land reclaimed and renovated for public/private use i.e. gentrification

admiration stereotype (warmth, competence, status, competitive,+ exs)

pride warmth: high competence: high high status, not competitive ex) in-group, close allies

moro reflex

primitive reflex abrupt move head = fling out arms, slow retract arms + cry (prevent fall out of trees) stay past 1 yr = developmental difficulties

rooting reflex

primitive reflex automatic turn head direction of cheek stimulus (ie nipple during feed)

grasping reflex

primitive reflex close fingers around object placed in hand

Babinski reflex

primitive reflex toes spread apart when foot sole stimulated

social movements -- proactive vs. reactive

proactive vs. reactive: promote/reist social change relative deprivation motivates vs. work against perceived social injustices

fluid vs. crystallized intelligence

problem solving skills, peak early adulthood vs. learned skills/knowledge, peak middle adulthood both decline w/ age

central vs. peripheral (sensory stimuli involvement)

process how react sensory stimuli vs. collecting sensory info how respond to stimuli

confabulation

process of creating vivd but fabricated memories to fill in gaps of missing memories

retrieval

process of demonstrating something that has been learned has been retained recall/recognize/relearning

socialization

process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs views of society become accepted viewpoints and generally adopted by the indv w/ it

secondary socialization

process of learning appropriate behavior w/in smaller sections of larger society outside of the home learning the rules of specific social envrm adolescents and adults move to new region, change schools/professions ex) thrive in school

encoding

process put new info into memory

perception

process sensation info linked to experience and biases sensations =, but perceptions vary

biological influences in depression (x4)

prod decreased, not degrading - high glucose metabolism in amygdala - hippocampal atrophy - high glucocorticoids (cortisol) - low norephinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

ciliary body

produces aqueous humor bathes contraction under parasympathetic control accommodation

thematic apperception test

projection, defense mechanisms A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Rorschach inkblot test

projection, defense mechanisms assumes: client projects his unconscious feelings onto the shape

kinesthetic sense

proprioception ability to tell where on'e body is in space

tel-encephalon

pros-encephalon, forebrain = cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

di-encephalon

pros-encephalon, forebrain = thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland

ego-defensive function (attitude)

protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong ex) child hard time w/ math --> develop negative attitude toward the subject

knowledge function (attitude)

provides consistency and stability provide orgnz to thoughts and experiences knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior ex) politically active then vote

Carl Jung

psychoanalytic theory interpersonal, sociological infl libido as psychic energy in general, not just sexuality

object relations theory

psychodynamic theories of personality object = representation of parents based on subjective experiences during infancy views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

schizophrenia (how long)

psychotic disorder continuous signs of disturbance for at least 6mo 1mo active symptoms

genital stage Freud

puberty-adult enter normal heterosexual relationship

motivation

purpose, driving force behind our actions

social loafing

put in less effort when in group setting than indv

meditation (resembles what)

quieting of mind for some purpose decreased heart rate and blood pressure on EEG resemble stage 1 sleep with theta and slow alpha waves

regional cerebral blood flow

rCBF noninvasive --> CT, PET, MRIs detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain inhale harmless radioactive gas

social inequality most pronounced

racial and ethnic minorities female-headed fams elderly

racial formation theory

racial identity fluid dependent on concurrent political, econ, and social factors

delirium

rapid fluctuation in cognitive function reversible caused by medical causes: electrolyte/pH disturb

bureaucracy (+6chrs)

rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control 6 chrs: paid, nonelected officials officials provided rights/priv as a result of holding office regular salary increases seniority rights hold adv degree procedure rigidly defined by the orgz responsibility for meeting demands --> slow change

