MEGA APES MIDTERM 2.0

The highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer

Which of the following is true about the region of Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere?

What produced a majority of atmospheric mercury?

The burning of coal.

How does burning fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

The burning of fossil fuels release CO2 into the atmosphere.

Agriculture: 70%. Municipal: 20%. Commercial: 10%.

Which of the following best represents the percent of water that is used for various purposes worldwide?

Erosion from agricultural land

Which of the following characteristically produces non point source pollution

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following compounds is not involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozone?

This pyramid shows the ratio of organisms, energy content, and biomass at different trophic levels.Suppose that a system has 5000 grasshoppers. How many hawks would be expected?

50

What factors contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin?

Burning of fossil fuels, emissions of GHGs from cars, and heat.

What is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

Clear cutting.

Which of the following organisms occupies the lowest trophic level?

Deer

Which of the following is the best illustration of the tragedy of the commons?

Depletion of fishing stocks in the North Atlantic

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?

Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

Major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include commercial fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution, and

Discharge of sewage to surface waters

The arrow represents the approximate pH of which of the following?

Distilled water

Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the

Distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions

Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time?

Doubling in size over equal increments of time

Geothermal

Drawbacks include noise and the release of corrosive chemicals

Give an example of a non point source of pollution

Fertilizer from agricultural lands/residental areas.

The terrestrial biomes shown in the diagram above vary in net primary productivity. the explanation for the variation includes which if the following?

I and II only

Zero population growth is associated with

Phase I and IV

Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element

Phosphorus

Converts solar energy directly into electrical energy

Photovoltaics

Which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste

Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials

In general, which of the following is the best long-term method of preventing extinctions?

Protecting the habitats of endangered species

Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability?

Reducing human population size

Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following?

Reduction in species diversity

National environmental policy act

Requires the federal government to produce an environmental impact statement for any construction project funded by the government

When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________.

become more scarce as growth rate decreases to zero

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

beef

West nile virus was identified in the western hemisphere during the summer of 1999 and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths. This virus is aquired by

being bitten by an infected mosquito

which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources

chlorofluorocarbons

The results of the over application of fertilization can include ________.

eutrophication in nearby waters

60

how many units of energy do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect?

A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift when ________.

it loses keystone species or suffer a major climatic change

High life expectancy and low infant mortality

Which of the following pairs of statistics would likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country?

Soil erosion

Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing?

Permeability

Which of the following properties of the soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample?

Paddy rice cultivation and methane emissions

Which of the following represents a correct paring of an agricultural practice with its environmental consequence

Duplicate the experiment under identical conditions, and get similar results

Which of the following would add the most support to the reliability of this series of experiments?

Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest?

Tank 1 versus tank 2

Which two tank comparison provides the strongest evidence that the presence of UV light at natural levels inhibits photosynthesis

Which of the following tends to yield the strongest evidence? a. A manipulative experiment b. A natural experiment c. A correlative experiment d. None of the above

a. A manipulative experiment

In a scientific investigation, after the question is defined, the next step is most likely: a. Formulating a hypothesis b. Designing the experiment c. Identifying needed equipment d. Collecting the data

a. Formulating a hypothesis

Which graph type best represents how food production increases? a. Linear growth b. Geometric growth c. S-shaped growth d. Both a. and b.

a. Linear growth

Which of the following is NOT required of a graph? a. Numbers in the X axis b. Evenly-spaced intervals for the axes c. A title d. Labeled axes

a. Numbers in the X axis

An effective short term remediation strategy for the pond would be

add calcium carbonate to the pond water

the great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common

seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth

Based on the information in the figure, you might decide to make changes in your diet to diminish your ecological footprint by ________.

shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the next 50 years will result in what global changes?

significant loss of biodiversity in the tropics.

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been requires each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.

Both ________ and ________ can change global species diversity.

speciation; extinction

A laboratory study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased. This suggests thats

the dose response relationship is linear

A laboratory study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased.This suggests that

the dose-response relationship is linear

Which of the following is true about the region of the Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere

the highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer

in a human population, the population momentum effect is likely to occur in cases in which a larger percent of people in the population are in which age group

younger than eighteen years old

The spread of infectious diseases is expected to increase with climate change, mainly because

warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying insects to survive in areas that were once too cold

Which of the following is the best example of gray water

water that has been used for bathing and for washing clothes

In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percent of people in the population are in which age-group?

younger than 18

The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in carbon dioxide concentration from 1790 to 2007? (A) 38% (B) 50% (C) 92% (D) 105% (E) 138%

(A) 38%

Carbon dioxide and particulates are emitted by volcanoes. Particulates form stratospheric aerosols that reflect back sunlight. Which of the following best describes the impact of atmospheric carbon dioxide and stratospheric aerosols? (A) Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, and aerosols cause cooling. (B) Both carbon dioxide and aerosols contribute to global warming. (C) Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, and aerosols have no effect on global climate. (D) Carbon dioxide reacts to form aerosols, leading to decreased global warming. (E) UV radiation causes carbon dioxide to break down, leading to increased stratospheric cooling.

(A) Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming, and aerosols cause cooling.

Which of the following describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion? (A)Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates (B) Increase in skin cancer due to increased ozone levels (C) Increase in allergies due to increased household mold (D) Increase in infant mortality due to increased atmospheric CO2 levels (E) Increase in heart attacks due to increased barometric pressure

(A) Increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

Which of the following best illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change? (A) Increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms (B) Increasing the global land area that is devoted to agriculture (C) Increasing the global sales of air conditioners (D) Decreasing the price of gasoline for automobiles (E) Decreasing the cost of electricity derived coal fired- power plants

(A) Increasing the proportions of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms

Plate tectonics is a process that can affect: (A) the shape of Earth's landscapes, including mountains (B) normal ecosystem structure and function (C) flow of matter and recycling of energy (D) the frequency of volcanic eruptions coming from tsunamis (E)the number of trophic levels of ecosystems

(A) the shape of Earth's landscapes, including mountains

Climate change occurs because increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in (A) the troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation. (B) the stratosphere absorb outgoing IR radiation. (C) the troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation. (D) the stratosphere absorb incoming UV radiation. (E) neither the troposphere nor the stratosphere absorb incoming UV radiation.

