Media Ethics Test 1

Historical Background for Privacy Law: _________, he was a Boston Attorney. The problem sensational stories had a appeared about Warren's social life (period of yellow journalism). Warren had a law partner names Louis D. Brandeis. These two men wrote and Article titles; The Right To Privacy. The article appeared in 1890 in ____________. The article denounced sensational journalism and said that people had a right to privacy BUT we did not get a privacy law until 1903. The law prohibited using a persons name or likeness in advertising without first getting the persons permission. You need to get the persons consent in writing.

Samuel D. Warren The Harvard Law Review

Various Ethical Issues Propaganda; to most people it has a negative meaning, but it can have a positive meaning. An organized ______ effort to persuade a mass audience primarily using the mass media. Ex: advertising PR efforts, national political election campaigns, the persuasive campaigns of some social reform movements, etc. -the systematic widespread promotion of a certain set of ideas doctrines etc. to further ones cause. -ideas, facts, or ______ spread deliberately to further ones cause or damage and apposing cause. -The intentional use of suggestions irrelevant emotional appeals and pseudo proof to circumvent human rational ______ processes. How this relates to ethics: when someone uses these devices to deceive or mislead the public we have unethical behavior. 1. ______; this is a device use by individuals especially politicians, that stresses umbel origins and modest backgrounds shared by the communicator and audience.

continuous allegations decision making Plain Folks

Developing Ethical Fitness -The only way to be a more ethical person is to practice ethics. The first principles of moral virtue -the corner stones of ethical fitness are _____ integrity, and civility. -_______: A person that is ethically fit is able to use correct moral judgment when making decisions. Credibility: Being believable and trust worthy Integrity: A. _____ what is right and what is wrong. B. ___on what you have discerned even at personal cost C. saying openly that you are acting on your understanding of right from wrong. The willingness to take responsibility for the consequences of our actions. _______: Showing a concern for other people, and respecting other people.

credibility, Ethical Fitness discerning acting Civility

Truth and Honesty in Media Communications Chapter 4: -The author says there are three key words related to truth and honesty: lying, ______, and dishonesty. Honesty is the best policy. Steven Glass, and Jayson Blair. Very unethical men. Truth as a Fundamental Value: -Are lying and deception ever justified? People out there say that they are never justified. Other people say that it depends on the situation. This gets into Situation Ethics. Things to know: Kant, Milton, Mill, Plato. Section Titled: The Importance of Truth. The comment in the first paragraph regarding Kant's Philosophy " lying is inherently wrong"

deception

Sources of values and attitudes: 1. Personal factors; Physical and _____ makeup (age, size, social status, social class, gender, etc.) 2. ________(where you were brought up; in the city, or a rural area. What area of the U.S) 3. The family (primarily your parents; attitudes from them and sometimes people rebel from their parents.) 4. _______ upbringing sometimes you accept what you learn in your church or you tend to rebel. 5. Where you went to school; public or private 6. ___; how much money you/your family has. Social class; 9 classes. 7. Peers, people you associate yourself with.

emotional Environmental factors Religious Economic class

___- Of or relating to ethics involving or expressing moral approval or disapproval conforming to accepted standards of conduct. _______- looking at the circumstances and making a conclusion based on said situation. Speeding example, and breaking the law if necessary. Ethical Journalism- oxymoron

Ethical Situation ethics

______: predicament involving moral struggles and reflection in an effort to do the right thing. Ethics: the branch of philosophy that deals with questions of moral behavior. " a course in ethics can provide the tools for making difficult moral choices in both our _____ and professional lives." - a set of principles or a code of moral conduct.

Ethical dilemma personal

_____- what is right and what is wrong. What may be ethical to one person may not be ethical to another person. _____ - rules or standards governing the conduct of the members of a profession discipline dealing with what is good or bad and moral duty and obligation. ____- Theory or system of moral values. A guiding philosophy: the study of distinctions between right and wrong.

