Mental Health Module 1
The primary nursing intervention in working with a client with moderate stage dementia is ensuring that the client: A. Receives adequate nutrition and hydration B. Will reminisce to decrease isolation C. Remains in a safe and secure environment D. Independently performs self care
C. Remains in a safe and secure environment Safety is a priority consideration as the client's cognitive ability deteriorates.. A is appropriate interventions because the client's cognitive impairment can affect the client's ability to attend to his nutritional needs, but it is not the priority B. Patient is allowed to reminisce but it is not the priority. D. The client in the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease will have difficulty in performing activities independently
A nurse notes that a client with schizophrenia and receiving an antipsychotic medication is having uncontrolled movement of the lips and tongue. The nurse determines that the client is experiencing? A. Hypertensive crisis. B. Parkinsonism. C. Tardive dyskinesia. D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
C. Tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by uncontrollable involuntary movements of the body and extremities (especially of the face, lips, mouth, tongue, arms or legs).
A client tells the nurse that the television newscaster is sending a secret message to her. The nurse suspects the client is experiencing: A. a delusion. B. flight of ideas. C. ideas of reference. D. a hallucination.
C. ideas of reference.
A client informs the nurse that they are hearing voices, what is the first thing the nurse should do? A. Distract the client with the nice weather outside B. Ignore the client so they know you are not going to play games C. Tell the client the voices are not real D. Ask the client what the voices are saying
D. Ask the client what the voices are saying Finding out what the voices are saying is the most important thing to do for safety of the client, staff and other clients.
A 23 year old client has been admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia says to the nurse "Yes, its march, March is little woman". That's literal you know". These statement illustrate: A. Neologisms B. Echolalia C. Word salad D. Loosening of association
D. Loosening of association
In the emergency department, a client reveals to the nurse a lethal plan for committing suicide and agrees to a voluntary admission to the psychiatric unit. Which information will the nurse discuss with the client to answer the question, "How long do I have to stay here?" (Select all that apply) 1. "You may leave the hospital at any time unless you are suicidal." 2. "Let's talk more after the health team has assessed you." 3. "Once you've signed the papers, you have no say." 4. "Because you could hurt yourself, you must be safe before being discharged." 5. "You need a lawyer to help you make that decision." 6. "There must be a court hearing before you leave the hospital."
1, 2, and 4 A person who is admitted to a psychiatric hospital on a voluntary basis may sign out of the hospital unless the health care team determines that the person is harmful to himself or others. The health care team evaluates the client's condition before discharge. If there is reason to believe that the client is harmful to himself or others, a hearing can be held to determine if the admission status should be changed from voluntary to involuntary. Option 3 is incorrect because it denies the client's rights; option 5 is incorrect because the client doesn't need a lawyer to leave the hospital; and option 6 is incorrect because a hearing isn't mandated before discharge. A hearing is held only if the client remains unsafe and requires further treatment.
Which of the following are likely traits of a client with Schizophrenia? A. Flat affect B. Loose associations C. Delusions D. Paranoid E. Lack of guilt or remorse
A, B, C, D Schizophrenic clients will usually display social withdrawal, flat affect, depersonalization, suspiciousness, delusions, hallucinations, and have loose associations. A lack of guilt or remorse is more descriptive of a antisocial personality disorder
The nurse in the mental health unit recognizes which of the following as therapeutic communication techniques? Select all that apply. A. Restating B. Listening C. Asking the patient "Why?" D. Maintaining neutral responses E. Providing acknowledgment and feedback F. Giving advice and approval or disapproval
A, B, D, and E. Therapeutic communication techniques include listening, maintaining silence, maintaining neutral responses, using broad openings and open-ended questions, focusing and refocusing, restating, clarifying and validating, sharing perceptions, reflecting, providing acknowledgment and feedback, giving information, presenting reality, encouraging formulation of a plan of action, providing nonverbal encouragement, and summarizing
Mr. Lim who is diagnosed with moderate dementia has frequent catastrophic reactions during shower time. Which of the following interventions should be implemented in the plan of care? Select all that apply. A. Assign consistent staff members to assist the client. B. Accomplish the task quickly, with several staff members assisting. C. Schedule the client's shower at the same time of day. D. Sedate the client 30 minutes prior to showering. E. Tell the client to remain calm while showering. F. Use a calm, supportive, quiet manner when assisting the client.