(A) the troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation

The half-life of a radioactive substance with the decay rate shown in the graph above is closest to (A) 3 seconds (B) 7 seconds (C) 14 seconds (D) 18 seconds (E) 21 seconds

(B) 7 seconds

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration over the next 50 years is expected to cause which of the following global changes? (A) A decrease in the severity of storms (B) A significant loss of biodiversity in the tropics (C) Fewer significant heat waves (D) A delay in the spring migration of many birds (E) Later blooming of many mountain flowers

(B) A significant loss of biodiversity in the tropics

In the stratosphere, which of the following increases Earth's albedo by reflecting solar energy back into space? (A) Carbon monoxide (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Nitrogen dioxide (D) Peroxyacyl nitrates (P ANs) (E) Sulfate aerosols

(B) Carbon dioxide

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust? (A) Carbon dioxide and ozone (B) Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons (C) Carbon dioxide and particulates (D) Lead and mercury (E) Methane

(B) Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others? (A) Community (B) Ecosystem (C) Genus (D) Population (E) Species

(B) Ecosystem

Which of the following is a common component of photochemical smog and is a reddish-brown gas with a pungent odor? (A) Carbon monoxide, CO (B) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 (C) Ammonia, NH3 (D) Ozone, O3 (E) Methane, CH4

(B) Nitrogen dioxide, NO2

Which of the following is NOT a reactant or product of chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents? (A) Oxygen (B) Solar radiation (C) Hydrogen sulfide (D) Glucose (E) All of the above are

(B) Solar radiation

Which does NOT lead to volcanoes? (A) Hotspots (B) Transform boundaries (C) Subduction (D) Divergent boundaries (E) All of the above do

(B) Transform boundaries

Which of the following best describes an ecotone? (A) Where two aquatic life zones meet (B) Where a forest ecosystem meets a meadow ecosystem (C) Where an aquatic zone meets a shore ecosystem (D) All of the above (E) None of the above

(B) Where a forest ecosystem meets a meadow ecosystem

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern United States is (A) the large number of automobile air conditioners leaking Freon. (B) burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity. (C) deforestation, which reduces the number of trees removing atmospheric CO2. (D) strip-mining, which releases large quantities of particulates into the atmosphere. (E) global warming, which speeds the chemical reactions that produce acids.

(B) burning of sulfur-containing fossil fuels to produce electricity.

Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is (A) vegetarians are healthier due to a lack of animal fat in their diets (B) more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level (C) vegetarians consume fewer calories per person and therefore require fewer acres of farmland (D) vegetarian diets often recommend consuming large amounts of tree nuts as a source of protein, which preserves forest habitats (E) vegetarians often support conservation efforts that promote forest conservation

(B) more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level

What is the name for the smallest quantity of a substance that still has that substance's properties? (A)Element (B)Atom (C)Compound (D) Molecule

(B)Atom

Burning one gallon of gasoline in a car releases approximately 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere. One person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 30 miles per gallon (mpg), while another person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 20 mpg. Over the course of the 60,000 miles, how many fewer pounds of CO2 are released by the 30 mpg car than by the 20 mpg car? (A) 2,000 (B) 8,000 (C) 20,000 (D) 80,000 (E) 100,000

(C) 20,000

After 200 million years, only 1/16 of the original amount of a particular radioactive waste will remain. The half-life of this radioactive waste is how many million years? (A) 12.5 (B) 25 (C) 50 (D) 75 (E) 100

(C) 50

The solid arrows and the dashed arrows indicate the direction of solar radiation and infrared radiation, respectively, which flow to and from Earth, the atmosphere, and space. The numbers express units, in relative terms, of the total incoming solar or outgoing infrared energy. How many units of energy do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect? (A) 20 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D) 100 (E) 120

(C) 60

Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond? (A)The peptide bond between amino acids in a protein (B)The bond between carbon and hydrogen in methane (CH4) (C)The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of a fatty acid (D) The attraction between a hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

(D) The attraction between a hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? (A) Photosynthesis is reduced due to increased smoke and haze. (B) Carbon released by the burning is not in a form that can be readily absorbed by plants, leaving carbon in the atmosphere. (C) Carbon that had been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere. (D) Carbon released by the burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that produced by natural means. (E) Carbon released by the burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere.

(C) Carbon that had been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere

Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include which of the following? I. Ample summer sunshine II. Sea-level elevation III. High concentration of automobiles (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III

(C) I and III only

What important phenomenon that often plays a role in air pollution episodes is illustrated in the diagram above? (A) Albedo (B) Greenhouse effect (C) Inversion (D) Stratification (E) Heat-island effect

(C) Inversion

Which of the following is part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change? (A) Increased gas mileage in cars (B) Increased cloudiness caused by more moisture in the atmosphere (C) Melting of Arctic sea ice (D) Increased acidity of seawater (E) Increased growth of CO2-absorbing trees and grasses

(C) Melting of Arctic sea ice

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main domains/branches of organisms? (A) Eukarya (B) Eubacteria (C) Protista (D) Archaebacteria

(C) Protista

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects? (A) Particulates . . production of photochemical smog (B) Radon . . global climate change (C) Sulfur oxides . . acid deposition (D) Lead . . Skin cancer (E) Carbon oxides . . ozone layer depletion

(C) Sulfur oxides . . acid deposition

All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution EXCEPT an increase in (A) The development and exacerbation of asthma (B) The risk of developing lung cancer (C) The risk of developing skin cancer (D) Flulike symptoms, chronic fatigue, and nausea (E) Repiratory diseases leading to premature death

(C) The risk of developing skin cancer

The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by (A) medical waste incinerators (B) volatilization of lead-based paint (C) coal-burning power plants (D) runoff from thermometer factories (E) municipal waste incinerators

(C) coal-burning power plants

Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they (A) decompose readily in water and become a source of water pollution (B) decompose to produce methane, which is explosive and creates a significant hazard (C) decompose slowly, if at all, and persist as solid waste (D) release radioactive isotopes when they decompose (E) release ozone when they are recycled

(C) decompose slowly, if at all, and persist as solid waste

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture: (A) oxygen (B) carbon dioxide (C) glucose (D) proteins (E) water

(C) glucose

Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the: (A)Small size of the water molecules (B)High specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms (C)Absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form (D) Fact that water is a poor heat conductor

(C)Absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form

Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by: (A)Absorbing H+ (B)Releasing H+ (C)Releasing or absorbing H+ ions

(C)Releasing or absorbing H+ ions

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with apH value of 7? (A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 100 (D) 1,000 (E) 10,000

(D) 1,000

How many units of energy return to space from Earth and its atmosphere? (A) 25 (B) 30 (C) 95 (D) 100 (E) 120

(D) 100

Which of the following is the human health impact most closely associated with atmospheric particulates? (A) Cataracts (B) Diabetes (C) Melanoma (D) Asthma (E) Obesity

(D) Asthma

Which of the following would most likely reduce the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air of a city? (A) Release of CFCs into the air of the city (B) Occurrence of several consecutive days of sunny weather. (C) Formation of a temperature inversion (D) Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides (E) Release of VOCs into the air of the city

(D) Decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxides

True statements about ozone include which of the following? I. Ozone is a precursor of acid rain. II. Contact with ozone can be injurious to human health. III. Ozone absorbs some wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation (A) II only (B) III only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III

(D) II and III only

The increase in mean global temperature is likely to result in all of the following EXCEPT (A) Decreased size of the Greenland ice sheet (B) Increased range of some plant species (C) Increased populations of insects (D) Increased ground-level ultraviolet radiation (E) Increased sea level

(D) Increased ground-level ultraviolet radiation

Which of the following is true of the Clean Air Act? (A) It was passed by Congress during the early 1950s. (B) It regulates the amount of CO2 emitted by power plants. (C) It has remained largely unmodified since it was originally signed into law. (D) It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990. (E) It is set to expire in 2020

(D) It established a cap-and-trade program for SO2 in 1990.

