met 101 greenhouse gases

Chemical __ also indicates that the increase of CO2 is fossil fuel related.

"fingerprinting"

Cities tend to have a lower albedo than the natural landscape and thus absorb more heat, known as the

'urban island effect'.

Fig. 5.6c is known as the __, named after Charles D. Keeling who initiated the measurements

Keeling Curve

Other important greenhouse gases from most important to least important are (4)

methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halocarbons, and ozone (O3).

what does CO2 do to albedo feedback?

metls glaciers, lower albedo

Given the small rate of exchange, the residence time of CO2 in the rock reservoir is __ years.

million of

what does CO2 do to water vapor?

more water vapor in sky, hotter

what does CO2 do to clouds

more, higher albedo

99% of the "dry" (excluding water vapor) atmosphere is made up of ____ and ____

nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

are greenhouse gases black bodies?

no

do humans influence water vapor amount?

no

does the dry atmosphere absorb LW ?

no

is sun factor in climate change?

no

A few years after the eruption the aerosols fall out of the atmosphere and the climate warms back up to

normal

The __hemisphere has warmed more than the __hemisphere but warming has occurred throughout the globe.

northern ,southern

Most of the Earth's thermal inertia comes from the

ocean

CO2 dissolves readily in water, forming carbonic acid, a process known as

ocean acidification

the main source of water vapor comes from

oceans

While the emission of methane is significantly smaller than CO2, its contribution to global warming is __ the contribution of CO2.

one-fourth

in the stratosphere, water vapor is ___ percent

0.0005%

Carbon dioxide makes up __ of the atmosphere (as of 2014).

0.04%

Satellite measurements of temperature indicate about a __ C per decade warming over this period.

0.14

in polar regions, water vapor makes up __ percent of the atmospeher

0.2%

From 1880 to 2012 the global average surface temperature rose by

0.850C.

in tropical places, water vapor makes up __ percent of the atmosphere

4%

The residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere is about __years, in the land biosphere is about __, in the mixed layer of the ocean is about five years, and in the deep ocean is about __ years.

4, 21 years, 400

Carbon dioxide has a concentration of __ ppm

400

Taken together, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and argon make up more than __ of the atmosphere.

99.95%

__ are particles so small that they do not fall under the force of gravity but remain suspended in the atmosphere for days or weeks.

Aerosols

__ tends to increase the albedo of the natural environment.

Agriculture

Volcanism releases __ into the atmosphere

CO2

__ is the most important trigger for the current problem of modern climate change

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

__ removes CO2 from the atmosphere and into rocks.

Chemical weathering

__ is Two or more couplings between components

Feedback loops:

__ and __ has increased the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere.

Fossil fuel and biomass burning

__ formed when plants that grew hundreds of million of years ago were buried before they decayed and the CO2 could be released back into the atmosphere.

Fossil fuels

__ are synthetic industrial chemicals used mainly as refrigerants.

Halocarbons

The ____ emitted back to the surface warms the surface further.

LW radiation

__ is the largest source of methane followed by bacterial processes in landfills.

Livestock

__ is a more effective greenhouse gas than CO2

Methane

__ is a change in one component causes a change of the same (opposite) sign in another component.

Positive (negative) coupling:

Positive (negative) feedback loops have an __ number of negative couplings.

Positive (negative) feedback loops have an even (odd) number of negative couplings.

__ of temperature represent an independent data set with which to compare and confirm the previous results.

Satellite measurements

Volcanic eruptions emit enormous amounts of __ into the atmosphere.

aerosols

A lot more land has been transformed for __ than__, so there has been a net increase in albedo.

agriculture, urbanization

Aerosols reflect sunlight, increasing the

albedo

Postive (negative) feedback loops __the initial effects of the radiative forcing.

amplify (suppress)

The atmosphere absorbs part of the longwave (LW) radiation (i.e., the EM radiation) emitted by Earth's surface and then emits half of this radiation to space and the other half ______

back to the surface.

Radiative forcing is the change in Ein-Eout for the planet as a result of some change imposed on the planet ___

before the temp of the planet has adjusted in response

Burning of forests releases __ to the atmosphere, even bulldozing the forest does so, albeit more slowly.

carbon

Therefore we must understand what processes regulates its atmospheric abundance, collectively known as the __.

carbon cycle

The second most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is

carbon dioxide

These additional modifications to the temperature response are known as

climate feedbacks.

postive RF means

climate warming

Large eruptions can __ the climate substantially and for several years.

cool

aerosols __ the planet

cool

during spring and summer, CO2

decreases

Humans are also increasing CO2 by chopping down large tracts of forest, known as

deforestation.

On a yearly basis the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants will be approximately __to that released by humans, animals, and bacteria.

equal

the atmosphere warms _ than the ocean

faster

Humans can affect the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, mainly through the combustion of __ for energy.

fossil fuels

However, we will typically find that the temperature change will be __in magnitude than that predicted by the radiative forcing alone.

greater

The components of the atmosphere that absorb LW radiation are known as

greenhouse gases

if global warming is real,what would happen to sea level?

ice caps would melt and sea level would increase

Because ozone absorbs sunlight, the temperature __ with height in the stratosphere.

increases

The dramatic increase of CO2 coincides with the __, when widespread burning of fossil fuels began

industrial revolution

if global warming is real,what would happen to the ocean temp?

it would rise

Humans have change the __ of the Earth through agriculture and urbanization.

landscape

Dead plant material in __, which is soil that is frozen year-round, will not decay.

permafrost

Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to produce more plant material in a process known as __, which releases oxygen.

photosynthesis

water vapor is removed by

rain

The "__" of CO2, how long a CO2 molecule remains in the atmosphere, land, or ocean can be roughly estimated by the size of the reservoir divided by the total flux out of the reservoir.

residence time

Humans, animals, and bacteria intake the oxygen and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, in a process known as __

respiration.

Fossil fuels are part of the __

rock reservoir.

Most of the CO2 on Earth is stored in __, with millions of GtC.

rocks

Through other processes, however, the ocean releases about the__ amount of CO2 to the atmosphere

same

However, there is a__ change in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

seasonal

There is a very __ exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the rocks.

slow

Most of the ozone is found in the __

stratosphere.

The temperature, however, does not warm instantly because objects have __.

thermal inertia

The deep ocean is warming so slowly that it takes __ of years for the entire ocean to reach equilibrium.

thousands

Ozone protects us and all life on Earth by absorbing dangerous __ from the sun that can cause skin cancer and damage crops.

ultraviolet rays

The most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is

water vapor

is ozone bad for us?

yes

The atmosphere contains __ gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) as of 2014. A gigatonne is 1 billion metric tons.

~850