Med Surg Cardiac Quiz
A nurse has administered sublingual nitroglycerin. Which parameter should the nurse use to determine the effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin? Relief of anginal pain Improved cardiac output Decreased blood pressure Dilation of superficial blood vessels
Answer: Relief of anginal pain Rationale: Cardiac nitrates relax smooth muscles of the coronary arteries; they dilate and deliver more blood to heart muscle, relieving ischemic pain. Although cardiac output may improve because of improved oxygenation of the myocardium, improved cardiac output is not a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin. Although dilation of blood vessels and a subsequent drop in blood pressure is a reason why IV nitroglycerin may be administered, decreased blood pressure is not the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin, which is indicated for pain relief. Although superficial vessels dilate, lowering the blood pressure and creating a flushed appearance, dilation of superficial blood vessels is not the basis for evaluating the drug's effectiveness.
A client's serum potassium level has increased to 5.8 mEq/L (5.8 mmol/L). What action should the nurse implement first? Call the laboratory to repeat the test. Take vital signs and notify the healthcare provider. Inform the cardiac arrest team to place them on alert. Take an electrocardiogram and have lidocaine available.
Answer: Take vital signs and notify the healthcare provider. Rationale: Vital signs monitor cardiorespiratory status; hyperkalemia causes cardiac dysrhythmias. The healthcare provider should be notified because medical intervention may be necessary. A repeat laboratory test will take time and probably reaffirm the original results; the client needs immediate attention. The cardiac arrest team is always on alert and will respond when called for a cardiac arrest. Taking an electrocardiogram and having lidocaine available are insufficient interventions.
A nurse is preparing medications. Which client's health problem motivates the nurse to question a prescription for a beta blocker? Coronary artery disease Essential hypertension Acute heart failure Sinus tachycardia
Answer: Acute heart failure Rationale: Beta blockers reduce cardiac output and must be started slowly, so they are contraindicated for clients with acute heart failure. Beta blockers are used to treat coronary artery disease because they decrease myocardial oxygen demand by reducing peripheral resistance and cardiac contractility. Beta blockers are used to treat essential hypertension because they cause vasodilation and decrease cardiac contractility. Beta blockers lower heart rate.
A client returns from a cardiac catheterization procedure and is to remain in the supine position for 4 hours with the affected leg straight. What are these measures intended to prevent? Orthostatic hypotension Headache with disorientation Bleeding at the arterial puncture site Infiltration of radiopaque dye into tissue
Answer: Bleeding at the arterial puncture site Rationale: Bed rest with immobilization of the leg promotes coagulation and healing at the puncture site of the femoral artery. In the absence of bleeding and the presence of adequate fluid replacement, a cardiac catheterization does not cause orthostatic hypotension. Headache with disorientation is not expected after a cardiac catheterization. A small amount of radiopaque dye is injected (via the catheter) directly into the heart, where the blood dilutes it; it does not create a problem at the puncture site.
Two hours after a cardiac catheterization that was accessed through the right femoral route, an adult client complains of numbness and pain in the right foot. What action should the nurse take first? Call the primary healthcare provider. Check the client's pedal pulses. Take the client's blood pressure. Recognize the response is expected.
Answer: Check the client's pedal pulses. Rationale: These symptoms are associated with compromised arterial perfusion. A thrombus is a complication of a femoral arterial cardiac catheterization and must be suspected in the absence of a pedal pulse in the extremity below the entry site. A circulatory assessment should be conducted first; the primary healthcare provider may or may not need to be notified immediately concerning the results of the assessment. Taking the client's blood pressure is unnecessary; the symptoms indicate a local peripheral problem, not a systemic or cardiac problem. These symptoms are not expected.
A client with an inferior myocardial infarction has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. Which goal achievements are priority? Increase left ventricular filling and improve cardiac output Decrease oxygen needs of the vital organs and prevent cardiac dysrhythmias Decrease the workload on the heart and promote maximum coronary artery filling Increase venous return to the right atrium and increase pulmonary arterial blood flow
Answer: Decrease the workload on the heart and promote maximum coronary artery filling Rationale: With a myocardial infarction, circulation of blood to cardiac muscle is reduced, depriving it of oxygen; therefore the oxygen demands of the body need to be decreased to reduce stress on the heart and reduce cardiac output. Increased coronary artery filling allows more blood and therefore oxygen to reach cardiac muscle; this increases myocardial efficiency. Increasing left ventricular filling increases the workload of the heart. Oxygenation of vital organs must be maintained. Decreasing oxygen to vital organs of the body may interfere with their ability to function. Increasing venous return to the right atrium increases the workload of the heart.
When obtaining a health history, the nurse is informed that a client has been taking digoxin. What therapeutic effect of digoxin does the nurse expect? Decreased cardiac output Decreased stroke volume of the heart Increased contractile force of the myocardium Increased electrical conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node
Answer: Increased contractile force of the myocardium Rationale: Digoxin produces a positive inotropic effect that increases the strength of myocardial contractions and thus cardiac output. The positive inotropic effect of digoxin increases, not decreases, cardiac output. Digoxin increases the strength of myocardial contractions (positive inotropic effect) and slows the heart rate (negative chronotropic effect); these effects increase the stroke volume of the heart. Digoxin decreases the refractory period of the AV node and decreases conduction through the sinoatrial (SA) and AV nodes.