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration of atmospheric CO2? (A) Requiring all farming practices to be organic (B) Stopping logging in United States forests (C) Switching fuel use for residential heating from oil to coal (D) Switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement (E) Preventing depletion of stratospheric ozone

(D) Switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement

Which of the following is true about the region of Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere? (A) It is the warmest layer of the atmosphere because it is closest to the Sun. (B) Most of the atmospheric water vapor is found in this layer (C) It is the layer of the atmosphere in which nearly all weather takes place. (D) The highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer. (E) It is characterized by steadily decreasing temperature with altitude

(D) The highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone forms in this layer.

Which of the following is true? (A) energy changes forms, be recycled, and be decomposed (B) energy changes forms, given that matter is not able to change forms (C) energy can be recycled and matter can flow through biogeochemical cycles (D) matter can be recycled and energy flows through ecosystems (E) matter can be recycled, change forms, and be destroyed as a result of ecosystem processes

(D) matter can be recycled and energy flows through ecosystems

How many units of energy are absorbed by Earth's surface? (A) 45 (B) 50 (C) 60 (D) 70 (E) 120

(E) 120

A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year, is closest to (A) 4,300 (B) 1,700 (C) 430 (D) 170 (E) 17

(E) 17

Which of the following are direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines? (A) O, N, and CO (B) CO, Ar, and O (C) CO2, H2O, and O3 (D) CO2, O3, and Pb (E) CO2, NOX, and VOCs

(E) CO2, NOX, and VOCs

Which latitude shown on the diagram below experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E

(E) E

Which of the following scenarios is NOT likely to result from increased temperatures in the Arctic? (A) Increased numbers of mosquitoes drive caribou to higher, cooler elevations where there is less vegetation (B) Increased melting of the permafrost increases the amount of methane that escapes into the atmosphere, which increases the temperature even more. (C) Increased melting of sea ice decreases travel distance for ships but increases the distance that polar bears and other Arctic species have to travel to find food, thus leading to their possible extinction. (D) Increased melting of the permafrost decreases the number of days that large vehicles can travel over the area to transport drilling equipment to extract oil from the region. (E) Increased melting of sea ice decreases the sea level and leads to more arable land area that can be farmed.

(E) Increased melting of sea ice decreases the sea level and leads to more arable land area that can be farmed

Which of the following is NOT a property of water? (A) Its melting point is 0°C at one atmosphere of pressure. (B) Its boiling point is 100°C at one atmosphere of pressure. (C) It is used in liquid form by most living organisms. (D) It is denser at 4°C than at 20°C. (E) It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes.

(E) It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes.

The arrow represents the approximate pH of which of the following? (A) Lemon juice (B) Ammonia (C) Distilled water (D) Highly acidic rainfall (E) Normal rainfall

(E) Normal rainfall

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal? (A) Carbon monoxide (B) CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) (C) PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) (D) Ozone (E) Sulfuric acid

(E) Sulfuric acid

Which of the following does NOT exert a major influence on Earth's overall climate? (A) The annual amount of solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface (B) The concentrations of the specific gases in Earth's atmosphere (C) The distribution of land masses and oceans, in combination with Earth's topography (D) The daily rotation of Earth on its axis, and its annual revolution around the Sun (E) The seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

(E) The seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

How would increased urban development effect the rates of the following processes? • Evaporation/transpiration • Runoff • Groundwater recharge

-decrease of evaporation and transpiration because of the smog in the air and blocking of buildings. -more. -less because of implementation of asphalt.

How might increased temperatures in the Arctic affect: • mosquito populations and caribou? • melting permafrost and methane? • ice and travel distance for ships? • Arctic species and extinction? • melting permafrost and travel for vehicles transporting oil drilling equipment? • sea levels and arable land area?

-the amount of mosquitoes will increases -more melting of permafrost and releases of methane gas -less ice and travel distance will decrease -increased rate of extinction and less arctic biodiversity -increases melting of permafrost and more ships -sea levels will rise and less land area

A cost benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account

1 2 and 3 The medical costs of mine worker injuries The cost of environmental restoration of sire when it is shut down the value of the ore to be extracted from the mine

A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year is closest to

17

In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest

1910

Approx how many more times acidic in terms of H+ concentration is precipitation in the northeastern US as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific

10

Approximately how many more times acidic, in terms of H+ concentration, is precipitation in the northeastern United States as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific?

10

The graph below shows the average pH of precipitation from several regions of the world. Approximately how many more times acidic, in terms of H+ concentration in the northeastern United States as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific?

10

how many units of energy return to space from earth and its atmosphere

100

At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?

100 years

The half-life of a radioactive substance with the decay rate shown in the graph above is closest to

10?

How many units of energy are absorbed by Earth's surface

120

In approx what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the US

1940

About how many times larger was the global ecological footprint in 2007 than it was in 1962?

2

True statements about ozone include which of the following

2 and 3 Contact with ozone can be injurious to human health Ozone absorbs some wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following

2 and 3 They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low they can lead to a self perpetuating population of control species

Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following

2 and 3 it is dependent on mature old growth forest for its habitat, it is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain

Which of the following changes would also be expected in the pond over the same period of time.

2 only- Increased levels of heavy metals

Which of the following annual population growth rates is paired with the correct doubling time?

2% . . 35 years

Which of the following annual population growth is paired with the correct doubling time?

2% ...... 35 years

Burning one gallon of gasoline in a car releases approximately 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere.

20,000

Approximately what percent of the population in Country II is under the age of 15?

25%

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 2 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

35 years

The atmospheric concentration of CO2 increased from 278 ppm in 1790 to 383 ppm in 2007. What is the approximate percent increase in CO2 concentration from 1790 to 2007?

38%

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75% per year, the population will double in approx how many years

40

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

40 years

How many units of energy do greenhouse gases contribute to the greenhouse effect

60

A country has an estimated annual growth rate of 2%. How many years will it take this country to double?

70/2 = 35 years

Approximately 60 percent of municipal solid waste in the United States is composed of some form of organic matter that could be composted.Every American generates approximately 2 kg of waste every day. The amount of compostable waste that could be generated by one individual in a week would be closest to

8.4 kg

Approx how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900

90

Approximately how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900?

90

17

A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year, is closest to

Which of the following is the best example of cogeneration

A coal fired power plant captures waster heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings

Some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits

A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have been required each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?

Which of the following is the best description of a population that has a stable age distribution?

A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant

What soil horizon has the greatest concentration of organic material?

