Medicine in America Final Multiple Choice

Ways medical students react to socialization process of becoming a physician

-Become emotionally detached -Use medical slang -must follow predefined social hierarchy

Critiques of The Sick Role

-Cultural/religious belief's and expectations -It focuses mainly on the opinion of only middle to upper class

Factors of end to "Golden Era of Doctoring"

-Growing technology giving patients access to lay knowledge -bureaucratization turning doctors into an assembly line where interaction with patients went from 15-20 min to 5-8 min

Casual Agents of Disease

1. Nutritional- The diet and health level of a person Ex: Carbs or fats 2. Social- The person's personal surrounding life Ex: Education-level, lifestyle, social class 3. Biological- Outside factors from the world that could effect a person Ex: Fungi, insects, viruses, bacteria

Critiques of the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory include which of the following

A.It fails to incorporate stress from chronic strains B.It does not account for important differences by culture C.It Ignores other intervening factors that may ameliorate or exacerbate stress =*All of the above

Which of the following represents factor(s) included in the Iron Triangle

Access sufficient

Path Dependent

All situations have a path of reasoning as to why they occurred Ex: Affect of World War II on U.S. healthcare system that made American's afraid of any act that slightly resembled communist or socialism

The activity-passivity model of care involves

An interaction where the physician exerts power and makes decisions

Complementary and alternative care are defined as alternative to ____________.

Biomedicine

Paloma is a single mother of three young children and her parents are in poor health. Every day for years she must balance her job as a receptionist, her role as the sole parents of her children, and her responsibilities as a caregiver for her parents. These challenges represents...

Chronic strains associated with role overload

Which of the following represent mortality transitions

Delayed mortality

Categorical Health

Different types of healthcare offered today which helps to pay for medical cost Ex: In U.S. we either have fee-for-service or third party

Flexnor Report 1910

Evaluated medical schools around U.S. and it stated most medical schools were not up to efficient standards and many were shut down because of it

According to symbolic interactionism, regardless of individual experiences reactions will be largely uniform because we are all social

False

Being labeled as mentally ill has few negative repercussions as others typically accept mental illnesses

False

By regulating prescription drugs, the Federal Drug Administration undermined physician prestige and authority

False

Developing a system of medical licensing preventing the field of medicine from becoming more legitimate

False

During the Tuskegee Study, patients were enrolled after they gave their informed consent

False

Following World War I, doctors and nurses began to return to a moral concept of illness, blaming diseases on as individual's personal flaws

False

Following the publication of "The Immortal Life of Henriette Lacks", the U.S. government agreed to provide lifetime medical benefits to her descendants

False

In 1890 medical school training was standardized according to recommendations from the Blessner Report

False

In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled that tissues discarded during medical procedures are the property of the patient

False

In the 19th century (1800s) men primarily served as caretakers in the home when people became sick

False

In the U.S. between 1900 and 1950 biomedical physicians' visibility and prestige declined

False

In the late 20th and early 21st century, physicians have refused to serve as gatekeepers for the distribution of pharmaceutical medicines

False

In the terms of providing health care, physicians have avoiding competition from a crowded playing field comprised of other health care providers

False

Men typically use health care more frequently than women

False

Much like models that explain the illness career, the sick role describes how people manage their illnesses

False

Only 15% of people suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year

False

Patients are typically referred to chiropractors by their biomedical physicians

False

Pharmaceutical companies have no economic incentives to develop medication for chronic diseases

False

The Framingham Study is a classic randomized controlled trail that unlocked the root causes of depression

False

The drastic increase in life expectancy in the U.S. during the 20th century was primarily due to the availability of vaccines and antibiotics

False

The majority of patients who use complementary and alternative medicine do NOT see a general practitioner first

False

The prolonged training of biomedical physicians erodes their professionalism

False

The rise of biomedical technology is the primary reason for the drastic increase in life expectancy during the 20th century (1900s)

False

Sociological Perspective

Focuses on the outside reaction to the mental illness through socially or a job

Biological/Psychological Perspective

Focuses on what is going on inside the person's head personally

The Sick Role

Focuses solely on the Western biomedical approach to medical care

Which of the following represents a medical sociology critique or critiques of the parent/infant co-sleeping approach that biological anthropologist Dr. James McKenna supports

It does not fully account for the burden that co-sleeping places on the parents

Guidance Cooperation

Patient is aware of what is going on but Physician still has the power and makes the decisions Ex: Flu

Activity-Passivity

Physician holds all the power and makes the decisions Ex: heart attack

Which of the following factor(s) have contributed to an expectation that patients engage in preventive self-care?

Shift from infectious to chronic diseases

Stella has been diagnosed with clinical depression, but she works in a high paced law firm and has refused to accept the diagnosis or alter her behavior. She does skip social activities, even though they would help her career, whenever possible. Which of the following is correct?

Stella has a disease and a sickness

Which of the following attribute(s) are associated with an individual who has been stigmatized because of their mental illness

The individual is considered to have a negative attribute

According to Parson's sick role, discussed in class, when individuals take on the sick role they are obligated to get well by seeking help and cooperating

True

According to functionalism, beyond serving to monitor the health of the mother and fetus, frequent parental appointments and childbirth classes serve to integrate patients into the larger social community of parenting

True

After long and intrusive symptoms, sufferers may welcome a diagnosis, e even if it is a serious disease

True

Among all groups, racial/ethnic minorities or people with lower socioeconomic backgrounds trends to use folk and faith healers the most

True

As described in the readings, the epidemiology transition is a period marked by tradition from infectious diseases as a leading cause of mortality

True

As discussed in class, The Sick Role involves the patient acting in a deviant way and violating the social norms within the social system