A, C, F Maintaining a consistent routine with the same staff members will help decrease the client's anxiety that occurs whenever changes are made. A calm, quiet manner will be reassuring to the client, also helping to minimize anxiety.
A client tells the nurse that people from Mars are going to invade the earth. Which response by the nurse would be most therapeutic? A. "That must be frightening to you. Can you tell me how you feel about it?" B. "There are no people living on Mars." C. "What do you mean when you say they're going to invade the earth?" D. "I know you believe the earth is going to be invaded, but I don't believe that."
A. "That must be frightening to you. Can you tell me how you feel about it?"
A client tells the nurse that psychotropic medicines are dangerous and refuses to take them. Which intervention should the nurse use first? A. Ask the client about any previous problems with psychotropic medications. B. Ask the client if an injection is preferable. C. Insist that the client takes medication as prescribed. D. Withhold the medication until the client is less suspicious
A. Ask the client about any previous problems with psychotropic medications. The nurse needs to clarify the client's previous experience with psychotropic medication in order to understand the meaning of the client's statement.
The nurse would expect a client with early Alzheimer's disease to have problems with: A. Balancing a checkbook. B. Self-care measures. C. Relating to family members. D. Remembering his own name
A. Balancing a checkbook. In the early stage of Alzheimer's disease, complex tasks (such as balancing a checkbook) would be the first cognitive deficit to occur.
A patient admitted voluntarily for the treatment of an anxiety disorder demands to be released from the hospital. Which action should the nurse take INITIALLY? A. Contact the patient's health care provider (HCP). B. Call the patient's family to arrange for transportations. C. Attempt to persuade the patient to stay for only a few more days. D. Tell the patient that leaving would likely result in an involuntary commitment.
A. Contact the patient's health care provider (HCP). In general, patients seek, voluntary admission. Voluntary patients have the right to demand and obtain release. The nurse needs to be familiar with the state and facility policies and procedures. The best nursing action is to contact the HCP, who has the authority to discuss discharge with the patient.
A client with chronic schizophrenia receives 20 mg of fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin Decanoate) by I.M. injection. Three days later, the client has muscle contractions that contort the neck. This client is exhibiting which extrapyramidal reaction? A. Dystonia B. Akinesia C. Akathisia D. Tardive dyskinesia
A. Dystonia
Nurse Dorothy is evaluating care of a client with schizophrenia; the nurse should keep which point in mind? A. Frequent reassessment is needed and is based on the client's response to treatment. B. The family does not need to be included in the care because the client is an adult. C. The client is too ill to learn about his illness. D. Relapse is not an issue for a client with schizophrenia.
A. Frequent reassessment is needed and is based on the client's response to treatment.
Nurse Hazel is caring for a male client who experience false sensory perceptions with no basis in reality. This perception is known as: A. Hallucinations B. Delusions C. Loose associations D. Neologisms
A. Hallucinations
Nurse Monette recognizes that the focus of Milieu therapy is to: A. Manipulate the environment to bring about positive changes in behavior B. Allow the client's freedom to determine whether or not they will be involved in activities C. Role play life events to meet individual needs D. Use natural remedies rather than drugs to control behavior
A. Manipulate the environment to bring about positive changes in behavior
When reviewing the admission assessment, the nurse notes that a patient was admitted to the mental health unit involuntarily. Based on this type of admission, the nurse should provide which intervention for this patient? A. Monitor closely for harm to self or others. B. Assist in completing an application for admission. C. Supply the patient with written information about their mental illness. D. Provide an opportunity for the family to discuss why they felt the admission was needed.
A. Monitor closely for harm to self or others. Involuntary admission is necessary when a person is a danger to self or others or is in need of psychiatric treatment regardless of the patient's willingness to consent to the hospitalization.