Ethics Professional Ethics Set of Moral Principles

Faulty Cause and Effect (Includes post hoc and non sequitur) __________: An analogy is an extended comparison. Analogies are used to simplify, to clarify. (physics teacher example what you often do you describe the unfamiliar in the familiar). The fallacy is the faulty analogy. An analogy that contains false comparisons or leaves out important definitions that make the analogy week. Assuming that because two things are alike, in one or more respects they are necessarily ________ in some other respect. Ex: As the sun is stronger than the moon so are males stronger than females. Even the most durable machines breakdown if they are worked constantly for long periods of time their parts break and wear out, are students supposed to be stronger than machines? We should have shorter assignments and longer vacations. Doctors are allowed to look up difficult diagnoses in there textbooks, therefore students should be able to look up difficult test questions in textbooks. _____________: This is a fallacy that occurs when there are many causes but the argument implies or assumes that only one is important. Attributing to a single cause effects that actually have complex causes. _____________: Something is worthy or unworthy because of the people associated with it. Ex: Bill Cosby/Jell-O example.

Faulty Analogy alike Casual oversimplification Association Fallacy

Categorical: without qualifications or conditions. ________, unconditional, certain, definite. -Imperative: a command. -Categorical Imperative (dictionary): moral obligation or command that is _________ and universally binding. 2. Moral principle that behavior should be determines by _____ -Kant said that we should make ethical decisions as if we are creating laws and rules that everyone should follow. -he did not argue that doing the right thing will necessarily ___ someone. (cheating example) -the real test of morality is whether people do the right thing, even if it is against thier own _____ or benefit. -intentions should be the basis for _______; meaning if a person acts out of goodwill his/her actions are ethical regardless of the consequences. -Kant's approach is often called: _______ examples: journalist argue that the media have a duty to print all truthful news worthy information example 2. an ethical journalist has a duty to go to jail rather than reveal a confidential source.

Absolute unconditionally duty. benefit self interest ethical judgments duty based ethics

Media Practioner's and the truth falsehood dichotomy 3 important concepts: 1. ________: a truthful story is accurate. (Recording of research.) Pre publication review: allowing a source or sources to read a story before it is published. "Most reporters embrace accurate reporting as ______ of ethical journalism." Pg.86 2.Understanding: A story should give a _____ account of something. A reader should not have questions or have to fill in gaps BUT sometimes sources withhold information. Withholding information may be justifiable. Sometimes you don't know the full story. 3.Fair and Balanced: Fair; not biased (prejudice) balanced; giving all sides of an issue. Many issues have more than two sides. Deception includes; ___________, use of hidden cameras, hidden microphones, etc. -Kant argues that deception is wrong.

Accuracy a first principle complete undercover reporting

____________ (vicious circle): Form of begging the question. The arguer (the speaker) offers as a proof of his first proposition a second proposition which can be proved only by proving the first. Ex: people who are poor lack ambition because if they didn't lack ambition they wouldn't be poor. Ex: the study of media ethics is worth while because media ethics is a worth while subject. Post hoc (post hoc ergo propter hoc): after this therefore because of this. This fallacy involves making a leap to an unwarranted conclusion. An error; a mistake that occurs when a person assumes that because one thing followed another thing the first item, cause the second item. Or to reduce this to letters; because B followed A, A caused B. Many superstitions are based on Post hoc. (failed the test because you walked under a ladder before the test.)

Arguing in A Circle

Propaganda Testimonial: anybody can give a testimonial __________device: metaphorical; the idea "jump on the bandwagon" everybody is doing it and if you don't jump on it you will be left behind. Implies everyone wants the product or the idea has mass appeal. Ex: millions of American's favor not killing white wing owls, so you should send money to support the owls. ________: selecting facts and data to build a case on your side of the issue while concealing the other side or sides. (giving only your side) The fallacy of a two sided question, most issues have more than two sides. _______: associating a person, product, organization etc. with something that has high status visibility or credibility. This also can be used for negative associations. (can go in a positive or negative direction) ___________: this can be positive, negative, or neutral. Positive: calling someone wise and caring. Negative: Calling someone bad names. "idiotic moon cap with a moon head" Neutral: Calling someone a character, could be positive or negative. _____________: Associating a cause, product, idea etc. with positive abstract words such as freedom, justice, democracy etc. Abstract word: qualities and multiple meanings and highly subjective meanings. Concrete: A word that has only one meaning and can only be used in one context. For the test: all notes, in the book; chapters 1 & 4. Questions from the movie Shattered Glass.