Wernicke's aphasia

receptive aphasia speak nonsensical sounds and inappropriate word combo devoid of meaning believe speak/understand normal

merkle cells/discs

receptor, somatosensation respond to deep pressure + texture

pacinian corpuscles

receptor, somatosensation respond to deep pressure + vibration

free nerve endings

receptor, somatosensation respond to pain + temp

ruffini endings

receptor, somatosensation respond to stretch

meissner corpuscles

receptor, somatosensation responds to light touch

How is reflex arc helpful when action is needed asap before the brain can respond. For example stepping on nail

receptors in the foot send pain signal via sensory neurons that travel through spinal cord and connect with interneurons that will send info to brain. However, instead of waiting for the brain to send out a signal, the interneurons also send signals to the muscles of both legs to that response to pain is faster

dishabituation

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred usually second stim intro late into habituation

depressants

reduce nervous system activity --> relaxation and reduced anxiety alcohol

homeostasis

regulation of internal envrm to maintain optimal stable set of conditions negative feedback control

neural tube

remainder of neurulation furrow closes --> CNS alar plate + basal plate

prospective memory

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future remains mostly intact when event-based, but time-based does decline w/ age

habituation

repeated exposure to stimulus causes a decrease in response

panic disorder

repeated panic attacks symptoms common even after treatment --> treat long time often accompany by agoraphobia excessive activation of sympathetic nervous system - autonomic overdrive

maintenance rehearsal

repetition of a piece of info to keep it w/in working memory

compulsions

repetitive tasks OCD

list of defense mechanisms

repression suppression regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement sublimation

contemptuous stereotype (warmth, competence, status, competitive + exs)

resentment, annoyance, anger warmth: low competence: low low status, competitive ex) poor ppl, welfare recipients

catch trials

response bias signal is presented

noise trails

response bias signal not presented

correct negatives (noise trials)

response bias, catch/noise trials subject correctly identifies that no signal was given

hits (noise trials)

response bias, catch/noise trials subject correctly perceives the signal

misses

response bias, catch/noise trials subject fails to perceive the signal high = bias

false alarms (bias, signals)

response bias, catch/noise trials subject perceives a signal when none was give high = bias

stress

response to challenging events

duplexity/duplicity theory of vision

retina = rods + cones

recall

retrieval and statement of previously learned info easier than recall** (multiple choice vs. fill in the blank)

serial position effect

retrieval cue learning lists higher recall first and last few items on list

context effects

retrieval cue memory aid by being in physical location where encoding took place

state-dependent memory

retrieval cue person's mental state affects recall info learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in same state of mind ex) being in a bad mood primes negative memories which sustain the bad mood

interference

retrieval error caused by existence of other/similar info classify by direction

myel-encephalon

rhomb-encephalon, hindbrain = medulla oblongata

met-encephalon

rhomb-encephalon, hindbrain = pons + cerebellum

prosody

rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices pragmatics

monarchies

royal ruler

downward drift hypothesis

schizophrenia causes a decline in socioeconomic status this leads to worsening symptoms sets up negative spiral for patient toward poverty and psychosis

olfactory receptors

sensory receptors respond to volatile compounds (smell)

attachment styles

secure avoidant ambivalent disorganized

foraging (+bits + cognitive skillsx3)

seeking out and eating food driven by biopsychosoc hypothalamus (LH, CMH) genetics cognitive skills: spacial awareness, decision-making, learned behavior in some

impression bias

selection of cues to form interpretations of others hold consistent over time perceiver begins categorizing target supports primacy efect **

cocktail party phenomenon

selective attention Talking with a friend and you hear your name from across the room, your attention moves to wherever you heard your name involuntarily.

in-group vs. out-group

sense of belonging, identify as a member vs. individual doesn't identify favoritism for in group --> negative out group

taste chemoreceptors

sensitive to dissolved compounds taste buds found on papillae

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

circular reactions (primary vs. secondary)

sensorimotor stage, Piaget primary: repetition of a body move that originally occurred by chance b/c soothing (suck thumb) secondary: manipulation focused on something outside the body b/c feedback (throw toys highchair)

sensorium

sensory environment

vestibulocochlear nerve

sensory for balance and hearing carry to CNS

types of memory storage

sensory memory short-term memory working memory long-term memory

thermoreceptors

sensory receptors respond to changes in temp (thermosensation)

taste receptors

sensory receptors respond to dissolved compounds (taste)

photoreceptors

sensory receptors respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)

hair cells

sensory receptors respond to move of fluid in inner ear stereocilia on surface sway and open ion channels changing receptor potential tonotopically organized - pitch (hearing, rotational/linear acceleration)

osmoreceptors

sensory receptors respond to osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

nociceptors

sensory receptors respond to painful/noxious stimuli vary greatly person to person (somatosensation)

elaboration likelihood model

separates indv on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive info elaborate extensively/think deeply vs. focus on superficial details **

primary and recency effect

serial position effect - retrieval cue tendency to remember early and late items on a list

role

set of beliefs, vales, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

personality

set of thoughts, feelings, traits, behaviors characteristic of an individual across time and location how we act/react vs. identity= who we are

implicit personality theory

sets of assumptions pp, make about how diff types of ppl, their traits, and their behavior are related

