MGMT 3200 - Principles of Management - Ch 2

scientific management

The theory that focuses on improving the performance of individual workers is known as __________.

A system

_________ is an interrelated set of elements working as a whole. As people who study management have sought to integrate the classical, behavioral, and quantitative management perspectives, they have found it useful to view organizations as systems.

Closed systems

__________ are not affected by the external environment.

classical management

The ideas that emerged in the early twentieth century to help improve the performance of individual workers and whole organizations are known collectively as the _______ perspective.

Production Quotas

Which of the following are examples of improvements developed by administrative management researchers? Check all that apply. -Identifying the importance of how an organization is structured -Identifying the essential functions of managers -Production quotas -Job design, specialization, and training

inputs, transformation processes, outputs, and feedback:

Any system has four basic elements:

Entropy

If managers do not make adjustments in response to feedback from the environment, what happens in the organization?

synergy

If multiple subsystems work better because they are designed to work together, what is happening?

system

In the 1950s, management theorists took the view that an organization is a _________—that is, an interrelated set of elements working as a whole.

quantitative management

Oversimplifying human behavior is a problem some have observed in the work of the human relationists; the _____ perspective does not deal with human behavior. Treating workers like cogs in a machine was a characteristic of the scientific management approach of the early twentieth century.

Challenges managers face

Taking into account a pandemic when making business decisions is an example of the new challenge of dealing with an unpredictable economy, while taking into account different religious practices when formulating a holiday plan is an example of the new challenge of managing diversity. Taking into account workers' group norms and designing mathematical models are older challenges that will continue, but have been explored by theorists from the behavioral and quantitative management perspectives.

systems perspective

The _________ views the organization as a system that transforms inputs into outputs and gathers feedback to improve the way it operates.

contingency perspective

The __________ asserts that different organizations need different approaches to management, depending on the situation.

universal perspective

The ___________ posits that a certain approach to management is the best one for all organizations, regardless of their particular circumstances.

a system

When a manager treats an organization as an interrelated set of elements that work together, the manager is treating the organization as ___________.

-Focusing managers' attention on the importance of group dynamics in organizations -Challenging the idea that employees behave like cogs in a machine Focusing managers' attention on the importance of organizational structures

Which of the following are contributions of behavioral management researchers to today's practice of management? Check all that apply. -Focusing managers' attention on the importance of group dynamics in organizations -Challenging the idea that employees behave according to group norms they create themselves -Challenging the idea that employees behave like cogs in a machine -Focusing managers' attention on the importance of organizational structures

Theory X

Which term refers to the idea that people in an organization will be productive only if managers control and coerce them?

-Job design, specialization, and training -Production quota

Which of the following are examples of improvements developed by scientific management researchers? Check all that apply. -Identifying the essential functions of managers -Job design, specialization, and training -Identifying the importance of how an organization is structured -Production quota

-It does not predict individual behavior. -It has not met with universal acceptance among managers.

Which of the following are examples of the limitations of behavioral management? Check all that apply. -It does not predict individual behavior. -It does not show how group norms created by workers affect productivity. -It is viewed skeptically by researchers. -It has not met with universal acceptance among managers.

-Workers become more productive if they receive special attention and sympathetic supervision from managers. -Workers create group norms that dictate acceptable workplace behavior, including acceptable levels of productivity.

Which of the following are research findings that led to the rise of the human relations movement? Check all that apply. -Workers become more productive if they receive special attention and sympathetic supervision from managers. -Workers create group norms that dictate acceptable workplace behavior, including acceptable levels of productivity. -Workers become more productive if there is better lighting in the workplace. -Workers compete with each other to produce more and earn higher wages.

contingency perspective

Which of the following is the perspective that managers need to behave differently as appropriate for their organization's situation?

mathematical models

Management science uses __________ of reality to aid in decision making and the measurement of results.

open & closed

There are two basic types of systems:

Administrative management

__________ focuses on the whole organization.

subsystem

•All departments of an organization are subsystems within the larger system of the organization .•Each department is an open system because the actions of each department affect and are affected by the actions of the other departments and the organization as a whole.

mathematical models

Management science uses __________ to aid in decision making and measuring results.

organizational behavior

Which term refers to the idea that people in an organization will be more or less productive depending on a wide variety of factors?

quantitative management

Models are only as good as their underlying assumptions. However, their mathematical nature may lend them an aura of objective truth. Other potential problems with the __________ perspective are that it does not explain or predict the behavior of people; managers may also develop mathematical analysis skills at the expense of other important skills.

-Making business decisions based on experts' best guesses about whether a pandemic will affect a certain market -Giving employees more flexibility with when to take paid holidays, based on their religion -Tracking and responding to bad reviews of their products on Facebook and Amazon -Making business decisions based on whether they will contribute to global climate change

Which of the following are examples of new challenges managers face today? Check all that apply. -Making business decisions based on experts' best guesses about whether a pandemic will affect a certain market -Developing mathematical models to maximize the efficient allocation of company resources -Giving employees more flexibility with when to take paid holidays, based on their religion -Designing an incentive pay system that takes into account workers' group norms about acceptable production levels -Analyzing the subsystems inside their organization to find synergies between them -Tracking and responding to bad reviews of their products on Facebook and Amazon -Making business decisions based on whether they will contribute to global climate change -Figuring out how to redesign jobs to help employees work more efficiently

Managers may perceive numbers as objective facts, but the results of quantitative analysis are only as good as the underlying assumptions.

Which of the following is a downside of the widespread use of the quantitative management perspective? -Its theories about human behavior may lead managers to oversimplify their expectations of people. -Managers may perceive numbers as objective facts, but the results of quantitative analysis are only as good as the underlying assumptions. -Managers who apply mathematical models in the workplace tend to treat workers as if they are machines.

Systems perspective

Which of the following is the perspective that the organization receives inputs, transforms them to make outputs, and uses feedback to improve? -Systems perspective -Contingency perspective -Universal perspective

Behavioral management

_________ researchers focus on the human element in organizations. They challenge the idea that employees are cogs in a machine, and they call managers' attention to group dynamics among employees. These ideas are still relevant today.

Organizational behavior

_________ takes into account the complexity of human behavior that affects worker performance in organizations. Research into organizational behavior draws on fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, and medicine to tackle such challenging issues as: •Job stress•Leadership issues•Organizational politics•Diversity-related issues•Effects of downsizing and outsourcing

Scientific management

__________ focuses on ways to make individual employees more productive. These researchers therefore seek to improve how employees do their jobs and give them incentives to do them better.

Open system

__________ interact with and are affected by their environment..

Entropy

__________ is the term for the deterioration of a system, such as an organization, that does not change as its environment changes. Managers must monitor the environment and use that information, or feedback, to make adjustments.

Scientific management

__________ theory focuses on making companies more productive by improving the performance of individual workers. This might involve designing specialized jobs, training workers to do job tasks more efficiently, and developing pay scales to reward higher production.