Bandwagon Card Stacking Transfer Name Calling Glittering Generalities

___________: The distinctive difference between off-the record information and on-the record. Off the record is confidential. The reporter will listen but the reporter promises the source not to use the information. Key rule: Once a confidence is made it should not be broken. You are making a promise to a person. On the record you can print, it is okay to use. Shield Law: State laws there's no federal, that protect reporters from having to reveal sources etc. Texas has a _______ law. Not For Attribution: The reporter can use the information, but cannot use the sources name. According to a government official, according to a source close to the situation.. etc. but the sources name cannot be used. Deep Background Sources: This express was coined by and Carl Bernstein. The source is not willing to tell reporters anything dir_________ectly. However, the source will confirm information reporters have received from other sources. Using anonymous sources is risky business. However, All The Presidents Men deals greatly with anonymous sources. -Why would a news source wish to remain anonymous? 1. At times the source of a story has participated in criminal activities and does not wish to publicize this fact. 2. Often the source of a story about government management or dishonesty is an employee of that government agency, and if his/her identity as a whistle blower is reveled that person could lose his/her job. 3. Some people simply do not want to get involved in all the hassle that frequently results when a controversial or explosive story is published. Some people are simply afraid for people to see their name. -How long have journalist been using confidential sources? Probably forever. Who know when all of this started... BUT the earliest reported case, of a journalist refusal to disclose a source took place in 1848. In 1848 a reporter for the New York Herald refused to tell the U.S. Senate the name of the person who had given him a secret copy of the treaty the U.S. was negotiating to end the Mexican-American War. (DO NOT confuse this war with the Spanish-American War.) The reporter was held in something called contempt of the Senate, and was jailed. -Editors have many concerns about using un-named sources. 1. Too many reporters use anonymous sources because some reporters are too lazy to find on-the-record sources. 2. Some reporters make up facts, quotes, etc. and attribute them to un-named sources. 3. Information from un-named sources often is inaccurate. Some reporters try to pass off their own ideas by attributing them to anonymous sources. 4. A newspaper may have a problem winning a libel suit if an anonymous source refuses to testify in court.

Confidentiality shield Bob Woodward

__________. 1971; Jackie Metcaff, and William Ray they were very deceitful. Pretended they were married to enter Deietemann's home in Los Angeles CA. Deietemann practiced folk medicine. Hidden microphone and a hidden camera were used. To rely information to investigators in a parked car. At times you can justify deception. A three step test that has been suggested to determine when deception should be used. 1. The information must be sufficiently vital to the ________ to justify deception. What is sufficiently vital? Something that would have to be explained. 2. Journalist should not use _________ unless there is no other what to get the story. 3. Journalist should tell their readers whenever they miss lead sources to get information and explain their reasons for doing so, including why the story justifies the deception and why this was the only was to get the information

Deietemann vs.Time Inc public interest deceptive techniques

-_________: German philosopher. 1724-1804. Discovered the Categorical Imperative (duty-based ethics). Unconditional necessary and absolute moral law. Believed that the categorical imperative was the foundation for moral conduct. -Categorical Imperative: moral rules; which must be followed at all times. Breaking any of these rules for any reason, is both immoral and _______ (10 commandments) Media Example: do not break a promise. People remember promise's. Someone gives a reporter _______information and says do not reveal your source. But if you either have to give up your source or go to jail, Kant would say that you would end up going to jail because you have to keep your promise to the source.

Immanuel Kant irrational. confidential

The Wild Animal Hoax: New York Herald newspaper; the editor _________ Monday morning Nov. 9, 1874 the entire front page of the New York Herald contained a detailed story telling of the escape of all the wild animals from the central park zoo. This story through the city into a panic. Animals hadn't really escaped from the zoo.

James Gordon Bennett Jr.