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

severed afferent nerves cats - sever feedback not alter emotion cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in behavioral component of action ex) I am afraid b/c I see a snake and my heart is racing. I need to leave. prob: doesn't explain vagus nerve 1. nervous system arousal + conscious emotion 2. action

depressive disorders

severity and duration requirements general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

gonads

sex glands of body (ovaries/testes) high produce sex hormones (testosterone/estrogen) increase libido

sulci

shallow grooves that separate gyri in cerebral cortex

ethnic identity

share common ancestry, cultural heritage, language studies on racism

cultural syndrome

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values and behavior among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme infl display rules

mass hysteria

shared, intense concern about the threats to society groupthink lead to shared delusion

self-disclosure - interpersonal attraction

sharing fears, thoughts, goals w/ another and being met w/ nonjudgemental empathy must be reciprocal b/c vulnteraility

McDonaldization

shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societites

sleep spindles

short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep

heuristics

simplified principles used to make decisions rules of thumb availability and representativeness

cognitive dissonance

simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions --> internal discomfort anxiety, fear, anger, confusion reduce via change one of the dissonant thoughts (identity shift effect)

parallel processing

simultaneously analyze and combine info shape/color/motion compare to memory feature detection ex) see car know car

androgyny vs undifferentiated

simultaneously very masculine and very feminine vs. low scores on both scales

dictatorship

single person hold power usually includes mech to quell threats to this power

parasomnias

sleep disorder abnormal movements/behaviors during sleep - NREM night terrors, sleepwalking

dyssomnias

sleep disorder difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, avoid sleep insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea

REM rebound

sleep normally after sleep deprivation earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep compared to normal

somnambulism

sleepwalking parasomnia SWS, okay to quietly wake or guide back to bed no knowledge when wake

ethnic enclaves

slows assimilation locations w/ high concentration of one specific ethnicity ex) little italy

religion (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: life/death, meaning of suffering, connect creator - status: priest, convert, etc. - value: God, holy texts - norms: follow teachings, go services, etc.

economy (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: organize $ - status: worker, advertiser - value: make $, prod efficient - norms: max profit, customer always right, hard work

family (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: repro, protect children - status: father, son, etc. - value: respect parents, provide for kids, sexual fidelity - norms: faithful to spouse, having as many kids as desired

government (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: social order, law - status: president, voter, etc. - value: transparency, professionalism, etc. - norms: act best interest constiituents

education (needs, status, value, norms)

social institution - needs met: transmit knowl/skill across generations - status: teacher, student, dean - value: academic honesty, good grades - norms: do hw, prepare lecture

spacial inequality

social stratification across territories and their pops

domestic violence

spousal abuse across social classes #1 cause of injury to American women drug abuse, alcoholism

slow-wave sleep

stage 3 and 4, delta waves deep deep sleep slower EEG low frequency, high voltage release growth hormone

sleep

state of consciousness EEG: beta, alpha, theta, delta, REM (90 min cycles) (BAT-D) circadian rhythms dreaming disorders

alertness

state of consciousness awake and able to think perceive, process, access, express info cortisol high prefrontal cortex + reticular formation damage: coma

demographics

statistics of a population mathematical applications of sociology ex) age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status,

master status

status by which a person is most identified can be pigeonholing

cortisol

steroid hormone produced in adrenal cortex sleep-wake cycle, wakefulness increase morning increase light --> CRF (hypothalamus) --> ACTH (anterior pituitary) --> cortisol release

