MG FINALLLLLLLLLLL
Great man theory vs trait-based
"Great Man" Theory: explained leadership by examining the traits and characteristics of individuals considered to be historically great leaders Traits-based Theory: attempts to reveal a set of universal traits and skills that are relevant in all leadership situations
transformational vs transactional leadership
- Transactional: Guide followers by clarifying task and goal requirements. "carrot and stick" - Transformational: Inspire their followers to transcend their self-interests
What are three ways in which Acme and Unidex could move from a distributive to an integrative negotiation?
1) Unidex retaining workforce 2) Unidex agreeing to provide waste processing services to Acme for a period of time at a fixed price. 3) Acme agreeing to buy waste processing services from Unidex for a period of time at a fixed price.
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs applied to work environment?
1. salary 2. Job security 3. inclusion/acceptance 4. reward and recognition 5. job autonomy
What is ideal team size?
6-9 people
What is Fielder's Contingency Theory?
A contigency theory where leaders are more effective when the leadership situation is favorable to them. Favorability for the leader is calculated based on task structure, positional power, and leader-member relations Fiedler's assumption: Leaders incapable of changing their leadership style Applying Fiedler's contingency theory Accurately measure and match leaders to situation Teach leaders to change situational favorableness by changing leader-member relations, task-structure, or positive power
What is management by exception?
A type of transactional leadership with 2 types Passive: Only act when employee is failing expectations Active: Constantly monitoring and correcting employees when standards aren't met
Which figure best approximates Acme's reservation value in negotiating for the sale of the plant to Unidex? A) $20 million B) $15 million C) $19 million D) $26 million
A) $20 million
Applying Acquired Needs Theory manager labels, which category of manager appears to be the worst fit for Thomas Green's personality, needs and work style? A) Achievement-Oriented Manager B) Affiliation-Oriented Manager C) Socialized Power-Oriented Manager D) Esteem E) Self-Actualization
A) Achievement-Oriented Manager
Applying Acquired Needs Theory manager labels, which label best describes Green's boss, Frank Davis, as a manager? A) Achievement-Oriented Manager B) Affiliation-Oriented Manager C) Socialized Power-Oriented Manager
A) Achievement-Oriented Manager
After the October 8 Budget Plan meeting, when Frank Davis spoke individually to Green in the hallway, it was apparent that Davis was visibly upset with Green's public challenge and disagreement with Davis's forecasts and sales goals. Davis thereafter commented to the VP, McDonald, that "Thomas's negative attitude is not what we need on this team . . . " This suggest that the differences of opinion between Davis and Green went from __ to ____. A) Cognitive (C-Type) Conflict; Affective (A-Type Conflict) B) Affective (A-Type Conflict); Cognitive (C-Type) Conflict;
A) Cognitive (C-Type) Conflict; Affective (A-Type Conflict)
In response to the conflict between Davis and Green, Davis's response to the conflict has most clearly been ______________, while Green's response to the conflict has most clearly been ______________. (There are two answers here) A) Forcing; Avoidance B) Avoidance; Accommodating C) Accommodating; Avoidance D) Compromising; Collaborating E) Forcing; Forcing
A) Forcing; Avoidance E) Forcing; Forcing
According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which factor should be driving Thomas Green's dissatisfaction with his new position at Dynamic Display? A) Hygiene factors B) Motivators C) None of the above D) All of the above
A) Hygiene factors
Assume Frank Davis says he wants Green to put together a task force to explore development of Green's idea for a new product. But instead of letting Green assemble the team, Davis has appointed Green and all of the other Market Specialists under Davis to the task force. Davis has not appointed anyone else in any other position within his department or from any other department to the task force—just Green and his fellow Market Specialists. And thus far, Davis has exercised his authority as the boss to tell the task force what its direction, tasks, and agenda should be. From this description, it seems fair to say that the task force, A) Is a manager-led, vertical team B) Is a manager-led, horizontal team
A) Is a manager-led, vertical team
Is Frank Davis a Theory X or Theory Y manager? A) Theory X B) Theory Y
A) Theory X
In Equity Theory, perception is more important than reality. A) True B) False
A) True
In Expectancy Theory, ___ is the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes, thus recognizing that the same reward or outcome—say, a promotion—will be highly attractive to some people, will be highly disliked by others, and will not make much difference one way or the other to still others. A) Valence B) Expectancy C) Instrumentality
A) Valence
How would you categorize the marketing area in which Frank Davis is the Marketing Director and Thomas Green is one of the Senior Market Specialists? A) Work Group B) Team
A) Work Group
Active listening vs supportive communication
Active listening is asking questions and conveying u understand supportive communication is offering advice and simmilar stories
Affective vs Cognitive conflict
Affective is personal and insulting while cognitive is about work-based issues
What is anchoring?