A client has come into the emergency room complaining about being followed and that people are trying to kill them. The nurse reviews the clients medications and notes the client is likely to have schizophrenia based on which medication? A. Olanzapine B. Omeprazole C. Oxycodone D. Oxytocin
A. Olanzapine
A patient with catatonic schizophrenia is in the hospital on the mental health unit. The patient has not moved for 3 days. Which of the following nursing interventions best demonstrates that the nurse is upholding the patients safety in this situation? A. Perform range of motion exercises and apply sequential compression devices B. Administer methylphenidate to control behavior C. Start an IV to administer a bolus of normal saline solution D. Place the patient in seclusion until the catatonia has resolved
A. Perform range of motion exercises and apply sequential compression devices
A psychiatric and mental health nurse is working with a family who is undergoing group therapy. Which action from the nurse best demonstrates the view of the family as a unit? A. Providing health education to all members of the family B. Asking about the health needs of individual family members C. Organizing a schedule of meeting with each family member involved D. Arranging for another therapist to meet with some of the family members at different times
A. Providing health education to all members of the family When working together as a unit, the family may seek therapy or group counseling to overcome a challenging situation. The nurse may give advice and support to all members of the family involved to help them work together. When the nurse must provide health education and instruction, she may teach everyone in the family so that all members understand.
A nurse is working with a client who has schizophrenia, paranoid type. Which of the following outcomes related to the client's delusional perceptions would the nurse establish? A. The client will demonstrate realistic interpretation of daily events in the unit. B. The client will perform daily hygiene and grooming without assistance. C. The client will take prescribed medications without difficulty. D. The client will participate in unit activities
A. The client will demonstrate realistic interpretation of daily events in the unit. A client with schizophrenia, paranoid type, has distorted perceptions and views people, institutions, and aspects of the environment as plotting against him. The desired outcome for someone with delusional perceptions would be to have a realistic interpretation of daily events.
A client with schizophrenia has been started on medication therapy with clozapine (Clozaril). A nurse assesses the results of which laboratory study to monitor for adverse effect related to this medication? A. White blood cell. B. Platelet count. C. Liver function studies. D. Random blood sugar.
A. White blood cell. Agranulocytosis my experience by the client taking clozapine which can be monitored by evaluating the white blood cell count.
A client with schizophrenia who receives fluphenazine (Prolixin) develops pseudoparkinsonism and akinesia. What drug would the nurse administer to minimize extrapyramidal symptoms? A. benztropine (Cogentin) B. dantrolene (Dantrium) C. clonazepam (Klonopin) D. diazepam (Valium)
A. benztropine (Cogentin)
A client is admitted with a diagnosis of delusions of grandeur. This diagnosis reflects a belief that one is: A. highly important or famous. B. being persecuted. C. connected to events unrelated to oneself. D. responsible for the evil in the world.
A. highly important or famous.
The nurse calls security and has physical restraints applied when a client who admitted voluntarily becomes both physically and verbally abusive while demanding to be discharged from the hospital. Which represents the possible legal ramifications for the nurse associated with these interventions? Select all that apply. A. Libel B. Battery C. Assault D. Slander E. False Imprisonment
B, C, and E. False imprisonment is an act with the intent to confine a person to a specific area. The nurse can be charged with false imprisonment if the nurse prohibits a patient from leaving the hospital if the patient has been admitted voluntarily and if no agency or legal policies exist for detaining the patient. Assault and battery are related to the act of restraining the patient in a situation that did not meet criteria for such an intervention.
Nurse Arya assesses for evidence of positive symptoms of schizophrenia in a newly admitted client. Which of the following symptoms are considered positive evidence? Select all that apply. A. Anhedonia B. Delusions C. Flat affect D. Hallucinations E. Loose associations F. Social withdrawal
B, D, E
82-year-old Mr. Robeson together with his daughter arrived at the medical-surgical unit for diagnostic confirmation and management of probable delirium. Which statement by the client's daughter best supports the diagnosis? A. "Maybe it's just caused by aging. This usually happens by age 82." B. "The changes in his behavior came on so quickly! I wasn't sure what was happening." C. "Dad just didn't seem to know what he was doing. He would forget what he had for breakfast." D. "Dad has always been so independent. He's lived alone for years since mom died."
B. "The changes in his behavior came on so quickly! I wasn't sure what was happening." Delirium is an acute process characterized by abrupt, spontaneous cognitive dysfunction.
Nurse Winona educates the family about symptom management for when the schizophrenic client becomes upset or anxious. Which of the following would Nurse Winona state is helpful? A. Call the therapist to request a medication change. B. Encourage the use of learned relaxation techniques. C. Request that the client be hospitalized until the crisis is over. D. Wait before the anxiety worsens before intervening.