James-Lange theory of emotion

stim results first in physiological arousal --> secondary response in which the emotion is labeled ex) i must be angry b/c my blood pressure is high shown to be false: ppl no sympathetic response still show emotion 1. nervous system arousal 2. conscious emotion

cocaine (+physio + psych + withdrawal)

stimulant decrease reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin anesthetic + vasoconstrictive properties --> vascularized surgeries (nose/throat) crack = smokable quick effect - highly addictive --> stroke + brain damage physio: reduced appetite, decrease need for sleep, increase heart rate + blood pressure psych: euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia withdrawal: depression, fatigue, irritability

amphetamines (how + physio + psych + withrdrawal + leads to)

stimulant increases arousal via increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at synapse decrease reuptake physio: reduced appetite, decrease need for sleep, increase heart rate + blood pressure psych: euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, delusions of grandeur, paranoia withdrawal: depression, fatigue, irritability --> stroke + brain damage

social readjustment rating scale

stress level can be measured in "life change units" Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events (SRRS).

eustress

stressor, result of positive conditions ex) marriage, buy house, etc. still adapt lifestyle

morphology

structure of words morphemes = building blocks of words

neuropsychology

study of functions + behaviors associated w/ specific regions of the brain

functionalism = functional analysis

study of structure and function of each part of society view society as living organism - parts must work together in harmony function vs. dysfunctions ill person = deviant

symbolic interactions

study ways indvs interact through shared understanding of words, gestures, symbols symbols (things to which we attach meaning): key to understand how we view the world and communicate

counterculture

subculture gravitates toward identity that is at odds w/ the majority culture deliberately opposes prevailing social norms

cognitive appraisal

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress primary + secondary + reappraisal

cognitive response (emotion)

subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced determination of emotion infl by memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of emotion

active phase (schizo)

symptomatic behavior when onset of symptoms is sudden/intense prognosis is better follows prodromal phase

social structure

system of ppl w/in a society orgz by a characteristic pattern of relationships

simple vs. complex tasks

tasks one is already good at vs. less familiar takss

taste pathway

taste buds --> brainstem --> taste center (thalamus) --> etc.

teacher expectancy

teachers tend to get what they expect from students

auditory cortex

temporal lobe sound processing: speech, music, etc.

interpret facial expressions (where, who)

temporal lobe (+ little occipital) lateralized (right > left) women > men adults > children

group polarization

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any one member of the group --> higher risk or more cautious decisions risky shift = choice shift ex) social media

response bias

tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonesnory factors catch trials + noise trials --> hits, misses, false alarms, correct negatives signal detection theory

nonmaleficence

tenet of medical ethics do no harm responsibility avoid treatment in which potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

beneficence

tenet of medical ethics physician has responsibility to act in the patient's best interest

respect for patient autonomy

tenet of medical ethics responsibility respect patients' decisions about their own healthcare

justice

tenet of medical ethics responsibility to treat sim patients w/ sim care distribute resources fairly

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus and anterior pituitary and pineal glands

neuroplasticity

the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma children especially

alcohol myopia

the inability to think about consequences and possible outcomes of one's actions due to alcohol intoxication

relative deprivation

the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself

optic chiasm

the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing contains fibers crossing from the nasal side of the retina/temporal visual fields of both eyes

role-taking

the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view playing house or school

vestibular sense

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

cultural diffision

the spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

reliance on central traits

the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

meninges

thick sheath of connective tissue covering the brain protect brain + keep anchored w/in skull + resorb cerebrospinal fluid 3 layers: dura, arachnoid, pia

positive symptoms (schizophrenia) (ex, 4)

thoughts/feelings added to normal behavior ex) 4. delusions, 1. disorganized thought, 2. catatonic behavior 3. psychotic + disorganized dimension

monamine (or) catecholamine theory of depression

too much norepinephrine + serotonin in synapse --> mania too little --> depression

inductive reasoning

top down reasoning create a theory via generalizations starts w/ specific instances and draws conclusions from

adrenal glands

top of kidneys --> adrenal medulla + adrenal cortex

deductive reasoning

top-down start from set of rules and draw conclusions from info given ex) logic puzzle

Allport

trait theorist cardinal + central + secondary traits functional autonomy

sensation

transduction convert physical/auditory/envrm inputs --> electrical signals in nervous system PNS --> CNS raw signal, unprocessed

verbal communication

transmission of info via use words - spoken, written, signed, braile heavily depends on nonverbal

placenta -to fetus (x3) -to mom (x2)

transmits food, o2, water to fetus returns w/ water and waste to mom

vitreous

transparent gel supports retina behind the lens

problem-solving approaches x4

trial-and-error algorithms deductive reasoning inductive reasoning

problem-solving method of learning (ppl?)

