Medical Sociology - Exam 1 Review

Which of the following is NOT in the coronavirus family? - SARS - MERS - COVID-19 - The common cold - All of the above are in the coronavirus family

All of the above are in the coronavirus family

In the United States, heart disease has ______ over the past 30 years - Increased - Decreased - Stayed the same - Been eradicated - None of the above

Decreased

What is the effect of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood on people? - Higher rates of depression - Less stress since everyone is poor - Lower rates of anxiety - Structural features have less impact on health - Positive self-rated health

Higher rates of depression

The Whitehall studies conducted in Britain demonstrated that regardless of cause of death, which group had the lowest rates of mortality - Senior administrators - Professional/executives - Clerical - Other low-status jobs - No relation to rank

Senior administrators

Approximately ____ % of the recorded deaths from COVID-19 were people aged 65 and over - 25 - 50 - 75 - 90

75

According to Abdel Omran, in which stage of the epidemiological transition are afflictions of old age the major causes of death - Age of pestilence and Famine - Age of receding epidemics - Age of degenerative and made-made diseases - Age of genetic diseases - Age of Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

People living in poverty have the greatest exposure to risk factors producing ill health. Which of the following is a risk factor that is influenced by socioeconomic circumstances - Physical - Physiological - Biological - Lifestyle - All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following characterize the US response to the COVID-19? - Strong individualist Tendencies - Political gridlock - Lack of uniformity of response across state lines - All of the above - None of the above

All of the above

Which of the following demonstrates the sociological implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic? - Its influence on modifying social norms, values, and lifestyles - How certain social behaviors lead to transmission of the disease and result in a pandemic - The social rejection of AIDS patients - Moral and religious debates over the meaning of the disease and treatment options - all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following were indicatives of the heightened sense of individualism of the US population, compared to Western Europe anyway, in the societal response to the pandemic - Compliance with lockdown orders were much less common in the US - Early and consistent demonstrations against government lockdown orders - Early and consistent demonstrations and protests against compulsory mask-wearing in public - Approximately 1/3 of the adult population refusing vaccine - All of the above

All of the above

Anti-vaccination groups consist of primarily poor whites with little education - True/false

False

HIV/AIDS first appeared in intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco. True/False

False

The United States has a centralized public health system, unlike other countries in the Western hemisphere - True/False

False

The United States has the highest death rate from COVID-19 of any other country - True/false

False

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways societies contribute to the creation of pandemics - Human activity bringing wildlife habitats into contact with urban centers - Cultural preference for wild game - Government inaction in the face of warnings - Industrial meat production - All of these are ways societies cause pandemics

Industrial meat production

______ has special significance for a society because it is traditionally used as an approximate indicator of a society's standard of living and quality of health care delivery. - Prevalence of chronic diseases - Life expectancy - Infant mortality rate - Crude birth rate - Age adjusted fertility rate

Infant mortality rate

Zoonotic diseases are: - Diseases common among zoo animals - Chronic diseases more common among zookeepers - Infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans - Psychological aliments brought on by wilder waterfoul

Infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans

According to Weber, _____ is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance of others - Power - Prestige - Presence - Wealth - None of the above

Power

The findings that even the upper middle class lives shorter than the uppermost class, and that every class lives longer than the one directly below it is evidence of what? - Educational differences - Influence of deprivation - Social gradient in mortality - Social patterning of disease - None of the above

Social gradient in mortality

The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) is typically used by - CDC - NIH - The British - The Chinese - The Americans

The British

Which of the following is TRUE about incidence and prevalence? - prevalence is used to analyze the rate at which new cases occur - Incidence and prevalence are interchangeable - Incidence is reported in raw numbers while prevalence is expressed as a ratio - The incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high - None of the above

The incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high

What influence do social networks have on obesity? - They influence people to adopt healthier eating habits when their neighbors do - They influence people to eat more junk foods when their sibling does - They encourage people to exercise more when their friends do - They have no influence on obesity regardless of the nature of personal ties within a social network - The nature of personal ties within a social network vary in their influence on obesity