A horizon.

The dose response relationship is linear

A lab study using rats showed a steady increase in physical effects as the concentration of a toxic substance in their food was increased. This suggests that

What is a major limitation of using photovoltaic cells to generate electricity?

A limitation is there is no sunshine at night to charge the photovoltaic cells.

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true?

Which zone has the greatest biodiversity

A- the closest to the shoreline

Have doubled between 1950 and 2150

According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely

Montreal protocol

Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion

Least productive

Africa

Succulents

Africa

They tend to have low reproductive rates

All of of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true except

You are a farmer owning land on both sides of a steep ridge. You want to plant a sun-loving crop on the sunny, but very windy, south slope of the ridge and the crop needs a great deal of irrigation on the north slope. What farming techniques might best conserve your soil?

All of the above would be acceptable for conserving the soil (contour, terrace, shelterbelts, crop rotation)

The risk of developing skin cancer

All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution except an increase in

Which of the following best embodies the qualities of a scientific theory?

An explanation that all gases, liquids, and solids consist of atoms.

Approximately how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900?

Animals were being domesticated, leading to the agricultural revolution. (90)

Disclaimer

Answers may be wrong. If you begin to question one, look the answer up to check.

Which latitude shown on the diagram above experiences 24 hrs of daylight on dec 21

Antarctic circle

90

Approximately how many more mammal species became extinct in the period 1901-2000 than became extinct in the period 1801-1900?

10

Approximately how many more times acidic, in terms of H+ concentration, is precipitation in the northeastern US as compared to precipitation in the South Pacific

Why are phytoplankton found in the upper hundred feet of most bodies of water?

Because they can use the light that penetrates the water in order to go through photosynthesis

Which of the following represents a positive feedback loop in the arctic that is associated with anthropogenic climate change?

Arctic Ocean ice melts --> ocean surface water temperature increases-->more ice melts

What are control groups used for?

As a benchmark to measure how the other test subjects do.

Create a positive feedback loop with the following information: increasing ice melts, ocean surface water increases.

As the increase in atmospheric CO2 increases air temperature, it promotes the thawing of the permafrost which contains large quantities of CO2 from the bacterial decomposition of previously frozen vegetation and animal life. Briefly, any increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to an increase in temperature which leads to further increase in temperature due increase release of CO2 from the thawing permafrost

How might total fertility rate be affected as a society goes through demographic transition?

As women become more educated, more contraceptives become available, and access to family planning increases, the TFR decreases.

Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its biotic potential?

B (Upward curve in positive direction)

Fragmentation of tropical forests due to human activities is leading to a significant loss of biodiversity in this area.

B (sub saharan africa)

2. How much is available energy reduced by as you go up the trophic web? A) 1/5th B) 1/10th C) 1/20th D) 1/50th E) 1/100th

B) 1/10th

The zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere

B- the highest level but not attached to the shore

Why might the spread of infectious disease increase as climate change increases?

Because as temperature increases, more mosquitoes are able to carry diseases and spread them.

Even though open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass (high GPP), why is its net primary productivity (NPP) still low?

Because it has a great total area.

Why might vegetarianism be a partial solution to the growing problems of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population grows?

Because no tress or habitats will be destroyed to make ranches for cows and vegetarians will not eat meat.

Even though DDT is banned in the US, why would a test of the body tissue of a resident in the US reveal presence of DDT?

Because of miomaginifcation, it comes from animals, plants, or fruits and vegetables that we eat that come from outside of the country.

Why might increase in housing developments impact the local water supply?

Because there is an increase in the number of people, more people will deplete the local water supply.

Why do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?

Because they have a limited amount of resources and if they run out, they species will die out.

In a human population, the population increases when a large percent of people in the population are in which age-group?

Between forty-five and fifty-four years old

More commonly used in the least developed countries than in highly developed countries

Biomass

What property of crude oil is used in refineries to separate oil into its various components?

Boiling point.

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the likely hood of soil erosion?

Both A & B (no-till agr, integrated pest management)

which of the following is the most successful solutions to the problems of fish mortality caused by dams

Building fish ladders around the dam

What are the direct products of the use of hydrocarbon fuels in automobile engines?

CO2, NOx, VOCs

List the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size?

Clay, sand, silt, and gravel.

Of the following, which is the most likely composition of the soil sample? (a lot of water is being filtered through)

Clay: 10%; Silt: 10%; Sand: 80% = Loamy Sand

Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element

Carbon

In the stratosphere which of the following increases Earths albedo by reflecting solar energy back into space

Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal

Carbon monoxide

Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest

Commensalism

Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites

Competition

Endangered species act

Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan

What environmental problems are associated with fracking?

Contamination of groundwater.

Photovoltaics

Converts solar energy directly into electrical energy

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities for women?

Country A

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely experience a population decline?

Country C

Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?

D (small at top and small at bottom)

The Sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following EXCEPT A) plant growth B) ocean currents C) hurricanes D) plate tectonics E) cloud formation

D) plate tectonics

In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first?

Death Rate

Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they

Decompose slowly if at all and persist as solid waste

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of acid deposition on a northern forest

Decreased ability of trees to withstand cold weather

Which of the following would ass the most support to the reliability of this series of experiments

Duplicate the experiment under identical conditions and get similar results

The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

E

Which graph best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity?

E (S curve)

Of the following which is the most likely composition of the soil sample

E 10% 10% 80%

Which of the following best represents the percent of water that is used for various purposes worldwide

E 70% 20% 10%

The zone in which species are adapted to the lowest light and the highest pressure

E- the lowest level

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others?

Ecosystem

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others?

Ecosystems

The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to

El Nino

Contains an amendment that allows private landowners to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan

Endangered Species act

Describe a stable age distribution.

Equal amount of members in each category: pre-reproductive, reproductive, and Post-reproductive.

Which of the following characteristically produces non point source pollution

Erosion from ag land

Which graph best illustrates a population growing at its bionic potential

Exponential graph

Exposure to neurotoxins, which affect the endocrine system

Factors that increase the spread of infectious diseases include all of the following except

Explain the pesticide treadmill.

Farmers spray pesticides; target species becomes resistant to pesticide; farmer buys a new, more expensive pesticide; farmer utilizes pesticide and the treadmill continues.

Which of the following statements best explains the graphs above? (charts with water usage, money returned, and return)

Fruits and vegetables give the greatest monetary return per water usage

Drawbacks include noise and the release of corrosive chemicals

Geothermal

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture

Gluclose

For primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture-

Glucose

Which best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity

Growing graph that levels out

Phosphorus

Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element

The graph shows how seed production in a plant species varied with population density in an unfragmented habitat (Site A) and in a fragmented habitat (Site B). Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?

Habitat fragmentation has more effect on seed production than does population density.

In north america native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators

Have co evolved with native plant species

According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely...

Have doubled between 1950 and 2150

Using your analysis assignment, match the following quote with the correct reading: "These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and, instead of lifting their eyes to the mountains, lift them to dams and town skyscrapers. As well dam for water-tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man."