Faking -unethical decisions; making up stories, plagiarism Making up stories: Dealing with editors that published hoaxes and got away with it up to a point. ___ Hoax: -the newspaper involved ______; founded by a man named Benjamin Day in 1833. The first issue appeared on Sept. 3, 1833. The reason for the hoax, Mr. Day wanted to increase the circulation of the New York Sun, and he was successful. The moon hoax appeared in 1835 (good year). The newspaper circulation tripled. There was a reporter named Richard Adams Lock. Descendant of the philosopher John Lock. Lock wrote a series of articles claiming that ___ had been discovered on the moon. People believed this. Lock said in his articles: a scientist had developed a high powered ________, the scientist aimed the telescope at the moon and on the moon he saw winged creatures. Lock wrote about all the things the scientist saw on the moon. (all made up) The story goes that Lock told a reporter (journal of commerce) that he had made up these stories, and to make it more interesting lots of historians thought that lock was _____ when he told the truth. Editor's told readers that the stories had been made up.

Moon New York Sun life telescope drunk

Jimmy's World -What _____ did was the most famous hoax of the modern era, of American journalism. In 1980 Janet wrote about an 8 year old boy, named Jimmy. She said Jimmy was a drug addict, addicted to heroin. The headline of the story: Jimmy's World. The Mom's boyfriend was the "reason" for Jimmy's addiction. The story was submitted for a Pulitzer Prize, and Janet won at age 26. ________; this is where Janet worked before she landed her job at the Washington Post. The Toledo Blade decided to do a feature story on Janet, and problems began. For example discrepancies where found between the associated press story that announced she had received the prize and information in her files at the Toledo Blade. Some of the lies she told: she said she had graduated from _____ exclusive college and a member of Phi Beta Kappa; leading honorary in arts and sciences organization. You have to be way up there academically to be a member of this organization. In reality Janet had a ________ She also said she had attended Sorbonne in Paris, and she said she was fluent in French, Portuguese, and Spanish. What actually happened: She told her editors she had made up Jimmy's World she had NOT interviewed and 8 year old drug addict, he was a composite (interviewing multiple people and putting it all together to create a fictional character.) Social workers had told Janet about young addicts. Janet resigned from the paper, and The Washington Post _____the Pulitzer Prize.

Janet Cooke The Toledo Blade Vassar bachelors degree of Toledo. returned

Three branches of ethics: -________: the study of the meanings of ethical terms, the nature of ethical judgments, and the types of ethical arguments. Addresses questions like, what do the words good, bad, right, and wrong mean? What is the definition of ____.. what is fairness? Addresses questions such as what is goodness? How can we tell what is ___from what is bad? -_______: that part of ethics concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong. The central question of normative ethics is determining how basic moral ______ are arrived at and justified. Normative ethics addresses such questions such as what should one do? -______: philosophical examination from a moral stand point of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus, the attempts to use ______ to identify the morally correct course of actions in various fields of human life. Such as ethics and business

Metaethics justice good Normative Ethics standards Applied ethics philosophical methods

Public relations in journalism (love/hate relationship): PR people and journalism people need each other. PR people write releases and newspapers publish them. BNR's Intellectual Dishonesty: 2 categories; 1. Plagiarism 2. _________: unfair competition; taking what belongs to someone else and using it unfairly for ones own fair gain. Associated Press AP vs. International News System INS. Involved to rival press associations. AP claimed that ___________-Its news. The AP did not copyright its stories because too many stories had to be sent out too fast. INS argued because the stories were not _______ they were in the public domain. Public Domain means anybody can use the info without paying a fee. The case went to the US supreme court and the Supreme Court said that the INS was guilty of misappropriation because it was unfair.

Misappropriation INS pirated copyrighted

Ethical Communication -_______: The person making the ethical decision. -- A moral agent (could be you) commits a verbal or non-verbal act within a specific context, and context includes the _________________with a particular motive directed at an individual or audience with some consequence. The Value of Ethics Education -Can you teach ethics? -Overall an ethics class such as this one can help you make ethical decisions and can help you to become aware of ethical and legal problems.