True

As they become socialized as physicians, medical students often become emotionally detached or use medical slang

True

Biomedicalization includes health care that extends beyond typical medical approaches, such as designing individual cancer treatment based on genetic testing

True

By adhering to the values and beliefs of their profession, professionals such as physicians typically benefit from a privileged position within society

True

Chemical Pollutants represent one type of causal agent for disease

True

Current epidemiologist have proposed that we are entering a fourth era of epidemiology, defined by multidisciplinary causes of disease including reemerging infectious diseases

True

During the 20th Century, physicians began to affiliate with subspecialty groups (e.g. American Academy of Pediatrics) more than the main American Medical Association

True

Emergency medical technicians typically engage in a model of Activity-Passivity with their patients

True

Epidemiologist study a range of health outcomes, including both infectious and chronic diseases

True

Epidemiologists act as disease detectives when studying food borne outbreaks

True

Ethnicity represents an individual's Hispanic background: an individual is wither Hispanic or Non-Hispanic

True

Following the Flexner Report, the number of medical schools in the U.S. declined

True

From a structural functionalist perspective, hospitals and physicians serve to counterbalance the disorder brought about by sickness

True

HeLa cells were used to develop the polio vaccine and conduct HIV research

True

Historically in the 19th and 20th centuries there has been a great deal of overlap between medical sociology, public health, and medicine

True

In the U.S. pediatricians recommended that parents follow strict sleeping guidelines and place their children on their backs to sleep to avoid sudden infant death syndrome. From a sociological perspective, the pediatricians have medicalized infant sleep.

True

In the early 2010s, genetic researchers published the entire genome for the HeLa cells on the internet

True

In the middle of the 20th century deinstitutionalization led patients with a mental illness to be cared for by the community, rather than hospitals

True

Patients and physicians may enter the patient-provider interaction with implicit and explicit biases

True

Suicide has now become one of the top five causes of death in the U.S.

True

The "Golden Age of Doctoring" declined due to a combination of factors during the second half of the 20th century

True

The American Medical Association (AMA) conspired to destroy the field of chiropractic care

True

The Tuskegee Study was revealed to the public in 1972 by a journalist

True

The discovery of germ theory distracted doctors and researchers from focusing on the ways that that social environment contributes to disease

True

The rise of the modern hospital in the U.S. was associated with the rise of biomedical technology and germ theory

True

Typically, older people utilize health care more frequently than younger people

True

Under an ideal model of mutual-participation, physicians attempt to return patients to their normal state and patients cooperate with their physicians

True

Using a life course perspective, researchers account for the entire life course rather than focus on just one point in time.

True

When hospitals served as centers of religious practice they primarily catered to those who could not get care elsewhere, particularly the poor

True

Widespread use of internet as a source of medical information (e.g. WebMB) undermines the power of physicians

True

With the shift toward individual responsibility, patients are now expected to engage in more self-care

True

Gradually biomedical physicians have begun to...

a.DECREASE their participation in the American Medical Association b.belong to other specialty medical associations

Which of the following defined the 19th century hospital experience

a.Health care providers lacked specialized roles b.typically the poor or less fortunate used the hospitals c.patients were primarily housed in large rooms with no internal differentiation d.the boundaries between the hospital and home care were blurred =*all of the above

Which of the following (is/are) a direct result of the rise of medical authority is the U.S.

a.Increased legitimacy of the medical profession c.Increased economic power

Which of the following is/are examples of causal agents of disease

a.Social (e.g. Education-level, lifestyle, social class) b.Chemical Pollutants c.Physcial (e.g. carbohydrates or fats) d.Biological (e.g. fungi, insects, viruses, bacteria) =*All of the above

Which of the following factor(s) have contributed to an increasing trend to medicalize formerly normal conditions

a.economic incentives for pharmaceutical companies b.expectations that the patient takes responsibility of their care

During the eco-epidemiology era, with an increasing number of zoonotic virus outbreaks (e.g. Ebola) physicians are more inclines to use what type of model of interaction when treating contagious patients

a.guidance-cooperation b.activity-passivity

When diagnosed with a serious health problem, as a part of their illness career patients.....

a.may uniformly reject their diagnosis b.face the task of recreating order in their lives c.often struggle to maintain control over their lives in the face of a serious disease =*All of the above

Select the answer that best describes biomedical uncertainties in the U.S.

a.medical students face uncertainty as they are taught the wide range of biomedical information b.physicians face uncertainty when they reach the limits of biomedical knowledge while caring for patients

Patients report the following reasons(s) for using complementary and alternative medicine:

a.more time with the practitioner b.a more holistic approach c.care providers rely more on patient's knowledge of their own symptoms d.concern with side effects of biomedicine =*all of the above

A mental illness label results in which of the following

a.recognition and categorization of the mental illness by others b.incorporation of the label in the person's identity

The U.S. has witnessed which of the following over the 20th century

a.steep decline in health care spending b.significant increase in life expectancy c.stable rate of obesity =*All of the above

The interdisciplinary panel convened to access the Tuskegee Study determined...

a.the participants were never given the option of quitting b.the participants were never offered treatment for their syphilis

Health care during the early 20th century was defined by..

a.the rise of germ theory (e.i. bacteriology) b.increased use of medical technology

Completing college, acquiring full time employment, getting married, and becoming a parent all represent _________ in the life course trajectory

a.transition to adulthood b.delayed mortality c.epidemiologic transition =*All of the above

Requiring physicians to see large quantities of patients for short periods of time in an assembly-line approach is an example of what factor threatening the medical profession

bureaucratization or corporatization

As the field of biomedicine has become more reliant on biomedical technology, which have occurred

the body is now viewed as a machine