Hetch-Hetchy Valley

Based on the following set of criteria, identify the soil's fertility and composition: Dark in color, pH between 6 and 7, a composition of 50% silt; 50% clay; 50% sand.

High fertility, loamy soil

Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country?

High life expectancy and low infant mortality

How has the U.S. government changed its views of wetlands over the past 40 years?

Historically, we have encouraged the draining of wetlands to make room for agriculture. Recently we have reversed this policy and are trying to restore wetlands.

120

How many units of energy are absorbed by the earths surface?

100

How many units of energy return to space from Earth and its atmosphere?

The terrestrial biomes shown in the diagram above vary in net primary productivity. The explanation for the variation includes which of the following? I. Temperature II. Precipitation III. Longitude

I and II only

Countries undergoing rapid population growth include which of the following?

I only

Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following?

II and III

An experiment was carried out to determine the lethal dose of ammonium sulfate on mung bean germination. True statements about the experimental design include which of the following?

II and III only

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following? I. They promote genetic resistance in the target species, resulting in a population explosion of the target species. II. They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low. III. They lead to self-perpetuating population of control species.

II and III only

High rates of species extinction caused by human activities have taken place at which of the following times in Earth's history?

III only

Give an example of the Tragedy of Commons.

If a pond is open for fishing to the public, and the public overuses the pond, the amount of fish will significantly decreases.

40 years

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75% per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

Add calcium carbonate to the pond water

In 1950 the pH of a pond was 8.2 but by 2000 the pH decreased to 5.2. What is an effective short term remediation strategy for the pond.

Which statement is supported by the data in the graph? (graph of earth's biocapacity over time)

In 1970, we began to overshoot Earth's capacity to support us.

The chemical company did not violate effluent regulations in the 1982-1985 period, but it violated them at some other time

In 1986 Country X established regulations to reduce the maximum allowable concentration of chromium to industrial effluents from 37 ppm to 25 ppm. In 1994 government research indicated that a chromium concentration of up to 35 ppm in effluents presented an acceptable risk; in the same year the government also discovered that a certain chemical company had been discharging effluents with chromium concentration of 32 ppm each year since 1981. Based on this info, which of he following statements is correct?

Have coevolved with native plant species

In North America, native pollinators often increase the quality and quantity of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees don the most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators

Younger than 18 years old

In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percent of people in the population are in which age group?

1940

In approximately what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the US?

Sulfate aerosols

In the stratosphere, which of the following increases Earth's albedo by reflecting solar energy back into space?

1910

In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest?

What agricultural practice contributes to the development of dangerous strains of disease organisms?

Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimes of densely concentrated livestock

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000.

Increased environmental disturbance from human activities altered bird habitats.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000

Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000?

Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats

The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1% it is expected to drop to 0.5% by 2050. Partly because

Increased number of women entering the workforce in developing nations

Which of the following statements is best supported by the population doubling times indicated on the map?

India has a higher population growth rate than China and Australia have.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the population doubling times indicated on the map

India has a higher population growth rate than china and Australia have

Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in Phase I?

Infant and childhood mortality

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals.

Integrated pest management

Which of the following is not a property of water

It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes

Which of the following is not a property of water?

It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes.

Carbon dioxide

It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases?

Explain why a sea otter is a keystone species.

It is a keystone species because they feed on sea urchins to control their populations.

The presence of which of the following in soil is most likely to neutralize acid rain?

Limestone

What factors might promote fertility above replacement level?

Less developed country, lack of family planning/contraceptives, less opportunities for women, more religious conflicts and limitations, and public housing priority for families with more than two children

Corn can be grown at a rate of 1,000 kcal per hectare, and it takes 20 times more land to produce beef than it does to produce corn. Which of the following equations would correctly calculate the amount of land needed to produce 10,000 kcal of beef?

Look at answers on test (B)

Open ocean produce the largest share of earths biomass because the net primary productivity

Low but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous number of producers such as phytoplankton

Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests

Mandate that the government sale of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value

Most of the nutrient rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam

Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Dam on the Nile River to be an ecological disaster. Which of the following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint.

Secondary consumers

Many synthetic chemicals, such as PCBs, act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem, these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following?

Carbon

Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element

Reach sexual maturity quickly

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

Which of the following has been the result when pollen from Monsanto-patented GMO plants has contaminated the fields of farmers who do NOT use (or want) GMO crops?

Monsanto sues the farmer with the contaminated plants and claims patent infringement.

Addressed the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion

Montreal Protocol

Biomass

More commonly used in the least developed countries than in highly developed countries

Many environmentalists consider Egypt's Aswan High Damn on the Nile River to be an ecological disaster. Which of the following is the best evidence to support this viewpoint

Most of the nutrient-rich silt that the Nile annually deposited downstream is now deposited behind the dam

Decompose slowly p, if at all, and persist as solid waste

Most plastics pose a special problem in the waste stream because they

Nuclear power is a component of the line labeled "other" in the graph. Why is it impossible for nuclear energy to completely replace oil and gas in the future?

Nuclear power can supply electricity, but it cannot replace other uses of oil and gas

Nuclear power can supply electricity, but if cannot replace other uses of oil and gas

Nuclear power is a component of the line labeled "Other" in the graph. Why is it impossible for nuclear energy to completely replace oil and gas in the future?

Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another

Mutualism

Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the nitrogen cycle?

N2 above ground on both sides

Requires the federal government to produce an environmental impact statement for any construction project funded by the government

National Environmental Policy Act

Which of the following is a common component of photo chemical smog and is reddish brown gas with a pungent odor

Nitrogen Dioxide

A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains.The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens' group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which ofthe following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group?

Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.

Open ocean

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year?

Clay: 10%. Silt: 10%. Sand: 80%.

Of the following, which is the most likely composition of the soil sample?

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year

Open Ocean

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year?

Open Ocean

Which of the following represents a correct pairing of an ag practice with its environmental consequence

Paddy rice cultivation and methane emissions

Exemplified by ticks on a deer

Parasitism

As part of a school project, a group of high school students will attempt to determine whether increasing the species diversity of the edible plants in pastures used for grazing livestock will provide an economic benefit to ranchers. Which of the following hypotheses, if supported by experimental results, best demonstrates an economic benefit to the ranchers?

Pastures with the highest diversity of plant species will have the highest net primary productivity.

Which of the following is consistent with the graphs above?

People in North America consume more meat per capita than people in other regions of the world do

Which of the following properties of soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample

Permeability

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill?

Point W

Which of the following describes the change in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state

Population increase rapidly, birth rate remains high death rate decreases

Which of the following describes the changes in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state?

Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases

Epiphytes

South America

Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level?

Public housing priority for families with more than 2 children

Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level?

Public housing priority for families with more than two children

Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level?

Public housing priority with more than two children

Members of an r-selected species characteristically...