B. Encourage the use of learned relaxation techniques. The client with schizophrenia can learn relaxation techniques, which help reduce anxiety. The family can be supportive and helpful by encouraging the client to use these techniques.
The parents of a young man with schizophrenia express feelings of responsibility and guilt for their son's problems. How can the nurse best educate the family? A. Acknowledge the parent's responsibility. B. Explain the biological nature of schizophrenia. C. Refer the family to a support group D. Teach the parents various ways they must change.
B. Explain the biological nature of schizophrenia. The parents are feeling responsible and this inappropriate self-blame can be limited by supplying them with the facts about the biologic basis of schizophrenia.
A 50-year-old woman brings her mother to the hospital for a mental health assessment. The woman states that her mother is verbally abusive toward her, has thrown items at her when she visits, and has called the woman's employer to complain about her. What response from the nurse is most appropriate? A. Make arrangements to have the daughter speak with the staff of a nursing home to see how they handle abusive residents B. Explore options for limiting time with the mother while she can still receive care C. Tell the woman that she should call the police the next time her mother hits her D. Remind the patient that her mother probably doesn't have much time left and she should continue to manage, even though it is difficult
B. Explore options for limiting time with the mother while she can still receive care In some caregiving situations, adults caring for aging parents are the targets of verbal and physical abuse by the older adult. This can be very difficult for a person to deal with when a parent is fragile in older age and yet still abusive. When this occurs, such as in the example, the patient may need to limit contact with the abusive parent or find other resources for care that would allow the parent to still be cared for but not at the expense of the child.
Which of the following client behaviors documented in Gio's chart would validate the nursing diagnosis of Risk for other-directed violence? A. Gio's description of being endowed with superpowers B. Frequent angry outburst noted toward peers and staff C. Refusal to eat cafeteria food D. Refusal to join in group activities
B. Frequent angry outburst noted toward peers and staff
A female client is admitted with a diagnosis of delusions of GRANDEUR. This diagnosis reflects a belief that one is: A. Being Killed B. Highly famous and important C. Responsible for evil world D. Connected to client unrelated to oneself
B. Highly famous and important
Dementia, unlike delirium, is characterized by: A. Slurred speech B. Insidious onset C. Clouding of consciousness D. Sensory perceptual change
B. Insidious onset Dementia has a gradual onset and progressive deterioration. It causes pronounced memory and cognitive disturbances.
Dementia unlike delirium is characterized by: A. Slurred speech B. Insidious onset C. Clouding of consciousness D. Sensory perceptual change
B. Insidious onset Dementia has a gradual onset and progressive deterioration. It causes pronounced memory and cognitive disturbances. A,C and D are all characteristics of delirium.
The nurse is caring for a client who experiences false sensory perceptions with no basis in reality. These perceptions are known as: A. delusions. B. hallucinations. C. loose associations. D. neologisms.
B. hallucinations.
Which ability should Nurse Rebecca expect from a client in the mild stage of dementia of the Alzheimer's type? A. Remembering the daily schedule B. Recalling past events C. Coping the anxiety D. Solving problems of daily living
B. Recalling past events Recent memory loss is the characteristic sign of cognitive difficulty in early Alzheimer's disease. The ability to recall past events is usually retained until the later stages of this disorder.
Gio told his nurse that the FBI is monitoring and recording his every movement and that microphones have been plated in the unit walls. Which action would be the most therapeutic response? A. Confront the delusional material directly by telling Gio that this simply is not so. B. Tell Gio that this must seem frightening to him but that you believe he is safe here. C. Tell Gio to wait and talk about these beliefs in his one-on-one counseling sessions. D. Isolate Gio when he begins to talk about these beliefs.
B. Tell Gio that this must seem frightening to him but that you believe he is safe here. The nurse must realize that these perceptions are very real to the client. Acknowledging the client's feelings provides support; explaining how the nurse sees the situation in a different way provides reality orientation
The nurse is teaching a psychiatric client about her prescribed drugs, chlorpromazine and benztropine. Why is benztropine administered? A. To reduce psychotic symptoms B. To reduce extrapyramidal symptoms C. To control nausea and vomiting D. To relieve anxiety
B. To reduce extrapyramidal symptoms
Every day for the past 2 weeks, a client with schizophrenia stands up during group therapy and screams, "Get out of here right now! The elevator bombs are going to explode in 3 minutes!" The next time this happens, how should the nurse respond? A. "Why do you think there is a bomb in the elevator?" B. "That is the same thing you said in yesterday's session." C. "I know you think there are bombs in the elevator, but there aren't." D. "If you have something to say, you must do it according to our group rules."
