MGMT 3370 Test 3 Ch. 13-18

____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes).

A self-serving bias

___ is a technique of assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker nonjudgmental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she said.

Active listening

The steps of the basic perception process are:

Attention, organization, interpretation, and retention

________ is a control method that encourages managers to look beyond traditional measures to evaluate four different perspectives on company performance.

Balanced scorecard

_________ control regulates workers' performances on the job, while __________ control measures the results of their efforts.

Behavior; output

___ refers to the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers.

Charismatic leadership

___ is the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know.

Closure

____ is the regulatory process of establishing standards that will achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then, if necessary, taking corrective action to restore performance to those standards

Control

Which one of the following traits refers to high levels of effort and is characterized by achievement, motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative?

Drive

____ is a technique of understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker.

Empathetic listening

In the model of the communication process, __________ makes senders aware of possible miscommunications and enables them to continue communicating until the receiver understands the intended message.

Feedback to sender

Which of the following is an example of a situational theory of leadership?

Fiedler's contingency theory

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?

Goals can energize behavior.

Which of the following statements about hearing and listening are true?

Hearing is the act of perceiving sounds, while listening is the act of making a conscious effort to hear

Which of the following statements about needs is true?

Higher-order needs will generally not motivate people as long as lower-order needs remain unsatisfied

Which of the following statements about informal communication in organizations is true?

Information carried by informal communication channels is estimated to be 75 to 95 percent accurate.

The most important situational factor in Fieldler's Contingency Theory is

Leader-member relation

____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.

Organizational silence

_________ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees.

Organizational silence

Which of the following statements about leaders and managers is true?

Organizations need both leaders and managers.

Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?

People perceive according to personality-, psychology-, and experience-based filters

___ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments.

Perception

__________ strengthen behavior (i.e., increase its frequency).

Positive and negative reinforcement

____ is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior

Reinforcement

____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations while ignoring, screening out, or not accepting inconsistent information

Selective perception

____ are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory.

Standards

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration.

Because workplace injuries cost U.S. businesses $1 billion every week, increased safety compliance needs to become a practice, not just a theory. The goal of developing safety consciousness within the workforce requires continuous reinforcement at every organizational level. This means ____.

a consequence must be delivered following every instance of behavior

Coaching is ____.

a kind of one-on-one communication primarily used by managers to improve an employee's on-the-job performance or behavior

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

a sense of achievement

Which of the following approaches to implementing Fiedler's contingency theory in the workplace has proven effective?

accurately measuring and matching leaders to situations

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, __________ means setting challenging goals, having high expectations of employees, and displaying confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort.

achievement-oriented leadership

Noise can occur when ____.

any of these occur

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

are accurately described by all of these

Transformational leaders ____

are accurately described by all of these

Charismatic leaders generally ____.

articulate a vision based on strongly held values

The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior.

attribution theory

The two types of objective controls managers use are

behavior and output

How do employees try to restore equity when they perceive that they have been treated unfairly?

by doing any of these

Which of the following is NOT one of the four leadership styles identified in the path-goal theory of leadership?

charismatic

The two types of visionary leadership are ____.

charismatic leadership and transformational leadership

The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____.

cluster and gossip

In terms of the basic methods of control, __________ control is an improvement over __________ control because it attempts to eliminate or shorten the delay between performance and feedback about the performance

concurrent; feedback

For punishment to work (i.e., to weaken the frequency of undesirable behaviors without creating a backlash), the punishment must be strong enough to stop the undesired behavior and must be administered ____.

consistently, contingently, and quickly

The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____.

constructive or destructive

The first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be:

constructive or destructive

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as:

downward, horizontal, and upward

Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

employee-centered leadership

Feedback can lead to stronger motivation and effort if it _____

encourages employees to set higher, more difficult goals after the initial goals are accomplished.

According to ____, people will be motivated when they perceive they are being treated fairly.

equity theory

Extrinsic rewards are ____.

exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, the lowest-order need is ____.

existence

When things go wrong in the workplace, workers are more likely to attribute their problems to ____, while managers are more likely to attribute those same workers' problems to ____.

external causes; internal causes

One of the best ways for top managers to hear what others feel and think is through:

frequent informal meetings

A ____ is a target, objective, or result

goal

In the __________ type of grapevine communication network, one "highly connected" individual shares information with many other managers and workers.

gossip chain

The normative decision theory ____.

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are

higher-order and lower-order needs

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.

higher-order and lower-order needs

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ______ and ______, are central to successful leadership.

initiating structure; consideration

According to attribution theory, we use two general reasons or attributions to explain people's behavior. They are ____.

internal and external attributions

Reinforcement theory says behavior is a function of ____

its consequences

According to some industrial psychologists, ____ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

job performance

Research shows that while initiating structure impacts primarily on ____, consideration impacts primarily on ____.

job performance; job satisfaction

Fiedlers contingency theory assumes:

leaders are effective when their work groups perform well

____is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

leadership

Managers who use goal-setting theory to motivate employees should ____.

make sure workers truly accept organizational goals

Which of the following is one of the primary tasks faced by managers who want to improve organizational communication?

managing organization-wide communication

According to the text, ____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

motivation

Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

negative reinforcement

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations?

none of these

Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

none of these

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model is another name for the

normative decision theory

In the traditional control systems used at most companies, __________ measures are used to assess performance and influence behavior.

objective control

Managers generally like and use____ but are less receptive to using ____.

oral communication; written communication

Normative controls should be used when:

organizational culture, values, and beliefs are strong

Perceptual filters may occur as the result of ____.

personality-based differences

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers.

position power

McClellend's Learned Needs Theory identifies three needs. They are the needs for ____.

power, achievement, and affiliation

In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

procedural justice

In equity theory, ____ are others with whom people compare themselves to determine if they have been treated fairly.

referents

In empathetic listening, ____ is important because it demonstrates that you understand the speaker's emotions.

reflecting feelings

The two parts of reinforcement are ____.

reinforcement contingencies and schedules of reinforcement

Transactional leaders

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Transactional leaders ____.

reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

According to the motivational model presented in the text, perceived inequity directly affects ____.

satisfaction

Someone experiencing a(n) ____ would be likely to take any negative criticism of his or her department personally.

self-serving bias

Economic value added (EVA) is so important to workers and managers because it

shows whether a business or subset of a business is really making a profit

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members.

situational favorableness

To use expectancy theory to motivate employees, managers can

systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs

Which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory?

task structure

According to the model of need satisfaction, an unsatisfied need produces ____.

tension

The basic control process begins with:

the establishment of clear standards of performance

According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

the formal authority system

According to attribution theory, ____ makes managers more likely to attribute workers' problems or failures to internal rather than external causes.

the fundamental attribution error

Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ____ of leadership.

trait theory

The two basic kinds of inequity are ____.

underreward and overreward

According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation

valence, expectancy, and instrumentality

Which of the following is a category of reinforcement schedules?

variable interval