Anchoring: making the first offer (often done by party with the most leverage) Set high but realistic expectations with a first offer falling outside the ZOPA
What are some responses to conflict
Avoidance of conflict is generally associated with weak leadership Accommodating: try not to upset the other person because maintaining a harmonious relationship is a top priority Compromising: reach an agreement quickly because prolonged effects can cause distraction and further issues Forcing: reach an agreement that satisfies your needs rather than the needs of the other person Collaborating: solve a problem together because the positions of both parties are equally important
At the October 8 Budget Plan meeting, Thomas Green challenged the accuracy of Frank Davis's sales forecasts and the specific sales goals that Davis had set for Thomas Green's region. In challenging Davis's forecasts and sales goals, Green was mostly engaging in __. A) Affective (A-Type) Conflict B) Cognitive (C-Type) Conflict
B) Cognitive (C-Type) Conflict
When Acme and Unidex initiate negotiations over the purchase price of the plant as the only term, such an interaction is most likely to be a(n) _. A) Integrative negotiation B) Distributive negotiation C) Escalating negotiation D) De-escalating negotiation
B) Distributive negotiation
Applying Expectancy Theory, which component in the expectancy motivation process is most clearly missing for Thomas Green in his new position at Display Dynamics? A) Valence B) Expectancy C) Instrumentality
B) Expectancy
In Expectancy Theory, ___ is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, such that when this element is strong, employees believe that their hard work and efforts will result in good performance, so they work harder. A) Valence B) Expectancy C) Instrumentality
B) Expectancy
Given the parties' respective reservation values, BATNA's, and ideal target outcomes, there is only a negative bargaining zone—i.e., there is no ZOPA. A) True B) False
B) False
Assume Frank Davis says he wants Green to put together a task force to explore development of Green's idea for a new product. But instead of letting Green assemble the team, Davis has appointed Green and all of the other Market Specialists under Davis to the task force. Davis has not appointed anyone else in any other position within his department or from any other department to the task force—just Green and his fellow Market Specialists. And thus far, Davis has exercised his authority as the boss to tell the task force what its direction, tasks, and agenda should be. From this description, it seems fair to say that the task force, A) Has a high degree of autonomy B) Has a low degree of autonomy
B) Has a low degree of autonomy
Assume Frank Davis says he wants Green to put together a task force to explore development of Green's idea for a new product. But instead of letting Green assemble the team, Davis has appointed Green and all of the other Market Specialists under Davis to the task force. Davis has not appointed anyone else in any other position within his department or from any other department to the task force—just Green and his fellow Market Specialists. And thus far, Davis has exercised his authority as the boss to tell the task force what its direction, tasks, and agenda should be. From this description, it seems fair to say that the task force, A) Has a high degree of diversity B) Has a low degree of diversity
B) Has a low degree of diversity
Assume Frank Davis says he wants Green to put together a task force to explore development of Green's idea for a new product. But instead of letting Green assemble the team, Davis has appointed Green and all of the other Market Specialists under Davis to the task force. Davis has not appointed anyone else in any other position within his department or from any other department to the task force—just Green and his fellow Market Specialists. And thus far, Davis has exercised his authority as the boss to tell the task force what its direction, tasks, and agenda should be. From this description, it seems fair to say that the task force, A) Is a self-directed team B) Is a manager-led team
B) Is a manager-led team
Does Equity Theory explain any significant part of Thomas Green's problems and dissatisfaction with his new position at Display Dynamics? A) Yes B) No
B) No
Like Thomas Green, you're having serious problems with your boss. And you also realize that in order to turn your situation around, you likely will have to overcome your boss's______________, in which your boss, having repeatedly committed to a position with respect you and your poor job performance with the divisional VP, will have a bias toward that position and may even become more committed to the position as a means of justifying his prior public evaluation and criticism of you, notwithstanding your actual performance. A) framing B) escalation of commitment C) confirmation bias D) intuitive decision-making process
B) escalation of commitment
BATNA vs reservation value vs target
BATNA is best alternative solution to negotiated outcome, reservation value is lowest negotiation offer you'll accept and target is the ideal outcome
What is a boundary manager?
