Measures of Mortality (Research 3)
Formula: Case Fatality Rate
(Deaths from certain disease in specific time & place) / (Number of those having the same disease in the same time and place) X 100
Formula of IMR
IMR= Total deaths under one year of age during a given time interval / Total live births during same time interval X1000
Formula of PNMR
PNMR= Total deaths 28 days to less than | year during a given time interval / Total live births during same time interval (X1000 )
Cause-specific death rate
The cause-specific mortality rate is a mortality rate from a specified cause for a population. The value of 10" can be 100,000 or more or less
Common multiplier of Mortality rates
Values of 1,000 and 100,000 are both used for 10" in most types of mortality rates.
age-specific death rate (ASDR)
mortality limited to a particular age group. The *Numerator* is the number of deaths in that age group; The *Denominator* is the number of persons in the specified age group in the population.
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births Is a specific mortality indicator. Measures the *mortality associated with pregnancy, delivery and puerperium.* Indicator for the status of maternal health and services.
Formula of mortality rate
*Mortality Rate* = (Deaths occurring during a given period of time) / (Size of the population among which the deaths occurred) X 10n
Commonly Used Mortality Rates and Ratios
1. *Crude Death rates* 2.* Age specific death rates* - Infant Mortality Rate - Neonatal Mortality Rate - Post-neonatal mortality rate - Child mortality rate 3. *Sex-specific mortality rate* 4. *Maternal mortality RATIO* 5. *Cause specific mortality rate* 6. *Case-fatality rate* 7. *Proportionate mortality rate*
sex-specific death rate (SSDR)
A sex-specific mortality rate is a mortality rate among either males or females. BOTH numerator and denominator are* limited to one sex.*
Formula of Cause-specific death rate
CSDR = Number of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval/ Mid-year population X 10n (100,000)
Formula of Crude Death Rate
Crude death rate = : Number of deaths in certain population in a year and locality X 1000 / Midyear population in the same year and locality
Child Mortality Rate
Defined as the number of deaths at *ages 1-4 years* in a certain year, per 1000 children in that age group at the same year. It thus excludes infant mortality. Related to: - insufficient nutrition - low coverage by immunization (infections) - adverse environmental exposure (poor hygiene, injuries) -other exogenous agents (economic, educational and cultural characteristics of the family).
Case Fatality Rate
Is a PROPORTION requires that deaths in the numerator be limited to the cases in the denominator. This rate can be used to Measure PATHOGENICITY and VIRULENCE of agent causing disease →is More appropriate to acute conditions
Formula of MMR (maternal mortality ratio)
MMR = Deaths due to pregnancy, delivery, puerperium and associated conditions / Total number of live births X 10" (100,000)
What is a mortality rate?
Morality or death rates are actually* incidence rates * but refer to the process of dying rather than the process of becoming ill.
Uses of mortality Data
Mortality data *relatively easy to obtain*, and in many countries are *reasonably accurate*. Statistics on causes of death are important and widely *used for a number of purposes:* - Explaining* trends* in overall mortality. - Indicating *priorities for health action and the allocation of resources*. - Designing *intervention programs. * - *Assessment and monitoring of public health problems and programs.*
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Mortality for all infants UNDER age of 1 years old one of the most commonly used measures that *reflect the social and health conditions of the country* .IMR= Total deaths under *one year of age* during a given time interval/ Total live births during same time interval X 1000 → The infant mortality rate is expressed per 1,000 live births.
Formula of NMR
NMR= Total deaths under 28 days of age during a given time interval/ Total live births during same time interval X1000
Crude Death Rate
NOT a sensitive indicator of mortality IS the mortality rate for ALL causes of death in a population It is calculated based on total population (REGARDLESS of age, sex, etc)→ *is the Limitation*
Formula for Proportionate mortality rate
Proportionate mortality rate= Deaths from a given cause in a year and in a given locality / Deaths from all causes during the same year and locality x100
Formula of SSDR
SSDR= Total number of deaths of a certain sex during a year and in a given locality / Total number of population of the same sex in the same year and locality X 1000
neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
The neonatal period is defined as the period from* birth to less than 28 days of age*. It is used an *indicator for maternity care.*
Post-neonatal mortality rate
The post-neonatal period is defined as the *period from 28 days of age to less than 1 yea! of age* The rate is usually expressed per 1,000 live births
Formula of Child mortality Rate (CMR)
Total number of child deaths (1- 4 year) in a certain year and locality/ Mid- year number of children aged 1- 4 years in the same year and locality X 1000 = ..... Deaths/1000 children aged 1-4 years
Time frame of Mortality Rate
When mortality rates are based on vital statistics (counts of death certificates), the denominator most commonly used is the *size of the population at the middle of time period. * E.g. if death rate is to be calculated for the year 1973, then the population of July 1, 1973 is used for the denominator.
Definition of Mortality Rate
measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.
Proportionate mortality rate
proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time attributable to different causes. Each cause is expressed as a PERCENTAGE of all deaths. The sum of causes MUST add up to 100% The proportions are NOT true rates since the denominator is not the population, but all deaths.