The nature of personal ties within a social network vary in their influence on obesity

What motivated the American Medical Association to officially recognize obesity as a disease? - obesity reached a threshold in how many deaths to which it contributed - In reaction to the U.S. government issuing an official declaration for public health legislation - To encourage physicians to give more attention to it and insurers to pay for treatment - As a way to prevent insurance fraud and misuse of medical services - Obesity needed to have an official definition to generate more research and to treat it in patients

To encourage physicians to give more attention to it and insurers to pay for treatment

A ratio, such as the crude mortality rate, is expressed as: - Total number of cases divided by prevalence - Total number of cases divided by incidence - Total number of cases divided by total population - Total number of cases times total population - Total number of cases times incidence

Total number of cases divided by total population

Which is NOT one of the five classes proposed by Weber? - Upper class - Upper-lower class - Working class - All of these are correct

Upper-lower class

Medical sociology, as a subdiscipline, began gaining strength: a) it was always part of sociology as a major focus of classical sociologists b) After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research c) Only in the last two decades when major health crises highlighted the need for it. d) it never has been a major part of sociology and exists only as a small part of the medical field. e) none of the above

b) After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research

The so-called "clinical gaze" is best described with which of the following perspectives? a) Medicine of social spaces b) Medicine of the species c) Public health paradigm d) "Whole Person" medical care e) None of the above

b) Medicine of the species

What important event occurred in 1951 that began to reorient American medical sociology toward the use of theory? a) The Vietnam War b) The publication of Parsons's The Social System c) The increase in chronic diseases d) The growth of universities e) The political swing towards a more conservative era

b) The publication of Parsons's The Social System

What particular problem occurs with newly emerging diseases? a) They have a very predictable pattern of appearance b) They are often difficult to control in the early stages c) Their pathogenesis is nearly impossible to trace d) Their origin is always in an underdeveloped country e) Their transmission becomes increasingly difficult to trace over time

b) They are often difficult to control in the early stages

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________. a) Short term; incurable b) Short term; Curable c) Long term; Incurable d) Long term; curable e) There is no difference

c) Long term; incurable

The World Health Organization defines health as: a) Normality b) The absence of disease c) Ability to function d) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being e) All of the above

d) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

In developing his concept of the sick role, Parsons linked his ideas to which two classical theorists? a) Marx and Goffman b) Weber and Marx c) Marx and Engels d) Durkheim and Weber e) Durkheim and Goffman

d) Durkheim and Weber

Which of the following are TRUE about health lifestyles? a) They include behaviors like smoking, drinking, and alcohol consumption b) They influence whether and how severely one becomes ill c) They can be positive or negative d) They are influenced by one's social environment e) All of the above

e) All of the above

Which is NOT a major area of investigation in medical sociology? a) social facets of health and disease b) social behavior of health care personnel and their patients c) social functions of health organizations and institutions d) The relationship of health care delivery systems to other systems e) All of the above answers are major areas of investigation in medical sociology

e) All of the above answers are major area of investigation in medical sociology

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiological transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases? a) Decreased attention to public sanitation b) Globalization of trade and travel c) Human-made ecological disturbances d) A and B e) B and C

e) B and C

Hayward and colleagues determined that higher educational attainment among US adults is related to increase mortality - true/false

false

The official death count from COVID-19 is _____ than the number of excess deaths reported by the Centers for Disease Control for the period from January 2020 through December 2021 - Higher - Lower - The same - Unrelated

lower

Which of the following plays a particularly important role in the transmission of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa? - Government - Healthy delivery system - Migrant labor force - homosexuals - Drug users

migrant labor force

Research finds that people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods suffer physiologically from their environment - true/false

true

The social environment, referring not only to living conditions but also to norms and values can cause sickness - true - false

true