Boundary manager: determines how the team will work with clients, upper management, and others who have an interest in the team's product Buffers the team: From organizational infighting Persuade top management to support the team's work Coordinate and negotiate with other groups
Unidex's Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) is __________________.
Build its own plant
Applying Aldefer's ERG Theory, which primary need does not appear to be fulfilled for Thomas Green in his new position with Dynamic Display? A) Existence B) Relatedness C) Growth D) All of the above
C) Growth
In Expectancy Theory, ___ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards, such that when this element is strong, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards, so they choose to work harder. A) Valence B) Expectancy C) Instrumentality
C) Instrumentality
Like Thomas Green, you're having serious problems with your boss. And you realize that in order to turn your situation around, you likely will have to overcome your boss's______________, in which he will look for information that confirms the decision and conclusion he's already reached about you long before he considers any disconfirming information about your improved job performance and attitude. A) status quo bias B) escalation of commitment C) confirmation bias D) adjustment heuristic
C) confirmation bias
What are the 4 models for an organization's decision making?
Classical Model: seeks to maximize economic or other outcomes using a rational choice process Administrative Model: managers may be unable to make economically rational decisions even if they want to because they lack sufficient information on which to base their decisions. Bounded rationality and satisficing are central to this model Political Model: most organizational decisions involve many managers who have different goals and who have to share information to reach an agreement. Managers may disagree about problem priorities and may not understand or share in the goals or interests of other managers Garbage Can Model: focuses on multiple decisions being made throughout an organization Decision making process is not viewed as a sequence of steps, rather a solution may be proposed when no problem is specified or a problem may exist without a plausible solution Organizational decision making takes on a random, unpredictable quality that can seem disorderly Playfulness: deliberate, temporary relaxation of rules to explore as many possible alternatives as possible, sounds like my life today. PART OF GARBAGE
Colocated vs geographically distributed teams
Collocated teams: operate in close proximity to one another, engage in a lot of social interaction, and provide quick feedback on the team's progress to one another Face-to-face interaction can facilitate collaboration and teamwork Geographically-distributed: geographically and organizationally dispersed members who rely heavily on electronic tools such as email, fax, voicemail, telephone, and videoconferencing to interact with one another An effect of globalization Management can be difficult as team members can work in different time zones
Organizational comm terms
Communication systems: the formal and informal structures that facilitate how communication is transmitted throughout an organization Communication media: the formats used to convey messages, including oral, written, and electronic Network etiquette or netiquette: think before writing; avoid all capital letters in messages; read messages carefully before sending them; be crisp and on point
What are some decision making conditions
Conditions of certainty: conditions in which individuals have all of the information they need to make the best possible decision (never exists) Ambiguity: situations characterized by uncertainty and risk; optimal decision is not clear or obvious -Conditions of uncertainty: individuals have information related to an organization's objectives and priorities, but they do not have complete information about the alternative course of action or about possible outcomes for each one - a shot in the dark, essentially -Conditions of risk: so like, you have information about goals and objectives, but have no clue about possible outcomes
Which figure best approximates Unidex's reservation value in negotiating for the purchase of the plant from Acme? A) $15 million B) $19 million C) $26 million D) $27 million
D) $27 million
Assume Acme informs Unidex that the plant will be listed for sale at a price of $35 million. What strategy or tactic could Unidex take in response to this initial offer from Acme? A) Make an equally extreme counteroffer B) Reject offer and make to walk away from negotiation C) Ignore offer and address other issues D) All of the above are potentially appropriate strategies or tactics
D) All of the above are potentially appropriate strategies or tactics
What is Acme's reservation value in negotiating to sell the plant to Unidex? A) $15 million B) $19 million C) $26 million D) Insufficient info. given to determine
D) Insufficient info. given to determine
What are the 5 main disputes that lead to conflict?
