Memory

Memory consolidation

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes

London Taxi Driver study

They have larger *posterior* and smaller *anterior hippocampus*

Place field

area of the environment within which a place cell fires

Which type of memory can be accessed for conscious recollection? a. Nondeclarative memory b. Procedural memory c. Declarative memory d. Classical conditioning

c. Declarative memory

How did Hebb define the cell assembly? a. All the cortical cells that are activated by any one of the senses b. All the cortical cells that are activated by the process of memory reconsolidation c. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected d. Those cells being used at any given moment for working memory

c. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected

Which of the following medial temporal lobe structures is important for declarative memory consolidation? a. Hippocampus b. Parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas c. Fornix d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Karl Lashley studied the effects of various-sized cortical lesions on maze performance in rats. He concluded that the memory deficits were correlated with the size of the lesion but not the location and hypothesized that all cortical areas contribute equally to learning and memory. What is the current interpretation of these experiments? a. Lashley's conclusions remain unchallenged. b. Nothing about Lashley's studies has stood the test of time. c. All cortical areas contribute equally to memory in rats but not in other species. d. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed.

d. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed.

Which type of amnesia does not cause other cognitive defects? a. Retrograde amnesia b. Anterograde amnesia c. Transient global amnesia d. Dissociated amnesia

d. Dissociated amnesia

Motivation is important in ____ conditioning

instrumental

Nonassociative learning, 2 types

*Habituation* decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it *Sensitization* an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

Nondeclarative memory

*Unconscious* memories such as motor skills and associations. *Automatic* and is also called implicit memory *Procedural memory and classical conditioning*

Digit span

the number of digits a person can remember 7 +/-2

People with prefrontal lesions have difficulty on wisconsin card-sorting test because

they continue to sort according to a rule that no longer applies, do not learn from recent experience

Cell assembly

A large group of cells that tend to be active at the same time because they have been activated simultaneously or in close succession in the past

Place cell

A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A neuropsychological test that evaluates a patient's ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules.

synaptic consolidation

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

Henry Molaison (H.M.) What did they cut away?

Bilateral resection of 8cm medial temporal lobe -cortex -amygdala -2/3 of hippocampus

True or False The prefrontal cortex receives afferents from the striatum and cerebellum, implicating this area of cortex in procedural memory

False

True or False Absolute amnesia is rather common

False I'ts rather rare

True or False Destroying hippocampus affects procedural memory

False It does not affect it. Destroying *striatum* affects procedural memory

True or False Amygdala lesions have severe effect on recognition memory

False It has no effect

_____ binds sensory information for the purpose of memory consolidation

Hippocampus

_____ is active during reconsolidation

Hippocampus

_____ supports spatial memory of location of objects of behavioral importance

Hippocampus

______ is important for spatial memory

Hippocampus

______ storage of memories for some length of time

Hippocampus

Key structures in Medial Temporal lobe for memory

Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Parahippocampal cortex

system consolidation

Hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years

Synesthesia

when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another

Associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Prefrontal cortex is necessary for retaining information in

working memory

What is critical for memory consolidation but not for retrieval of memories?

Medial Temporal lobe

Declarative memory Brain region

Medial temporal lobe Diencephalon

What structures are critical for consolidation AND storage?

Medial temporal structures

Reconsolidation

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again

Declarative memory

Memory of knowledge that can be called forth *consciously* as needed. Called explicit memory *Semantic memory and Episodic memory*

Conditional stimulus

A stimulus that yields a response only after learning has occurred

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. *Skeletal musculature and emotional responses*

Working memory

Active maintenance of information in short-term storage

Dissociated amnesia

Amnesia, no other cognitive deficit

Emotional responses

Amygdala

Korsakoff's syndrome

An alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms

Anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories

Retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one's past

instrumental conditioning

Another term for operant conditioning. Associate a response, a motor act, with a meaningful, typically rewards

Skeletal musculature

Cerebellum

What type of memories is easily formed and easily forgotten?

Declarative memories

What can cause amnesia?

Diseases or injuries

Unconditional stimulus

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Hebb

Neurons that fire together wire together Cell assembly

Types of procedural memory

Nonassociative learning and associative learning

What type of memories require repetition and practice over a longer period and are less likely to be forgotten?

Nondeclarative memories

Most severe memory deficits results from damage to

Perirhinal cortex

Striatum and Procedural Memory

Radial arm race in light impaired

Transient global amnesia

Rare disorder, not caused by a neurological event or injury, that causes sudden, temporary loss of recent memory

What happended to H.M. after the surgery?

Severe anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia. Working memory was normal Intelligence and personality remained the same

More words can be held in working memory if they are

Short Common Chunked Emotional Arousing

Hippocampal function

Spatial memory Working memory Integration Consolidation

2 models of consolidation

Synaptic consolidation Systems consolidation

Rats with damaged hippocampus in a maze go to the same place again and again, but they learn in time where no food is to be found. Why?

To know where they've already been, is *working memory* which is in hippocampus, but learning where no food is is *procedural memory*, which is probably not in hippocampus

True or False Neurons in area LIP, buried in the intraparietal sulcus, fire when an animal remembers the position of a target stimulus to which it will subsequently make a saccade. These neurons are implicated in working memory.

True

True or False People with Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease show procedural memory deficits.

True

True or False Some neurons in the prefrontal cortex fire exclusively during the delay period in the delayed non-match to sample task, implicating these neurons in working memory.

True

Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following? a. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory b. Permanent retrograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits c. Permanent anterograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits d. Permanent procedural memory deficits and transient anterograde amnesia

a. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory

Memory required for animals to behave successfully in the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task is which of the following? a. Recognition memory b. Procedural memory c. Cognitive memory d. Long-term memory

a. Recognition memory

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the idea of memory consolidation? a. Memory consolidation is a mechanism used by declarative but not procedural memory. b. Memory consolidation converts short-term memories or sensory information into long-term memory. c. Memories can be consolidated for permanent storage in short-term memory. d. All short-term memories are eventually converted into a permanent form.

b. Memory consolidation converts short-term memories or sensory information into long-term memory.

What term best describes the process by which reactivating a memory makes it sensitive just as it had been immediately after the memory was first formed? a. Consolidation b. Reconsolidation c. Deconsolidation d. Differentiation

b. Reconsolidation

Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory? a. Inferotemporal cortex b. Striatum c. Hippocampus d. Pararhinal cortex

b. Striatum

Efficient performance in the standard radial arm maze (never going down the same arm twice) appears to depend on which type of memory? a. Long-term memory b. Working memory c. Procedural memory d. All choices are correct.

b. Working memory

What are hippocampal place cells? a. Neurons that fire when the subject remembers being in a specific place b. Neurons that fire when the animal successfully completes the Morris water maze c. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location d. Neurons that are located in a specific location in the hippocampus

c. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location

Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus? a. Classical conditioning b. Instrumental conditioning c. Associative learning d. Nonassociative learning

d. Nonassociative learning

A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. Which type of amnesia does this symptom indicate? a. Transient global amnesia b. Dissociated amnesia c. Anterograde amnesia d. Retrograde amnesia

d. Retrograde amnesia

Semantic memory

general knowledge

Phineas Gage had damage to his frontal lobes and had difficulty with

maintaining course of behavior planning behavior organizing behavior

Engram

physical trace of memory

Striatum is critical for

procedural memory

Procedual memory

skills

Grid cells are similar to

space cells

Hyperthymesia

superior memory of autobiographical events

Stimulation of ______ cause hallucinations or recollections of past experiences

temporal lobe

Episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place