Moral Agent Ethical Situation: political, social, and cultural climates yes

-____________Policy: Policy means the rules and regulations governing a particular publication. ______________: everything but advertising. Advertising policy pertains to Advertising. -Most publications have vulgarity policies. -Plagiarisms is another form off dishonesty. "literary theft" -Two big broad areas under plagiarism: 1. Taking a sources exact wording and ___________. 2. Take somebody else's ideas and you don't give credit. -How serious is plagiarism? -If you plagiarize in the professional world, you can be fired. -Reporter in St. Petersburg Times. She lost her job after she admitted to copying 1/3 of an article on credit cards from Changing Times Magazine. No reason to plagiarize other than laziness. Let your readers know where you got your info.

Newspaper Editorial Policy: not giving credit

An ethics course can have the following goals: 1. _____________: awareness that moral choices constitute an important part of human existence and ethical decisions have consequences. 2. ___________________ 3. Developing Analytical skills: looking at the situation, ________ the problems and coming up with ________. 4. Eliciting a sense of _______, and personal responsibility: making us realize we are responsible for our actions and not blaming others. 5. __________: not everyone is going to agree with your decision. You need to be able to handle the criticism

Stimulating the moral imagination Recognizing ethical issues analyzing; solution moral obligation Tolerating disagreement

___________: a tool for making ethical decisions, named after Ralph Potter -he was an ethics professor at Harvard divinity school. (still alive) -potter box can be used by anyone trying to solve an ethical problem. Consist of four steps: 1. Facts; define the problem, Lists the fact of the situation; so that you can better understand the situation 2. _____; identify the values that should play a part in making a decision. Personal values such as honesty, truth and fairness. Editors may want to consider professional values such as; ____________, being fair, righting wrongs. When you reach a decision it should not go against these values. Ex: if honesty is important to you than you should not do anything dishonest. 3. Principles; view the situation from a variety of ethical viewpoints such as: Aristotle's golden mean, Kant's categorical imperative, mills utilitarianism. Also you may have a principle such as always tell the public the truth. 4. Loyalties; whom you have allegiances or loyalties. You may have several such as: loyalties to yourself, to the public, to your reader's, to the law. Ex: loyalties to your employer, place of employment etc. -How to use the 4 steps, and make a decision based on the results of these steps. Using these steps will everyone make the same decision? -no -Also the same person using the potter box at different times could arrive at different conclusions.

The Potter Box Values printing truthful information

John Stuart Mill: __________1806-1873 Background: John's father, James Mill & godfather Jeremy ____ were both philosophers. They developed the philosophy utilitarianism. -John came up with his own version of utilitarianism which was a modified version of his fathers and godfathers. In the 1861 version mill modified and defended the principle: that those actions are right and good that produce the _____________________. By happiness John Stuart mill meant pleasure and the _____ of pain. By unhappiness he meant pain and the lack of pleasure. - Mill came up with a hierarchy of pleasures , arguing that intellectual pleasures are ______ to physical pleasures. He also said whereas un educated people are happy with the _________, educated people prefer the higher ones. -What utilitarianism's argue: the consequences of our _____matter most. Example: reporter is trying to find out the truth about a health story to find out the truth she has to steal patient reports from the hospital. Is stealing the right thing to do? Many utilitarian's say that the results determine the answer. Meaning, 1. If the story results to the health issue her behavior is justifiable. Or 2. If the story runs and nothing happens the behavior is not justified. Criticism of Utilitarianism: difficult to predict results.

Utilitarianism Bentham greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people absence superior lower pleasures actions

Ethics of Intentional and continuity and vagueness: Ambiguous language: language that is open to two or more interpretations. -_____________: is language that lacks precision and meaning. Vague language is found in certain professions on purpose. Law is one. Another profession is insurance. -Ethical Issues: Key-point; intentional ambiguity is ethically suspect. "Some legal words have a built in __________ they are used when the writer or speaker does not want to be pinned down." Example: when a law talks about reasonable speed or do care. It is deliberately in precise about the meaning of the words, because it wants the amount of speed allowed or care required to be decided situation by situation rather than by an exact formula. Example: Advertising we do find examples of ____________ and there is the idea that customer consumers understand intentional ambiguities and accept them. The Ethics of Lying: is it ever ethical to lie? Some people would say that it is always wrong to lie, others would say it depends on the situation. Examples for it being okay to lie: to avoid hurting someone's feelings. To protect confidentiality. You refuse to reveal a source. Lie for the public good. To lie to the sick and dying. To be polite. A lie can be non-verbal. Sometimes to tell someone what that person wants to hear.