Dependence asymmetry: exists when a firm is more dependent on a business partner than a business partner is on a firm Joint dependence: both firms are more dependent on the other Higher degree of involvement in terms of higher-quality information flow; trust is established Interdependence: quality that exists whenever one individual requires another individual's assistance to achieve a goal Resource scarcity Disagreement about priorities
distributive negotiation vs integrative
Distributive is win-lose while integrative is about "expanding the pie" and doing win-win or compromise
Assume that Acme's Board of Directors was not unanimous in the decision to sell the plant. Some members of the Board supported the Chairman's motion to sell based on their loyalty and close relationship with him; other Board members opposed the decision, not on its merits, but because they do not like and do not trust the Chairman. This would be an instance of: A) Interpersonal conflict B) Intergroup conflict C) Affective conflict D) Cognitive conflict E) A and C above F) B and D above
E) A and C above
Applying Goal-Setting Theory, what critical mistake does Frank Davis appear to have made in attempting to use sales performance objectives to motivate Thomas Green? A) Setting objectives that were too easy B) Failing to obtain Green's acceptance and buy-in for the objectives C) Failing to set Green's objectives participatively (allowing Green input into setting of objectives) D) Not setting S.M.A.R.T. goals E) B & C above.
E) B & C above.
What is Lyon favorite process theory of motivation
Expectancy theory
Extrisnic vs intrisnic reward
Extrisnic is like promotion or a raise while intrisnic is like satisfaction from the work (challenging/rewarding) Extrisnic narrows focus and limits creativity
What are the 5 process theories of motivation?
Goal-setting Theory: setting goals that are difficult, but achievable, is a significant motivator of performance, provided the goals are accepted by the employee Set goals participatively; include employees in the decision making process Make goal public Obtain top mgmt's support Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Timebound Expectancy Theory: people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe their efforts will lead to good performance (EXPECTANCY), that good performance will be rewarded (INSTRUMENTALITY), and the rewards will be attractive (VALENCE) Motivation = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence Equity Theory: people will compare their circumstances with those of similar others and that this behavior motivates them to seek fairness in the way they are rewarded for performance Perception is key (inputs vs. outputs when compared to someone in a near-identical situation) Reinforcement Theory (Theory of Operant Conditioning): both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior while punishment and extinction decrease behavior Theory X and Theory Y Managers: Douglas McGregor Theory X: Believes employees inherently dislike work and need to be constantly monitored and evaluated Theory Y: Believes employees are not slackers but are motivated to do their best and to work to their potential
How is Frank Davis classified on the managerial grid?
High-task, low-relationship
What is multiple intelligence?
Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence can be measured through eight distinct categories Linguistic - word smart Mathematical-logic - number/reasoning Spatial - picture smart Kinesthetic - body smart Musical - juice wrld Interpersonal - COMM 1500 Intrapersonal - idk you're smart to yourself i guess? POSSIBLY NOT IMPORTANT
What is Herzberg's two-factor theory?
Hygiene factors like stuff at bottom of pyramid can only be potential dissatisfiers if they aren't good enough motivators are at top of pyramid and those are what create satisfaction
What are some cultural traits for negotiations?
Individualism: individual needs placed above needs of the group Collectivism: the opposite of individualism Egalitarianism: do not emphasize social status and are more comfortable in confrontational negotiations Hierarchy: differentiated social status and are less willing to engage in confrontational situations
What is acquired needs theory
Individuals driven by Need for achievement Need for affiliation Need for power
what is aldefer's ERG theory?
Individuals motivated by 3 things E - Existence needs: material well-being R-Relatedness needs:how one individuals relates to his/her social environment G-Growth needs:desire for personal growth and development
What is the least preferred coworker method?
It's part of Fielder's theory, it's a scale to measure leadership style (whether someone is Task-oriented or Relationship-oriented) Categorizes you based on how you feel about the person with whom you've least enjoyed working Task-oriented leaders usually view their LPCs more negatively, while relationship-oriented leaders view their LPCs more positively
What are the 5 sources of interpersonal power?
