McGraw Hill Learn Smart Chapter 14 BLOOD

Oxyhemoglobin appears _____ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _____.

bright red, dark red

Red blood cells lack a nucleus. Which cell function is most dramatically affected by this?

cell division

Red blood cells are biconcave in shape. List three advantages that this shape confers upon the RBCs

cell membrane is close to hemoglobin molecules cells can readily squeeze through narrow capillaries increased surface area for diffusion of gases

Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as

erythrocytes

Which term refers to red blood cells?

erythrocytes

Which component of blood transports gases?

erythrocytes (Red blood cells)

Name the process of red blood cell formation that occurs in bone marrow

erythropoiesis

In a fetus, the process of occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and spleen. After birth, this process occurs in the red bone marrow. (Use physiological terminology.)

erythropoiesis OR hematopoiesis

The hormone ______ controls the rate of red blood cell formation through a negative feedback mechanism.

erythropoietin

In low oxygen conditions, the kidneys secrete the hormone , which functions to increase red blood cell production.

erythropoietin OR EPO

Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______

four globin chains and four heme groups

Since mature red blood cells lack mitochondria, they produce ATP only through

glycolysis

Iron is critical for the synthesis of , the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

hemoglobin

In red blood cells, ATP _

is produced only through glycolysis

The technical term for a white blood cell is

leukocytes

When microorganisms invade tissues, leukocytes release chemicals that ______, producing swelling that delays the spread of pathogens to other areas of the body.

make small blood vessels more permeable

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include and

monocytes AND lymphocytes

he hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through feedback mechanisms.

negative

A multilobed nucleus is typical of which leukocyte?

neutrophil

An anemic person may appear pale and lack energy due to the reduced -carrying capacity of the blood.

oxygen

Reductions in red blood cell count may affect health by altering the blood's __

oxygen-carrying capacity

Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix, called

plasma

An excessive increase in red blood cells, called ______, may occur in emphysema when the decreased surface area of the lung results in limited gas exchange.

polycythemia

Cancer can be a cause of , an excessive increase in red blood cells.

polycythemia

Which situation would reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen?

reduced red blood cell count

Which characteristic of red blood cells allows oxygen to more easily reach hemoglobin molecules within the cytoplasm?

the biconcave shape

Red blood cells are red because they contain an abundance of the pigment protein called

Hemoglobin

The protein found within red blood cells that functions to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide is

Hemoglobin

Which three of the following are characteristics of sickle cell disease?

Hemoglobin changes shape under low oxygen conditions. Sickled cells block circulation in small vessels. It is caused by a mutation in the DNA that codes for hemoglobin.

White blood cells called migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other

Monocytes

Under what conditions does the rate of erythropoiesis increase?

Oxygen levels in blood decrease

The disease involving abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to elongate into crescent shapes and become fragile under conditions of low blood oxygen levels is called______________disease.

Sickle cell disease

Which is a characteristic of red blood cells?

They have no nucleus

List three characteristics of erythrocytes (red blood cells).

They lack mitochondria, They are biconcave discs, They are specialized for carrying oxygen.

Abnormal red blood cell counts (RBCCs) have which consequence on health?

altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood

A deficiency of red blood cells or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called

anemia

Sometimes vegetarians don't take in enough dietary iron. This could cause a condition called iron-deficiency _____

anemia