C. "I know you think there are bombs in the elevator, but there aren't."
The doctor has prescribed haloperidol (Haldol) 2.5 mg. I.M. for an agitated client. The medication is labeled haloperidol 10 mg/2 ml. The nurse prepares the correct dose by drawing up how many milliliters in the syringe? A. 0.3 B. 0.4 C. 0.5 D. 0.6
C. 0.5
Nurse Benjie is communicating with a male client with substance-induced persisting dementia; the client cannot remember facts and fills in the gaps with imaginary information. Nurse Benjie is aware that this is typical of? A. Flight of ideas B. Associative looseness C. Confabulation D. Concretism
C. Confabulation
A patient with schizoaffective disorder has been admitted to the inpatient mental health center of the hospital. The patient tells the nurse that he hears voices telling him to leave the hospital. Which response from the nurse is best? A. I do not hear anything, but you have to stay in the hospital right now. B. Why do not we go to the game room and see what is happening there today? C. I do not hear anything, but I can see how you may feel worried about being in the hospital right now. D. You know that those voices aren't real, do you not?
C. I do not hear anything, but I can see how you may feel worried about being in the hospital right now. Some patients with mental health issues may have auditory hallucinations by hearing voices. When a patient has hallucinations, the nurse should not play into the situation, but she should also not deny that it is happening to the patient. The nurse must instead provide support and help the patient if he is having other feelings of anxiety or fear in addition to the hallucinations.
Nurse Isabelle enters the room of a client with a cognitive impairment disorder and asks what day of the week it is; what the date, month, and year are; and where the client is. The nurse is attempting to assess: A. confabulation. B. delirium. C. orientation. D. perseveration.
C. Orientation. The initial, most basic assessment of a client with cognitive impairment involves determining his level of orientation (awareness of time, place, and person).
During an assessment of a patient taking chlorpromazine, a first-generation antipsychotic, the provider notes a slow shuffling gait, rigid facial expression, and fine tremors. The provider recognizes this as which of the following? A. Acute dystonia B. Tardive dyskinesia C. Parkinsonism D. Akathisia
C. Parkinsonism
Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for a client with Alzheimer's disease who has frequent episodes emotional lability? A. Attempt humor to alter the client mood. B. Explore reasons for the client's altered mood. C. Reduce environmental stimuli to redirect the client's attention. D. Use logic to point out reality aspects.
C. Reduce environmental stimuli to redirect the client's attention. The client with Alzheimer's disease can have frequent episode of labile mood, which can best be handled by decreasing a stimulating environment and redirecting the client's attention.
Mrs. Jordan is an elderly client diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She becomes agitated and combative when a nurse approaches to help with morning care. The most appropriate nursing intervention in this situation would be to: A. tell the client firmly that it is time to get dressed. B. obtain assistance to restrain the client for safety. C. remain calm and talk quietly to the client. D. call the doctor and request an order for sedation.
C. Remain calm and talk quietly to the client. Maintaining a calm approach when intervening with an agitated client is extremely important.
A depressed patient is threatening to harm himself. Which nursing action indicates an understanding of the appropriate care of the suicidal patient? A. The nurse administers a sedative. B. The nurse places the patient in seclusion. C. The nurse asks the patient if he has a plan. D. The nurse calls the family and asks them to visit the patient.
C. The nurse asks the patient if he has a plan
Mrs. Mendoza is a 75-year-old client who has dementia of the Alzheimer's type and confabulates. The nurse understands that this client: A. Denies confusion by being jovial. B. Pretends to be someone else. C. Rationalizes various behaviors. D. Fills in memory gaps with fantasy.
D. Fills in memory gaps with fantasy. Confabulation is a communication device used by patients with dementia to compensate for memory gaps.
A 75-year-old client has dementia of the Alzheimer's type and confabulates. The nurse understands that this client: A. Denies confusion by being jovial. B. Pretends to be someone else. C. Rationalizes various behaviors. D. Fills in memory gaps with fantasy.