Vague language vagueness intentional ambiguities,

Fallacies -Propaganda devices use fallacies to deceive. Sometimes a person uses a fallacy and doesn't realize it. -A fallacy is an ___________ in thinking or in logic. When you talk about logic you are talking about clear thinking. Shifting of Terms: old lady/theta chi example. Finding a different meaning of a word than the intended meaning; and this could be purposeful or accidental. ________________ (stereotype): An all or none statement based on two few instances. Often it involves jumping to conclusions. Reaching a conclusion based on two few instances. All or none will be implied. (flash dance example and liver and onion example) It is certain that every member in the audience thought that they were an exceptional group with an exceptional talent. Unless you interview everyone in the audience you have made a hasty generalization.

error Hasty Generalization

Stereotype: A _____ mental image we have of a group of people. (religious groups, occupations, singers, truck drivers, professors) Ignoring the Question: bringing in ________information to distract from the real issue. Either/Or Fallacy: The two values orientation. Giving only two reasons, only two possibilities when more than two are involved. _________: means it does not follow. We try to relate two thoughts that are not logically related. (attorney representing a sex offender, meaning that she does not condone sex offenders) ______________: attack on the person rather than on the issue (verbal attack). A form of ignoring the question. Examples: you may attack the persons ancestry meaning ethnic background, religion, the fact that the person is divorced, persons son was arrested for speeding. Points that have nothing to do with the issue. (girl not getting into a sorority example) Begging the question: assuming without proof the truth of a statement that needs to be ________. A fallacy that occurs when the claim is included in the evidence so nothing is proved. We find certain words; ridiculous, obscured, etc. Somebody says that "the senseless math requirement should be abolished." What do you mean by senseless? You are using the word for emotional appeal. "Sense I'm not lying I must be telling the truth"

fixed irrelevant Non-Sequitur Argument ad hominem proved

Aristotle: was known for the doctrine of the golden mean. Lived from 384 to 322 B.C. -Doctrine of the ______: the right course of action almost always lies between two extremes. Non-media examples: eating correctly lies between starvation and gluttony. The proper amount to eat lives between these two extremes. Being brave; according to Aristotle bravery lies between being a fool and a coward. A brave solider who uses his reasoning and training abilities, and finds the right moment to attack the enemy. Media Examples: Running a newspaper and only writing stories about crime that happens in that town, or writing a newspaper and writing about no crime at all. The golden mean emphasis moderation and temperance

golden mean

"Accuracy" & "Propaganda" Three types of quotations: direct, _____, and partial. Indirect: ________, you restate in your own words. Partial: __________, not a full direct quote. -You do not make up quotations. AP Style Book: "Never alter quotations, never change quotations, even to correct minor grammatical errors or word usage. Casual minor tongue slips, maybe removed by using ____ but that should be done with extreme caution. If there is a question about a quote either don't use it or ask the speaker to clarify." -Ellipses; three periods used to indicate omitted wording. -Offensive wording; obscenities, profanities, and vulgarities. -AP Style Book on obscenities, profanities, and vulgarities: "do not use them in stories unless they are part of ____________and there is a compelling reason for them. Try to find a way to give the reader a sense of what was said without using the specific word or phrase if a profanity, obscenity, or vulgarity must be used flag the story at the top. Example: Eds. Note contents. Let readers know there might be offensive language. (disclaimer) If the obscenity involved is offensive, but the story requires making clear what the word was, replace the letters of the offensive word with hyphens, using only an initial letter: little f''', little s'''."

indirect paraphrase part of a quote ellipses direct quotations

The formation of ethical values and attitudes -Values: a persons principles or standards of behavior; ones ________ of what is important of life. Examples: objectivity(being detached) and fairness(giving all sides of an issue) trust, ____, honesty. -Attitude: an expression of favor or dis-favor toward a person, place, thing, event, etc.