Legitimate: based on the formal position that an individual holds in an organization - perception that someone has the right and legitimacy to influence behavior by the nature of his or her organizational position Reward: exists when one person has the ability to reward another for his or her behavior - perception that someone can provide positive consequences or remove negative ones for certain behavior Coercive: exists when one person has the ability to punish another for his or her behavior - the opposite of reward power - the perception that someone can punish another for nonconformity and noncompliance Expert: based on a significant difference in the knowledge level of two or more individuals in a particular area - an individual who has specialized knowledge, abilities, or skills and is highly regarded because of this Referent: based on the personal liking an individual has for another - an individual who others would like to emulate has high referent power and others do things for him or her out of personal appeal
What is the ladder of influence
Looking and observing at data and focusing on some aspect of it Adding meaning to this data based on personal mental model of the world Making assumptions about the data based on the meanings that were added Drawing conclusions from these assumptions Adopting beliefs and making generalization Taking actions based on beliefs and generalizations
Programmed vs. Non-programmed decisions
Programmed decisions: applied to repetitive, well-defined problems with a set of pre-established alternatives Non-programmed decisions: made in response to novel, poorly defined, or unstructured situations. Decision procedure needs creativity, intuition, tolerance for ambiguity, creative problem solving
What is realistic conflict theory?
Realistic Conflict Theory: proposes that limited resources will lead to conflict between groups In-group formation: group affiliation leads to development of internal social hierarchies, group norms, and in-group friendships Friction: competition creates greater in-group solidarity Integration: intergroup conflict is reduced when groups must work together to achieve superordinate goals
What are the 6 weapons of influence?
Reciprocation principle: doing something for someone creates a future obligation for that person to repay the act Commitment and consistency principle: once a choice is made, an individual will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with the commitment The social proof principle: individuals evaluate what is correct by listening to or observing others Liking principle: suggests that someone will be more likely to say yes to another individual whom they like Authority principle: assumes that individuals will follow orders even when they don't agree with the other person's position and authority in the organizational hierarchy Scarcity principle: asserts that opportunities seem more valuable when their availability is limited
What are the 5 stages in team development
Replace mourning with adjourning
What are the 3 primary responses to power?
Resistance - managers tend to rely on coercive power to overcome passive or active resistance Compliance - managers tend to rely on positional power (formal authority) and the use of rewards and punishments to foster compliance Commitment - managers tend to use personal power (including likability and expertise) and appeal to employees' values to encourage commitment
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg believes that individuals possess three components of intelligence (Computational, Experiential, Contextual)
Acme's Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) is ____________________.
Shut down the plant, strip it, and sell the plant and equipment.
What is social identity theory?
Social Identity Theory: group members of an in-group will seek to find negative aspects of an out-group to enhance their self image Social categorization: defining the norms of the in-group to favor the in-group at the expense of the out-group Social identification: adopting the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to Social comparison: occurs as a response to rivalry and competition between groups. PART OF INTERGROUP CONFLICT
What is social loafing?
Social loafing: team members disengage from the team process and fail to contribute to the team's recommendations or other deliverables
What are leader substitutions and neutralizers
Some people believe task characterisitics and other environmental factors can make the leader irrelevant and unnecessary Substitutes: aspects that make leadership unnecessary Neutralizers: aspects that hinder a leader's ability to act in a particular way
Sustaining vs losing power
Sustaining is basically good qualities in a leader while losing is toxic leadership traits like ruthlessness
System 1 vs. System 2
System 1: automatic evaluation based on pre-set assumptions. What to eat System 2: Slower, more effortful, deliberate processing. What to wear. Theory of rational choice and expected utility
What is a charismatic leader?
The Charismatic Leader: inspirational vision; emerged from a crisis situation because of special personal characteristics Create a strong emotional attachment with followers Moral conviction to exercise power positively Use powerful imagery, symbolism and metaphor
What is House's path-goal theory?
The most important aspect of leadership is the follower's belief that they can complete a task and that, upon completion, they will gain rewards and satisfaction Uncertainty regarding one's ability = the task will not get done Employee belief task is doable is based on 3 factors: leader behavior, task characteristics, and follower characteristics
What is the Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory?