A client is admitted to the coronary care unit complaining of "viselike" chest pain radiating to the neck. Assessment reveals a blood pressure of 124/64 mm Hg, an irregular apical pulse of 64 beats per minute, and diaphoresis. Cardiac monitoring is instituted, and morphine sulfate 4 mg intravenous (IV) push stat is prescribed. What is the priority nursing care for this client? Relief of pain Client teaching Cardiac monitoring Maintenance of bed rest
Answer: Relief of pain Rationale: Unrelieved chest pain increases anxiety, fatigue, and myocardial oxygen consumption, with the possibility of extending the infarction. The client will not be ready for teaching until the chest pain is relieved. Cardiac monitoring is important, but it does not take priority over relieving the chest pain. Bed rest is necessary to decrease the workload of the heart, but decreasing the cardiac workload will be difficult to achieve unless the chest pain is relieved.
A client who is hospitalized after a myocardial infarction asks the nurse why morphine was prescribed. What will the nurse include in the reply? Decreases anxiety and promotes sleep Helps prevent development of atrial fibrillation Relieves pain and reduces cardiac oxygen demand Dilates coronary blood vessels to increase oxygen supply
Answer: Relieves pain and reduces cardiac oxygen demand Rationale: Morphine is a specific central nervous system depressant used to relieve the pain associated with myocardial infarction; it also decreases apprehension and reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing cardiac workload. Dilating coronary blood vessels is not the reason for the use of morphine. Decreasing anxiety and restlessness is not the primary reason for the use of morphine. Lidocaine is given intravenously to prevent fibrillation of the heart.
How should the nurse make the bed of a client who is in the acute phase after a myocardial infarction? Replace the top linen and only the necessary bottom linen. Lift the client from side to side while changing the bed linen. Change the linen from top to bottom without lowering the head of the bed. Slide the client onto a stretcher to remake the bed and then slide the client back to the bed.
Answer: Replace the top linen and only the necessary bottom linen. Rationale: Until a client's condition has reached some degree of stability after a myocardial infarction, routine activities such as changing sheets are avoided so that the client's movements will be minimized and the cardiac workload reduced. Lifting the client from side to side while changing the bed linen is contraindicated because it increases oxygen consumption and cardiac workload; also, it may strain the health team members who are lifting the client. Changing all the linen causes unnecessary movement, which increases oxygen demand and makes the heart work harder. Any activity is counterproductive to rest; rest must take precedence so that the cardiac workload is reduced.
A client with a long history of cardiovascular problems, including angina and hypertension, is scheduled to have a cardiac catheterization. During preprocedure teaching, what does the nurse explains to the client is the major purpose for catheterization? To obtain the pressures in the heart chambers To determine the existence of congenital heart disease To visualize the disease process in the coronary arteries To measure the oxygen content of various heart chambers
Answer: To visualize the disease process in the coronary arteries Rationale: Angina usually is caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries; the lumen of the arteries can be assessed by cardiac catheterization. Although pressures can be obtained, they are not the priority for this client; this assessment is appropriate for those with valvular disease. Determining the existence of congenital heart disease is appropriate for infants and young adults with cardiac birth defects. Measuring the oxygen content of various heart chambers is appropriate for infants and young children with suspected septal defects.
A nurse is teaching a group of clients about risk factors for heart disease. Which factors will the nurse include that increase a client's risk for a myocardial infarction (MI)? Select all that apply. Obesity Hypertension Diabetes insipidus Asian-American ancestry Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Answers: Obesity Hypertension Rationale: Obesity increases cardiac workload associated with vascular changes that lead to ischemia, which causes an MI. Hypertension damages blood vessels and increases peripheral resistance and cardiac workload, which may lead to an MI. Diabetes mellitus, not insipidus, is a risk factor for an MI. The risk is higher for African-Americans, not Asian-Americans. Increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), not HDL, increase the risk for heart disease.
A client is admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The nurse should monitor this client for which signs and symptoms associated with heart failure? Select all that apply. Weight loss Unusual fatigue Dependent edema Nocturnal dyspnea Increased urinary output
Answers: Unusual fatigue Dependent edema Nocturnal dyspnea Rationale: Unusual fatigue is attributed to inadequate perfusion of body tissues because of decreased cardiac output in response to cardiac ischemia; women more commonly report unusual fatigue than men. Dependent edema occurs with right ventricular failure because of hypervolemia. Dyspnea at night, which usually requires the assumption of the orthopneic position, is a sign of left ventricular failure. Orthopnea, a compensatory mechanism, limits venous return, which decreases pulmonary congestion and promotes ventilation, easing the dyspnea. Weight gain, not loss, occurs because of fluid retention. Urinary output decreases, not increases, with heart failure because the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system stimulate the retention of sodium and water in the kidneys.
A nurse is providing postprocedure care to a client who had a cardiac catheterization via a brachial artery. For the first hour after the procedure, what is the priority nursing intervention? Monitor the vital signs every 15 minutes Maintain the client in the supine position Keep the client's lower extremities in extension Administer the prescribed oxygen at 4 L/min via nasal cannula
Answers: Monitor the vital signs every 15 minutes Rationale: A cardiac catheterization may cause cardiac irritability; therefore the client's vital signs should be monitored every 15 minutes for 1 hour and then every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours until stable. The vital signs may then be monitored every 4 hours. When a brachial artery is used for catheter insertion, a low-Fowler, not supine, position usually is recommended because it promotes respirations. Keeping the client's lower extremities in extension is not necessary. A brachial, not femoral, artery was used for the catheter insertion. Although administering the prescribed oxygen at 4 L/min via nasal cannula may be done, it is not the priority. The client's response to the procedure is the priority.