Reach sexual maturity quickly

Toxic metals freed by acid deposition

Recent studies show that the decline of some tree populations in the northeastern US is due to a concentration of factors. Which of the following is the most important factor?

Red pine trees are currently found growing in only the cool northernmost areas of the central and eastern United States. Climate change is expected to have an impact on the distribution of the species. What do you think might happen to the population of red pine trees over the next 200 years?

Red pine distribution will shift northward toward into Canada

The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

Reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

The primary cause for the decline in the use of wood as fuel in the eighteen hundreds was the

Reduced wood availability resulting from widespread deforestation

What does surface ocean circulation most directly result in?

Rotation of cool and warm water.

In August of 2014, residents of several Ohio cities that use Lake Erie as a drinking water source were warned not to drink tap water because of the presence of toxins released by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). What would be the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie?

Runoff from phosphoric fertilizers from agricultural lands.

Farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because

What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point T ?

Sand: 60%; Silt: 30%; Clay: 10%

many synthetic chemicals such as PCBs act as estrogen mimics. In an ecosystem these persistent chemicals would have the greatest effect on which of the following

Secondary consumers

Highest biodiversity

South America

Threatened by agriculture

South America

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?

Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources

They are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinctions because

Which renewable resource, listed below, can be depleted if it is overused?

Soil

Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing

Soil erosion

What are common ways to deal with the side effects of eutrophication?

Some common ways are: -applying herbicides to kill nuisance plants dredging out -lakes to deepen them -pumping oxygen into the lowest layers of water -introducing insects that eat certain nuisance plants

Broad leaf evergreen

South America

This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage

Sulfur

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects

Sulfur oxides, acid decomposition

Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because

Sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water

Which tree species grows best with full sunlight?

Sweet gum

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the US contribution to the increase in concentration of atmospheric CO2?

Switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration of atmospheric CO2?

Switching from cars and trucks to railroads for mass transit and freight movement

Integrated pest management

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farm workers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?

Which two tank comparison provides the strongest evidence that the presence of UV light at natural levels inhibits photosynthesis

Tank 1 vs Tank 2

What country has the largest proven coal reserves?

The US.

Which of the following is the best description of bioaccumulation?

The absorption of a substance by an organism at a rate greater than the rate of elimination?

In 1986 Country X established regulations to reduce the maximum allowable concentration of chromium in industrial effluents from 37 ppm to 25 ppm. In 194 government research indicated that a chromium concentration of up to 35 ppm in effluents presented an acceptable risk in the same year that the government also discovered that a certain chemical company has been discharging effluents with chromium concentrations of 32 ppm each year since 181 based on this information which of the following statements is correct

The chemical company did not violate effluent regulations in the 1982-1985 period, but it violated them at some other time

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. 30 years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true.

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true?

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition .

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 per thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true?

The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition.

Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

The crude growth rate, r , of a population is calculated by

Well insulated homes

The danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in

Give an example of a carbon sink.

The forest.

Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth

The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common?

El Niño

The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was mostly due to

Increased ground level ultraviolet radiation

The increase in mean global temperature is likely to result in all of the following except

Increases gases in what part of that atmosphere contribute to global climate change?

Troposphere.

Population biologists are concerned about introduced species such as the zebra mussel in North America because...

The introduced species compete for resources more effectively than native species

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which point?

The middle of phase II

Describe a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change?

The more ice melts, more permafrost melts.

Between 1960 and 1970, why did oil consumption approximately doubled?

The number of cars on the road increased.

Reduced wood availability resulting from widespread deforestation

The primary cause for the decline in the use of wood as a fuel in the eighteen hundreds was the

Burning of sulfur containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

The primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern US is

Increase in the biological oxygen demand

The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp

Animal models may not reflect human responses

The risk that many cancer causing chemicals pose to humans can be estimated using laboratory tests on rats. A significant scientific limitation of such tests is that

Which of the following is the most valid conclusion that can be inferred from this experiment

The thinning of the Antarctic ozone layer is likely to have a dramatic effect on the entire polar food chain

As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase?

The transitional

The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which ofthe following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands?

The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (GM) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself. Which of the following statements best explains the relationship shown on the graph?

The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations.

E

The zone in which species are adapted to the lowest light and the highest pressure

B

The zone in which the greatest total mass of CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere

A

The zone that has the greatest biodiversity

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests?

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because...

They are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

Which of the following best describes soil in many tropical rain forests?

They are quickly depleted of nutrients when forest is removed

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soil and water are important to ecosystems?

They recycle nutrients

All of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true except:

They tend to have low reproductive rates

Sulfer

This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage

Which of the following countries listed in the chart above is most likely experienced a population decline

Total fertility rate 1.8 Infant mortality rate 60 Life expectancy 80

Which of the countries listed in chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities

Total fertility rate 6.5 Infant mortality rate 150 Life expectancy at birth 48

Recent studies show that the decline of some tree populations in the northeastern United States is due to a combination of factors. Which of the following is the most important factor?

Toxic metals freed by acid deposition

Overgrazing of public lands by privately owned livestock is an example of the

Tragedy of the commons

Maintained by fire

USA

Which of the following statements identifies a concern associated with the increased proportion of GM crops being grown?

Use of GM seeds can lead to loss of genetic diversity in crops.

Which of the following best describes the process of leaching

Water percolating through soil dissolving some of its materials

Most deserts are at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south because

Warm air rises at equator cools and sinks at 30 degrees latitude

What is a risk we face when using biological controls?

We face the risk of harming non-target species.

The danger from radon gas would most likely be greatest in

Well insulated homes

Being bitten by an infected mosquito

West Nile virus identified in the Western Hemisphere during the summer of 1999 and was associated with human, equine, and avian deaths. This virus is acquired by

Describe biomagnification.

When a substance magnifies in a food chain, increasing with the level of the food chain.

Define bioaccumulation.

When a substance within an organism increases over time and the organism continues to take in that substance.

They recycle nutrients

Which of the following best explains why decomposes in soils and water are important to ecosystems

Increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms

Which is the following best illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change?

Mandate that the government sake of logging rights in national forests be at fair market value

Which of the following actions would be most likely to increase the protection of ecological systems in national forests?

Sulfur oxides... Acid deposition

Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects?

Doubling in size over equal increments of time

Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time?

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage?

Water percolating through soil, dissolving some of its material

Which of the following best describes the process of leaching?

The seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

Which of the following does not exert a major influence on Earth's overall climate?

Ecosystem

Which of the following ecological concepts induces all of the others

Increased UV penetration through the Antarctic ozone hole would further depress productivity of phytoplankton

Which of the following inferences is supported by the results of this series of experiments?

Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests?

Methane, CH4

Which of the following is a common component of photochemical smog and is a reddish-brown gas with a pungent odor?

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that comes only from human sources?

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal?

Individuals pay for medical treatment of long disease aggravated by population from a cold fired power plant

Which of the following is an example of an external cost?

Switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration of atmospheric CO2?

It absorbs relatively little heat as it vaporizes

Which of the following is not a property of water?

Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials

Which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste?

A coal fired power plant captures waste heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings

Which of the following is the best example of cogeneration?

Water that has been used for bathing and for washing clothes

Which of the following is the best example of gray water?

Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period of 1901-2000?

Building fish ladders around the dam

Which of the following is the most successful solution to the problem of fish mortality caused by dams?

The thinning of the Antarctic ozone layer is likely to have a dramatic effect on the entire polar food chain

Which of the following is the most valid conclusion that can be inferred from this experiment?

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities for women?

a (tfr 6.5 imr 150 le 48)

Organic agriculture is _______.

a food-growing practice that uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides

Convert 9 mL to gallons if the conversion factor of L to gallons is 1 L = 0.26 gallons. a. 0.0023 gal. b. 0.023 gal. c. 0.23 gal. d. 2.3 gal.

a. 0.0023 gal.

Which latitude shown on the diagram above experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21?

antarctic circle (e)

Eutrophication results in the death of trout and other fish as a result of

asphyxiation from lack of oxygen

Corn can be grown at a rate of 1,000 kcal per hectare, and it takes 20 times more land to produce beef than it does to produce corn. Which of the following equations would correctly calculate the amount of land needed to produce 10,000 kcal of beef?

b (1 ha / 1000 kcal corn)

Which of the following is the most likely route for mercury to enter the food web?

b (coal burning emiss - depo - ocean - plankton - fishes)

Which environment is characterized by the highest diversity of tree species?

b (hi temp, constantly hi precip)

According to the graph, the increase in CO2 in ppm, between 1970 and 1990 is closest to: a. 5 ppm b. 30 ppm c. 50 ppm d. 340 ppm e. 355 ppm

b. 30 ppm

The student went on to suggest that water entered the stalk and made it crisp. This suggestion is considered to be: a. A control b. A hypothesis c. An observation d. A variable

b. A hypothesis

Which of the following was NOT considered one of the major environmental issues of the 1960's and 1970's? a. Human population growth b. Climate change c. Water pollution d. Landfilling waste

b. Climate change

Which of the following fuel sources is associated with the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century? a. Wood b. Coal c. Oil d. Natural gas

b. Coal

Which sequence should be followed when conducting a laboratory investigation? a. Gather data, make observations, form a conclusion, form a hypothesis b. Define a problem, form a hypothesis, gather data, form a conclusion c. Form a hypothesis, form a conclusion, gather data, define a problem d. Make observations, gather data, form a conclusion, state a problem

b. Define a problem, form a hypothesis, gather data, form a conclusion

Which of the following best describes what sustainable development means? a. Taking into account only the financial cost of the development b. Development meets the demands of the present demand without compromising future generations c. Environmental goals are the only goals taken into account d. None of the above

b. Development meets the demands of the present demand without compromising future generations

How do economists measure a country's capacity to provide goods and services for its population's use Choose the best answer. a. Gross world product (GWP) b. Gross domestic product (GDP) c. The Census d. Opinion surveys

b. Gross domestic product (GDP)

Environmental science is most accurately viewed as a science: a. Incorporating economics, social science, geography, and policy b. Incorporating all the sciences, politics, economics, and social sciences c. Incorporating world politics, decision making, and the environment d. Designed to solve environmental problems using current technology

b. Incorporating all the sciences, politics, economics, and social sciences

Which of the following affects carrying capacity? a. Time b. Location c. Both d. Neither

c. Both

What costs are not included in the electricity bills that consumers, who get their electricity from coal- fired power plants, pay?

bills do not include public health costs, such as those associated with air pollution

What is the current recommendation of Congress for the permanent storage of high-level radioactive waste in the US?

burial deep underground at sites remote from population centers.

the primary cause of acid precipitation in the northeastern US is

burning of sulfur containing fossil fuels to produce electricity

Long-term intensive agriculture that does not add soil amendments such as manure or fertilizer has been shown to decrease soil organic matter content. Which of the following figures best shows this relationship?

c (looks like a half life slope)

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely experiencing a population decline?

c (tfr 1.8 imr 60 le 80)

Which of the following best describes paradigm shift? a. A consistently supported hypothesis b. A scientific law c. A change in the dominant view, given enough data d. All of the above

c. A change in the dominant view, given enough data

When do you use a line graph? a. For all numerical data b. Anytime the X-axis is numerical c. Anytime the X-axis is continuous d. Anytime the X-axis has categories

c. Anytime the X-axis is continuous

An experiment was designed to determine the effect of nitrates on plant growth. Two groups of plants were grown under identical conditions, except one group was watered with a dilute nitrate solution and the other group received water without nitrates. In this investigation, the group of plants grown without added nitrates is known as the: a. Abiotic factor b. Variable c. Control d. Environmental stimulus

c. Control

Which graph type best represents human population growth? a. Arithmetic growth b. Linear growth c. Geometric growth d. None of the above

c. Geometric growth

Which president signed the Endangered Species Act into law and established the Environmental Protection Agency? a. FDR b. Kennedy c. Nixon d. Clinton

c. Nixon

Who was an intellectual known for the philosophy of transcendentalism ("mystical unity of nature")? a. Gifford Pinchot b. John Muir c. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Frederick Law Olmsted

c. Ralph Waldo Emerson

Which of the following is a renewable resource? a. Coal b. Oil c. Wood d. Uranium (nuclear power)

c. Wood

It has been observed that forest fires can produce up to 40 percent of the mean annual global emissions of which of the following gases

carbon dioxide

Which of the following compounds is not involved in the depletion of stratospheric ozone

carbon dioxide

In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the

carrying capacity of the population

Diagram the most likely route for mercury to enter the food web.

coal burning emissions —> deposition —> ocean —> plankton —> fishes

When fracking, what is the purpose of pumping highly pressurized water with a mixture of sand and chemicals into boreholes?

create cracks within the rock in order to provide pathways for the release of gas and oil

Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?

d (the bottom is smaller than the top of the pyramid)

