Medieval Europe
Medieval Europe- Stages
Early Medieval Europe-500-1000 High Medieval Europe-1000-1300 Late Medieval Europe-1300-1500
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
- 1096: Mostly French knights -Captured Jerusalem 1099 - Jerusalem taken by Muslim forces under Saladin in 1187
The Late Middle Ages
-1300-1500 -war -black death
Feudalism
-A political, economic, and social system in which land was allocated in exchange for services, roles and obligations were clearly defined for all participants -Grew out of Roman practices of clientage/patronage -originally developed as a means of protection and defense
The fall of the Roman Empire
-Beginning of Middle ages -Invasions -End of Roman Emperors
Castles
-Center of noble life -Purpose: intimidation military defense residence
Magna Carta (1215)
-Conflict between King John and the English nobility -Nobles rebelled against excessive taxation, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 -Limited power of the Monarch -Formal recognition that the King was not above the law
Popular Medical Cures of the Plague
-Doctors wore strange costumes -Bathing in human urine -wearing excerment -placing dead animals in homes -wearing leeches
Knights
-Elite military soldiers -Usually from the noble classes -Stages of training: page, squire, knight -Chivalry
The Hundred Years War: Battle
-England had early victories -The French eventually expelled the British from mainland Europe -English military innovation: the archer
Clovis (466-511)
-Established a Frankish kingdom in central Europe -Conquered many competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders -Converted to Christianity
The Barbarian Invasions: Europe
-From Asia:Huns and Magyars -From the Germanic North: Saxons, Angles, and Goths
Development of the Parliament
-Henry III (1216-1272) -Edward I (1239-1307) -Original parliament -house of the lords: nobles and the church -house of the commons: knights and the residents -Approved taxes, discussed polices, worked with the monarchs to make laws
Joan of Arch
-Heroine of War -Had envisions that told her to free France -Fought with the Army -Captured burned at the stake
Medieval periods
-In history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and age of discovery. -The Middle Ages refers to the period in Europe dating from the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, around the 5th century, to about the 15th century, or the beginning of the Renaissance. The term "Middle Ages" seems to have been first used during the Renaissance and implied a suspension of time--really--a suspension of progress between the glory of classical Greece and Rome and the "rebirth" of that glory at the beginnings of the Renaissance. It implied a period of cultural stagnation, and the Middle ages was once referred to as the Dark Ages, which, if used at all by historians, now only refers to the Early Middle Ages. Modern scholars generally divide the Middle Ages into three stages--the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages-- and, rather than comparing it critically with other historical periods, modern historians are much more concerned with the diversity and unique cultural characteristics within each period.
Islam in Europe
-Islamic forces took control of Spain in the early 8th century -Muslim innovations agricultural architecture math and science
Effects of the Plague
-Killed 25-30 million Europeans -Undermined faith in Religion -Economy -Culture influenced
Other Crusaders
-Major and minor crusades took place between the 12th and 14th centuries -Christians unsuccessful at recapturing the Holy land -Pope invokes crusaders: increased trade, Religious tensions arose
Architeuture
-Many churches and cathedrals built during the middle ages -Church designs; Roma, Gothic
Italian City-States
-Many city states on the Italian peninsula -Changed hands often, controlled at times by Germantic tribes, Byzantines, and French -Rome and the Papal states remained important
The Reconquista of Spain
-Muslims ruled the Iberian peninsula for nearly 800 years -Reconquista: struggle between Christians and Muslims to control Spain -(718-1492) -King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
The Inquisition
-New orders: Franciscans and Dominicans -The Inquisition: special court established by the Church of combat heresy -Accused heretics sometimes tortured -Convicted heretics burned at the stake
Rise of the Germanic Peoples
-Ostrogoths: Italian Peninsula -Visigoths: modern-day Spain -Angles and Saxons-Modern day Britain -Franks: central Europe
Charlemagne (742-814)
-Powerful leader/strong Christian -Created the Carolingian Empire -Crowned by Pope Leo III as the first holy Roman Emperor
Illuminated Manuscripts
-Scriptorium -Art Form
Spread of the Plague
-Started in China -Reached Europe in 1347 via a merchant ship on the island of Sicily -1347-48: southern Europe -1349-50: central Europe and the British Isles
The Hundred Years War: (1337-1453)
-Struggles between French and English royal families over who would rule either country -Conflicts over territory, trade
Legacy of the Medieval Period
-Transitional Period -New Kingdoms evolved -The Church became a dominant force -Modern institutions originated
The Vikings
-Warrior culture from Scandinavia -Raided Europe -Established settlements throughout Europe and even in North America
The Monastic movement
-became popular in the 5th century -arose as a reaction against the increasing "worldliness" of the Church -Monasteries: secluded religious communities -Benedictine monasticism: vows of Chastity, poverty, obedience
Universities
-need for administrators -Muslim knowledge, renewed interests in classical writings -unvirsitas
The Catholic church expands it's power
-the church becomes more of a political entity -struggles with monarchs: Gregory 7th and Henry the 4th -expanded land ownership
Roles in the Feudal system
1 Lord 2 Vassal 3 Fief 4 Manor 5 Serf
Catholic church hierarchy
1 The pope 2 Cardinals 3 Archbishop 4 Bishop 5 Priest
England
1066: Norman Invasion William the Conqueror (1027-1087) -he brought feudalism to England Henry II (1154-1189) -instituted a single common law, unified court system
The Feudal Power Relationship
4 Peasants 3 Lesser Nobles/Knights 2 Nobles 1 Monarchs
Defining the Medieval Period- 2 Medieval Europe
Fall of Rome-Before the Renaissance
The Crusaders (1095-1291)
Goals of the crusader: Convert nonbelievers eliminate heretics Regain control of the holy land from the muslims
Pope Urban II (1905)
His speech: Promised spiritual rewards -thousands responded to the call for religious warriors
France
Huge Capet (938-966) Philip II (1180-1222) Philip IV (1285-1314) Most powerful Kingdom in Europe by the 14th century
Defining the Medieval Period- 3 Modern Times
Renaissacne-Today
The Medieval Tournament
means of practicing military skills
Defining the Medieval Period- 1 Classical Civilization Brief of History of Europe-The beginning
Beginning of European civilization-Roman Empire: The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of Ancient Greece. After ultimately checking the Achaemenid Persian advance in Europe through the Greco-Persian Wars in the 5th century BC, Greek influence would reach its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great (King of Ancient Greek), spreading throughout Asia, Africa, and other parts of Europe. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and Eastern empires. During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Germanic peoples of northern Europe grew in strength and repeated attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. AD 476 traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
Middle Ages/Dark Ages
The early medieval period of Western European History