The opposite of Fielder's model, leaders have range of skills to adapt to many different leadership situations. Based on 3 factors: Amount of task behavior leader has, amount of relationship behavior leader has, and maturity of follower to perform simple task. Chart: High Will, High skill: delegate High will, low skill: guide Low will, high skill: Support low will, low skill: direct
What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
This model classifies students according to their preferences on scales derived from psychologist Carl Jung's theory of physiological types. I'm ESTJ Learning Style: Characteristics: Extrovert (E) try things out; focus on the outer world of people Introvert (I) think things through; focus on the inner world of ideas Sensors (S) practical; detail oriented; focus on facts and procedures Intuitors (N) imaginative; concept-oriented; focus on meanings and possibilities Thinkers (T) skeptical; tend make decisions based on logic and rules Feelers (F) appreciative; tend to make decisions based on personal and human considerations Judgers (J) set and follow agendas; seek closure even with incomplete data Perceivers (P) adapt to changing circumstances; resist closure to obtain more data
what is the persuasion formula?
Trust + Expertise = Credibility
Workgroup vs team
Workgroup is like a normal job dynamic where u have a boss and gotta do ur role to contribute, team is more complex and u work together
What is ZOPA?
Zone of Possible Agreement - set of all possible deals that would be acceptable to both parties; space between one party's reservation value and the other's -Positive bargaining zone: negotiator's acceptable positions overlap -Negative bargaining zone: negotiators' acceptable positions do not overlap and no settlement will be acceptable to both parties
What is confirmation bias?
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. Arguments in the 21st century
What are the 4 leadership skills
cognitive, interpersonal, character, and technical skills
What is bounded rationality?
decision makers are limited by their values and unconscious reflexes, skills, and habits a set of boundaries or constraints that tend to complicate the rational decision-making process Satisficing: the act of choosing a solution that is good enough Intuitive decision making: insights that are trapped through intuition and are not always fully understood by the decision maker; referred to as gut feelings;
escalation of commitment bias
decision makers increase their commitment to a project despite negative information about it. ME BETTING ON SPORTS
Personal Power includes Positional Power includes
expert and referent power. Legitimate, reward, and coercive. Power from good qualities
What is Solomon Asch's experiement
indicated that individuals tend to conform to majority when they rely less on their experience and insight Dominance of conformity can cause people to make decisions that go against their values Social decisions involving norms are shaped by Appropriateness framework: the process of making decisions based on societal norms or expectations
What is the leader-member exchange theory (LMX)
leaders treat each member differently and, as a result, they develop unique relationships with each follower In-groups: favored subordinates who are assigned more interesting tasks, given greater responsibility and authority, and receive Out-groups: losers in the leader's eyes
What is the 5 factor model?
ocean Extroversion - sociable, assertive, active to experience things positively Openness - being open to experiences and willing to be original, imaginative, unconventional, creative Conscientiousness - composed of achievement and dependability, task competence, initiative Agreeableness - tendency to be trusting, compliant, caring, and gentle Emotional stability (neuroticism) - ability to remain calm and confident
What is the relationship life cycle?
phases in which a leader and follower undergo a process that dictates whether followers become part of the in-group or out-group 1. Stranger phase - leaders and subordinate interactions are formal and based on organizational policies 2. Acquaintance phase - leader offers the subordinate a chance to increase his or her responsibility in the group and the subordinate must accept the new role 3. Mature partnership phase - leaders and followers develop strong mutual trust, respect, and obligations
What is relational power?
power gained from the networks to which an individual belongs Centrality: where one is located in the network; affects an individual's ability to be influential Breadth: types of networks and diversity of contacts within those networks Task networks - exchange of specific job-related resources Career networks - people who provide career direction and guidance, exposure to top management Social networks - mobilize resources, transmit information, provide peer coaching Depth: strength of a person's network *Portability of Relationships
What is cognitive heurisitcs and 3 types of it?
rules of thumb or short-cuts that individuals use to save time when making complex decisions Availability heuristic: individuals assess the frequency, probability, or likely cause of an event by the degree to which instances or occurrences of that event are readily available in memory Representativeness heuristic: individuals tend to look for traits in another person or situation that corresponds with previously formed stereotypes Adjustment heuristic: individuals make estimates or choices based on a certain starting point - first impression
What is empowering leadership?
sharing power with subordinates
Under Fielder's model, in a favorable or unfavorable scenario what management style is best In moderately favorable/unfavorable
task oriented relationship oriented
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
What is status quo bias
the tendency to favor the "here and now" and to reject potential change
What is framing?
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. Batman saying let her go and joker yeets her out the window
