MGMT 309 - Exam 1 - Chapter 2

steps in scientific management:

1- develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule-of-thumb methods 2- Scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described in step 1 3- supervise employee to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs 4- continue to plan the work, but then use workers to get the work done

Mathematical model

A _____ is a simplified representation of a system, process, or relationship. a.Gantt chart b.subsystem c.mathematical model d.closed system

Management in Antiquity

Management has been practiced for thousands of years. For example, the ancient Babylonians used management in governing their empire, and the ancient Romans used management to facilitate communication and control throughout their far-flung territories. The Egyptians used planning and controlling techniques in the construction of their pyramids.

Early Management Pioneers

Management per se was not given serious attention for several centuries. Indeed, the study of management did not begin until the nineteenth century. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a British industrialist and reformer, was one of the first managers to recognize the importance of an organization's human resources. Until his era, factory workers were generally viewed in much the same way that machinery and equipment were. A factory owner himself, Owen believed that workers deserved respect and dignity.

Theory X

is a relatively pessimistic and negative view of workers and is consistent with the views of scientific management.

Theory Y

is more positive and represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make.

Theory:

is simply a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.

classical management perspective

-The first important ideas to emerge -This perspective actually includes two different branches: scientific management and administrative management.

Theory X assumptions:

1. People do not like work and try to avoid it. 2. People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to get them to work toward organizational goals. 3. People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility, and to want security; they have little ambition.

Theory Y assumptions:

1. People do not naturally dislike work; work is a natural part of their lives. 2. People are internally motivated to reach objectives to which they are committed. 3. People are committed to goals to the degree that they receive personal rewards when they reach their objectives. 4. People will both seek and accept responsibility under favorable conditions. 5. People have the capacity to be innovative in solving organizational problems. 6. People are bright, but under most organizational conditions their potential is underutilized.

system

A(n) _____ is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole. a.approach b.chart c.system d.perspective

views of scientific management

According to Douglas McGregor, Theory X represented the _____. a.human relations approach b.assumptions that human relations advocates make c.conventions of administrative management d.views of scientific management

management science

Farida, a manager at Pepper Edison Bank, uses mathematical models to figure out how many cashiers need to be on duty at each location at various times throughout the day. Which of the following approaches is used by Farida? a.Organizational behavior b.Management science c.Operations management d.Scientific management

avoid the mistakes of others

Managers at Ruth & Fishers Corp. recognize the value of history. The company maintains an extensive archival library of its old documents and records and has also employed a full-time corporate historian. This helps the managers _____. a.comply with government regulations b.avoid the mistakes of others c.maintain a code of ethics in the company d.manage the behavior of their employees

an unpredictable economy that limits growth

One of the most critical challenges facing managers today is _____. a.to efficiently produce products or services b.a sense of homogeneity among employees c.the new paradigm that has replaced traditional views d.an unpredictable economy that limits growth

scientific management:

Productivity really began to emerge as a serious business challenge during the early 1900s. Business was expanding and capital was readily available, but labor was in short supply. Consequently, managers began to search for ways to use existing labor more efficiently. In response to this need, in turn, experts began to focus on ways to improve the performance of individual workers. Their work led to the development of:

Classical Management Perspective

The _____ consists of two distinct branches, scientific management and administrative management. a.classical management perspective b.integrative management perspective c.quantitative management perspective d.behavioral management perspective

soldiering

The term _____ refers to employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capabilities. a.soldiering b.pivoting c.synergy d.entropy

Enhancing quality lowers costs.

Which of the following is a reason why quality is an important management challenge today? a.Improving quality tends to decrease productivity. b.Improving quality requires an increase in workforce. c.Enhancing quality lowers costs. d.Enhancing quality results in more waste and rework. Feedback

Malcolm Gladwell

_____ wrote the books The Tipping Point, Blink, and Outliers. a.Scott Adams b.Michael Porter c.Stephen Covey d.Malcolm Gladwell

soldiering

employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capabilities.

Behavioral management perspective

placed much more emphasis on individual attitudes and behaviors and on group processes, and it recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace.

human relations movement

proposed that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace, including social conditioning, group norms, and interpersonal dynamics. A basic assumption of the human relations movement was that the manager's concern for workers would lead to increased satisfaction, which would in turn result in improved performance.

history

Awareness and understanding of important historical developments are also important to contemporary managers.Footnote Understanding the historical context of management provides a sense of heritage and can help managers avoid the mistakes of others. Most courses in U.S. history devote time to business and economic developments in this country, including the Industrial Revolution, the early labor movement, and the Great Depression, and to such so-called captains of U.S. industry as Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and Andrew Carnegie (steel).

Organizational behavior:

Current behavioral perspectives on management, known as ___________________________________________________acknowledge that human behavior in organizations is much more complex than the human relationists realized. The field of organizational behavior draws from a broad, interdisciplinary base of psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine. Organizational behavior takes a holistic view of behavior and addresses individual, group, and organization processes.

human resources

Robert Owen, a British industrialist and reformer, recognized the importance of an organization's _____. a.financial resources b.cultural resources c.information resources d.human resources

attempt to identify the one best way to do something.

Universal perspectives: a.suggest that general theories cannot be applied to organizations. b.state that managerial behavior in a situation depends on unique elements. c.attempt to identify the one best way to do something. d.state that each organization is unique.

Administrative management:

Whereas scientific management deals with the jobs of individual employees,--------------------- focuses on managing the total organization.

They are systems within another system.

Which of the following best defines subsystems? a.They are systems within another system. b.They are systems that are not interdependent. c.They are systems that do not interact with their environment. d.They are systems that interact with their environment.

It is a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.

Which of the following best defines the term theory? a.It is a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action. b.It is a study of the structure or internal workings of something. c.It is an abstract framework to improve employee satisfaction and motivation. d.It is the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex.

It emphasizes individual attitudes and group processes.

Which of the following best describes the behavioral management perspective? a.It emphasizes individual attitudes and group processes. b.It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers. c.It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers. d.It focuses on managing an organization mechanistically.

People prefer to be directed and to avoid responsibility.

Which of the following does Theory X assume? a.People have the capacity to be innovative in solving organizational problems. b.People will both seek and accept responsibility under favorable conditions. c.People prefer to be directed and to avoid responsibility. d.People are internally motivated to reach objectives to which they are committed.

It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.

Which of the following is a feature of scientific management? a.It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes. b.It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers. c.It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers. d.It focuses on managing the total organization.

It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

Which of the following is a feature of the quantitative management perspective? a.It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers. b.It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes. c.It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers. d.It focuses on managing the total organization.