trial-and-error approach humans and chimps avoid, prefer step back observe situation before taking decisive action

availability heuristic

try to decide how likely something is rules of them imagine similar situations pick familiar sounding things b/c they sound familiar

group

two or more ppl who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity

Myers-Brigg Type Inventory (ex of)

type+trait personality

Type A/B

type+trait personality A: competitive, compulsive b) laid back, relaxed

Big 5 (PEN)

type+trait personality expansion of PEN OCEAN openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism

type and trait perspectives on personality

type: create taxonomy of personality types trait: describe indv personality as sum of person's characteristic behavior

Pavlov's experiment

unconditioned stim: meat undconditioned response: salivate neutral stim: ring bell --> ring bell = salivate conditioned stim: ring bell conditioned response: hear bell and salivate

Vygotsky cultural and biosocial development

understanding cognitive development drive: child's internalization of various aspects of culture - rules, symbols, lang, etc. zone of proximal development

environmental injustice

uneven distrib on envrm hazards in community lower-income neighborhoods may lack the social/political power to prevent placement on envrm hazard in their neighborhood

neurocognitive models of dreaming

unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming correlating subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming w/ measurable physiological changes

body dysmorphic disorder

unrealistic negative evaluation of his personal appearance and attractiveness usually directed toward specific body part disrupts day-to-day life ocd

olfactory chemoreceptors

upper nasal cavity chemical stimuli bind to cause signal

urban areas and suburbs

urban: more diverse econ opportunities, more ability for social mobility, more low-income racial minority neighborhoods (than rural) suburbs: due in part to limited mobility of lower-income groups in urban centers **

distinctiveness cues

use similar behavior in similar situations --> situational (if differs)

endocrine system (+links + speed)

uses hormones through blood slower than nervous system hypothalamus links to nervous

base rate fallacy

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information representativeness heuristic

child abuse

usually neglect, although physical, sexual, psychological also common mandated reporter

nondominant hemisphere (visual/auditory/lang/move/spatial)

usually right intuition, creativity, music, spatial processing holistic image and emotional tone of language visual: faces auditory: music lang: emotions move: dne spatial: geometry, sense of direction

role set

various roles associated w/ a statuts

auditory pathways

vestibulocochlear nerve --> brainstem --> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamas --> audiorty cortex (temporal lobe) + superior olive + inferior colliculus

deviance

violation of norms, rules, expectations w/in society ex) jaywalking to murder

neutral stimuli

vs. unconditioned stimuli don't produce a reflexive response

intragenerational vs. intrergenerational

w/in a person's lifetime vs. parents to children

behavioral component of attitude

way a person acts w/ respect to something

affective component of attitude

way a person feels toward something and is the emotional component of attitude

cognitive component of attitude

way an indiv thinks about something, which is usually the justification for affective and behavioral compents

learning

way in which we acquire new behaviors

locus of control

way we characterize the influences in our lives internal locus of control: view self as control own fate external: events caused luck/outside influences

gestalt principles

ways for brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

social interaction

ways in which 2 or more indvs can both shape each other's behavior group processes and estb of culture

social cognition

ways in which ppl think about others and how these ideas impact behavior attitudes impact behavior

cluster A (personality disorder)

weird paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid odd or eccentric by others

social institutions

well-established social structures dictate certain patterns of behavior accepted as fundamental part of culture

value

what a person deems imp in life dictates ethical principals and stnds of behavior

blind spot

where optic nerve leaves the eye no photoreceptors

sclera

white of the eye, doesn't cover cornea

tactical self

who the person actually is positive + negative attributes impression management

authentic self

who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others' expectations of us impression management //ought self

mores

widely observed social norms

cluster B (personality disorders)

wild antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic dramatic, emotional, erratic by others

healthcare access women, sexual orientation

women better access and utilize more resources than men LGBT barriers to care

cluster c (personality disorders)

worried avoidant, dependent, OCPD anxious or fearful by others

poverty and health outcomes

worse decreased life expectancy higher rates of life-shortening diseases higher rates of suicide and homicide higher infant mortality rates