Metabolism and Thermodynamics

"Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics? " Answers: Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy. Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics. Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe. "Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time. " "As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. "

Selected Answer: "As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth. "

Which of the following is true for all endergonic reactions? Answers: Some reactants will be converted to products. A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. The reactions are spontaneous. The products have less energy than the reactants.

Selected Answer: A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed.

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics? Answers: Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe. "Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy. " Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy. Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work.

Selected Answer: Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics? Answers: Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe. Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work. "Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy. " Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy.

Selected Answer: Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? Answers: Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. The entropy of the universe is decreasing. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. The entropy of the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Selected Answer: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? Answers: "Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. " "If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe. " "If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe. " Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment. Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.

Selected Answer: Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.

Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety? Answers: Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. Metabolism depends on an organism's adequate hydration Metabolism utilizes all of an organism's resources Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism

Selected Answer: Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Which of the following is a statement of the second law of thermodynamics? Answers: The entropy of the universe is increasing. Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The entropy of the universe is constant.

Selected Answer: The entropy of the universe is increasing.

"For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics? " Answers: The energy content of an organism is constant. The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment. Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics. The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity. Organisms are unable to transform energy.

Selected Answer: The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.

"For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics? " Answers: The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment. Organisms are unable to transform energy. The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity. The energy content of an organism is constant. Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.

Selected Answer: The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? Answers: A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. The products have more total energy than the reactants. The reactions are nonspontaneous. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. Some reactants will be converted to products.

Selected Answer: The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways? Answers: They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds. They are endergonic. They combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules. They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis. They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP.

Selected Answer: They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP.

Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways? Answers: They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions. They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers. They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. They do not depend on enzymes.

Selected Answer: They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of building large molecules from smaller ones? Answers: anabolism dehydration catalysis catabolism metabolism

Selected Answer: anabolism

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? Answers: anabolism dehydration catalysis catabolism metabolism

Selected Answer: catabolism

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? Answers: hydrolysis respiration dehydration reactions digestion catabolism

Selected Answer: dehydration reactions

A chemical reaction that has a positive ∆ G is correctly described as Answers: spontaneous. endothermic. enthalpic. endergonic. exothermic.

Selected Answer: endergonic.

"Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the " Answers: free energy of the system. entropy of the universe. free energy of the universe. entropy of the system. enthalpy of the universe.

Selected Answer: entropy of the universe.

A chemical reaction that has a negative ∆ G is correctly described as Answers: exergonic endothermic. enthalpic. spontaneous. exothermic.

Selected Answer: exergonic

The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement Answers: "requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased. " is based on the fact that organisms function as closed systems. all of the choices none of the choices is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

Selected Answer: is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.

Which of the following best describes enthalpy, ∆ H? Answers: the total kinetic energy of a system the condition of a cell that is not able to react the cell's energy equilibrium the heat content of a chemical system the system's entropy

Selected Answer: the heat content of a chemical system

Which of the following best describes enthalpy, ∆ H? Answers: the total kinetic energy of a system the system's entropy the heat content of a chemical system the condition of a cell that is not able to react the cell's energy equilibrium

Selected Answer: the heat content of a chemical system

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ∆ G = ∆ H-T ∆ S. Which of the following is (are) correct? Answers: " ∆ H is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work. " " ∆ S is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness. " T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. ∆ G is the change in free energy.

Selected Answer: ∆ G is the change in free energy.