D. Fills in memory gaps with fantasy. Confabulation is a communication device used by patients with dementia to compensate for memory gaps. The remaining answer choices are incorrect.
A student nurse was asked which of the following best describes dementia. Which of the following best describes the condition? A. Memory loss occurring as part of the natural consequence of aging B. Difficulty coping with physical and psychological change C. Severe cognitive impairment that occurs rapidly D. Loss of cognitive abilities, impairing ability to perform activities of daily living
D. Loss of cognitive abilities, impairing ability to perform activities of daily living The impaired ability to perform self-care is an important measure of a client's dementia progression and loss of cognitive abilities. Difficulty or impaired ability to perform normal activities of daily living, such as maintaining hygiene and grooming, toileting, making meals, and maintaining a household, are significant indications of dementia. Slowing of processes necessary for information retrieval is a normal consequence of aging. However, the global statement that memory loss occurs as part of natural aging is not true.
Jaime has a diagnosis of schizophrenia with negative symptoms. In planning care for the client, Nurse Brienne would anticipate a problem with: A. Auditory hallucinations. B. Bizarre behaviors. C. Ideas of reference. D. Motivation for activities.
D. Motivation for activities. In a client demonstrating negative symptoms of schizophrenia, avolition, or the lack of motivation for activities, is a common problem.
A family member expresses concern to a nurse about behavioral changes in an elderly aunt. Which would cause the nurse to suspect a cognitive impairment disorder? A. Decreased interest in activities that she once enjoyed B. Fearfulness of being alone at night C. Increased complaints of physical ailments D. Problems with preparing a meal or balancing her checkbook
D. Problems with preparing a meal or balancing her checkbook Making a meal and balancing a checkbook are higher level cognitive functions that, when unable to be performed, may signal onset of a cognitive disorder.
Which of the following will Nurse Dory use when communicating with a client who has cognitive impairment. A. Complete explanations with multiple details B. Pictures or gestures instead of words C. Stimulating words and phrases to capture the client's attention D. Short words and simple sentences
D. Short words and simple sentences Short words and simple sentences minimize client confusion and enhance communication.
Drogo who has had auditory hallucinations for many years tells Nurse Khally that the voices prevent his participation in a social skills training program at the community health center. Which intervention is most appropriate? A. Let Drogo analyze the content of the voices. B. Advise Drogo to participate in the program when the voices cease. C. Advise Drogo to take his medications as prescribed. D. Teach Drogo to use thought stopping techniques.
D. Teach Drogo to use thought stopping techniques. Clients with long-lasting auditory hallucinations can learn to use thought stopping measures to accomplish tasks.
Which of the following outcome criteria is appropriate for the client with dementia? A. The client will return to an adequate level of self-functioning. B. The client will learn new coping mechanisms to handle anxiety. C. The client will seek out resources in the community for support. D. The client will follow an established schedule for activities of daily living.
D. The client will follow an established schedule for activities of daily living. Following established activity schedules is a realistic expectation for clients with dementia.
Which of the following outcome criteria is appropriate for the client with dementia? A. The client will return to an adequate level of self-functioning. B. The client will learn new coping mechanisms to handle anxiety. C. The client will seek out resources in the community for support. D. The client will follow an establishing schedule for activities of daily living.
D. The client will follow an establishing schedule for activities of daily living. Following established activity schedules is a realistic expectation for clients with dementia.
Which information is the most essential in the initial teaching session for the family of a young adult recently diagnosed with schizophrenia? A. Symptoms of this disease imbalance in the brain. B. Genetic history is an important factor related to the development of schizophrenia. C. Schizophrenia is a serious disease affecting every aspect of a person's functioning. D. The distressing symptoms of this disorder can respond to treatment with medications.
D. The distressing symptoms of this disorder can respond to treatment with medications. This statement provides accurate information and an element of hope for the family of a schizophrenic client.
During the home visit of a client with dementia, the nurse notes that an adult daughter persistently corrects her father's misperceptions of reality, even when the father becomes upset and anxious. Which intervention should the nurse teach the caregiver? A. Anxiety-reducing measures B. Positive reinforcement C. Reality orientation techniques D. Validation techniques
D. Validation techniques Validation techniques are useful measures for making emotional connections with a client who can no longer maintain reality orientation. These measures are also helpful in decreasing anxiety.