judgment integrity

Four Areas Of Privacy Law: 1. Appropriation of name or ________; likeness would include photographs etc. For trade purposes (commercial use). (Dr. Mayer publicity magazine example) 2. Intrusion upon a persons _______. Includes wire tapping, using hidden microphones, using hidden cameras etc. Ex: Troy state/bugging offices. 3. Disclosure of a private fact. Information the person does not want known, it is true its not _________. Basically it is publishing embarrassing private information. Not libelous because the info you have published is true although if the information "would be highly offensive to a reasonable person." Ex: Mayer words around his wife. Illegal quotation marks is not of legitament concern to the public. Means that the info is not news worthy. 4. False Light it is _________ false information about someone. The information does not have to be negative. The state of Texas does not recognize false light. In 1994 the Texas Supreme Court rejected False Light. They said that False light was too close to libel.

likeness solitude libelous publishing

News Staging: -Frank Sinatra's son was falsely kidnapped for publicity. -Bridey Murphy; hypnotized and claimed to go back and believe she was reincarnated. Completely staged. Fabrication: making up stories, quotes, etc. Where Truth and Fiction collide the Docudrama: a television or a __________. The problem is incidents are made up. (The Oliver Stone movie) Truth In Advertising and Public Relations -certaintly we find ethical codes in both advertising and PR. ______: advertising that exaggerates the merits of products or services in such a way that no reasonable person would take the ad seriously. Such as Burger King makes the BEST darn hamburgers in the world.

movie dramatization of events based on facts Puffery

Names: "Names make news." BUT there are times when you may not want to run someone's name. Newspaper Stories that Present Problems: Police reports, Birth announcements, Divorce listings, etc. Something that might embarrass people even more; victims of con-artist. Identifying someone as gay or a lesbian: two occasions when you may do this; 1. The item is truly ________. Ex: Anti-gay rights politician gets caught with a gay lover. 2. The person has admitted he is gay/she is a lesbian and this is common knowledge. Confessions: It is legal to print that someone has confessed to a crime, but the media generally speaking will not print or broadcast a confession until it is ________as evidence in court. Three main reasons why you shouldn't do this; 1. Someone may ______ a confession. 2. Confessions can be thrown out of court if someone is forced to confess or if someone confessed before his/her Miranda rights were read to him/her. 3. Printing a confession before its been admitted into court can bias a jury denying someone a fair trial which could result in a miss trial. Key Idea: It is _______ to print information that may conflict with someone's right to a fair trial.

news worthy accepted renounce unethical

Why do journalist perform unethical behavior? -money; to land and keep a good job, lying on an application. -_________; children observe their parents cheating about tax returns. Studies indicate that parents who cheat are likely to have children who cheat in school and maybe beyond school. -________; because at times it easier to make up sources, quotes, fabricate people. To some people it is easier to plagiarize than to do the work themselves. -____________; competing with reporters on your own publication, and competing with reporters on other publications. -on your own publication: trying to get the most stories on the front page. -competing with other publications: two or more reporters trying to be on the same story one reporter may _____ sources, facts, and quotes to make their stories the best.

perceived behavior shortcuts Competitive Pressures make up

Privacy: The right to be left alone; and everyone is entitled to privacy. Society of professional journalist (SPJ) Code od Ethics: "Recognize that _________have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power influence or attention. Only an overwriting public need can justify intrusion into another's privacy." _____________: A question asked for effect, you do not expect an answer. 1. Is it ever ethical to invade someone's privacy to get the news? Depends on the situation. 2. Is it ethical to go through someone's trash for information? 3. Is it ethical to stake out a politicians house to see whether that person is cheating on a spouse? 4. Is it ethical to publicize crimes or sins of people related to someone famous?

private people Rhetorical questions

Four reasons to study Media Ethics: 1. Journalism is experiencing a difficult time. Poles indicate that Americans are losing ____ for journalist. Americans doubt that they can trust journalist. 2. Some journalist behavior is ___ or unethical such as making up stories. 3. Many people believe that news organizations exist mainly to make ___ and that journalist who work for these organizations are motivated mainly by professional ambition and ______. 4. Generally speaking the media such as television movies do not depict fictional media characters favorably. Study indicated ____ of fictional newspaper reporters and ___of TV reporters were shown positively. Reporters are shown as insensitive, foolish, and unethical.

respect immoral money self-interest 14% 24%