If an incandescent lightbulb used for lighting has an efficiency rating of 5 percent, then for every 1.00 joule of electrical energy consumed by the bulb, which of the following is produced? a. 1.05 joules of light energy b. 1.05 joules of heat energy c. 0.95 joules of light energy d. 0.05 joules of light energy e. 0.05 joules of heat energy

d. 0.05 joules of light energy

During which 10-year period did the greatest increase in the deer population occur? a. 1900-1910 b. 1910-1920 c. 1920-1930 d. 1930-1940

d. 1930-1940

What is the percent change in carbon dioxide concentration if it was 315 ppm in 1955 and 405 ppm today? a. 2.2% b. 2.9% c. 22% d. 29%

d. 29%

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of capital we will be learning about in this class? a. Wealth b. Solar c. Natural d. All of the above are

d. All of the above are

A student reported that a wilted stalk of celery became crisp when placed in a container of ice water. The student's statement was based on: a. A deduction b. A hypothesis c. A conclusion d. An observation

d. An observation

When do you use a bar graph? a. For all numerical data b. Anytime the X-axis is numerical c. Anytime the X-axis is continuous d. Anytime the X-axis has categories

d. Anytime the X-axis has categories

Which of the following is correctly matched up with his/her contribution to environmental science? a. Gifford Pinchot: created the US Forest Service b. John Muir: founded first US forestry school in North Carolina c. Rachel Carson: responsible for the passage of the Endangered Species Act d. Franklin D Roosevelt: created the Civilian Conservation Corps

d. Franklin D Roosevelt: created the Civilian Conservation Corps

Which of the following is NOT a pro associated with the Information Revolution? a. Use of remote sensing b. Reduction in pollution c. Better understanding of earth d. Increase in cultural diversity

d. Increase in cultural diversity

The Agricultural Revolution a. Occurred in one location 60,000 years ago and spread to other locations b. Occurred in one location 12,000 years ago and spread to other locations c. Occurred in multiple locations 60,000 years ago simultaneously d. Occurred in multiple locations 12,000 years ago simultaneously

d. Occurred in multiple locations 12,000 years ago simultaneously

An ecological footprint is best described as showing: a. The major components of an average ecologist's footprint b. The impact of climate change on the planet c. The amount of carbon emitted on average by industrialized countries d. The total biologically productive land and water area required to sustain a person or population

d. The total biologically productive land and water area required to sustain a person or population

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?

deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

Which list includes biomes in the correct order based on those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?

desert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest

The crude growth rate, r, of a population is calculated by

dividing the doubling time by 70

Which of the following best characterizes a population that is growing exponentially with time

doubling in size over equal increments of time

Which graph best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity?

e (the s curve)

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others

ecosystem

Factors that increase the spread of infectious diseases include all of the following except

exposure to neurotoxins, which affect the endocrine system

Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because

farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing

few offspring with high levels of parental care

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture

glucose

Which of the following pairs lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism?

grasshopper; whale

According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely

have doubled between 1950 and 2150

Green Revolution techniques ________.

have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable

How might herbicides affect amphibians?

herbicides act as endocrine disruptors

which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country

high life expectancy and low infant morality

What is a negative human effect associated with particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers?

high rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions

How might nitrogen-based fertilizers in the Midwest affect the Gulf of Mexico?

hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico

A student group is involved in a restoration study of a nearby disturbed area. They decide to collect six soil samples and analyze them for carbon (C)and nitrogen (N). Two of the samples are found to be very high in C and N, but the other four samples are low in both. The students also notice that the color of the two soil samples that are high in C and N is very dark. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the data?

idk

Give an example of a negative externality.

illnesses related to living near a manufacturing facility noise associated with living near a major airport air pollution caused by refinery emissions damage to crops from automobile exhaust

The release of a large amount of sewage and other organic wastes into a river would likely result in a sharp

increase in biological oxygen demand

What is a potential human effect associated with thermal inversion?

increase in respiratory irritation due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates

which of the following inferences is supported by the results of this series of experiments

increased UV penetration through the Antarctic ozone hole would further depress productivity of phytoplankton

the increase in mean global temperature is likely to result in all of the following except

increased ground level ultraviolet radiation

The removal of the livestock and predators, and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________.

increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer

The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is

increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations

Which of the following best illustrates a mitigation approach to climate change

increasing the proportion of commercial energy that is produced by wind farms

Which of the following is an example of an external cost

individuals pay for medical treatment of lung disease aggravated by pollution from a coal fired power plant

Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource would be an example of ________.

intraspecific competition

The terrestrial biomes shown in the diagram above vary in primary net productivity. The explanation for the variation includes which of the following

l and ll l- temp ll- precipitation

The activity with the health risk most likely to be overestimated by the general public in the United States

living near a nuclear power plant

Area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

mid Atlantic ridge (a)

The functional role of a species in its community is its ________.

niche

The most abundant gas in earth's atmosphere is

nitrogen

this item not scored

not scored

Secondary succession ________.

occurs after a fire or flood

Which of the following elements constitutes the highest percentage of mass in earth's crust?

oxygen

What occurrence in the environment might result in the increase of skin cancer rates?

ozone depletion in the stratosphere

Which of the following will result in accelerated eutrophication when introduced into streams, lakes, and bays?

phosphate fertilizer

What element might be a limiting factor for primary production in freshwater lakes?

phosphorus.

What processes does the Sun's radiation provide energy for?

plant growth, ocean currents, hurricanes, cloud formation

Erosion can result in a vicious cycle of worsening erosion because ________.

plants are less likely to grow in eroded soil

The Sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following EXCEPT

plate tectonics

The comparison shown in the figure is environmentally significant because it shows that ________. (pic of resource allocation of beef, pork, eggs, chicken and milk)

production of beef and pork is resource-intensive

Construction of a solar power plant is proposed for a desert area near a school. A student has hypothesized that the shade cast by the solar panels will increase the mortality of creosote bush, a native desert plant in the area. Before construction begins, what experimental data should the student collect in order to eventually test the hypothesis?

reach a maximum rate of growth in 2150

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

reach sexual maturity quickly

What type of radiation contribute to global climate change?

stratosphere absorb outgoing IR Radiation

The crude growth rate, r, of a population is calculated by

subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

The ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems is

sun

Which of the following is most likely to reduce the United States contribution to the increase in concentration in the atmospheric CO2

switching from cars and trucks to rail for mass transit and freight movement

Corn can be grown at a rate of 1,000 kcal per hectare, and it takes 20 times more land to produce beef than it does to produce corn. Which of the following equations would correctly calculate the amount of land needed to produce 10,000 kcal of beef?

the one that starts with 1 ha/1,000 kcal corn

Which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the nitrogen cycle?

the one with two n2's in the air (a)

All of the following are likely consequences of indoor air pollution EXCEPT an increase in

the risk of developing skin cancer

which of the following does not exert a major influence on Earths overall climate

the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because

the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources

the risk that many cancer causing chemicals pose to humans can be estimated using laboratory tests on rats. A significant scientific limitation of such tests that

they are banned in the US

Small populations of animals such as those typically found on islands are prone to extinction beacuse

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems

they recycle nutrients

all of the following statements about invasive exotic species are true except

they tend to have a low reproductive rate

If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then ___________.

this lends support to the hypothesis but does not prove it is correct

A trophic cascade is the effect of the loss of ________ on ________.

top consumers; the abundance of lower consumers and producers

Why might eutrophication result in the death of trout and other fish?

toxic pH levels in the water asphyxiation from lack of oxygen

Where is the Ogallala Aquifer located? What is happening to it?

underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse

Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and the Hudson River have declined by up to 70% or more since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.

zebra mussels feed on small zooplankton and on the phytoplankton that zooplankton need as a food source