MGMT 3720 Exam 2

A popular depiction of the internal organizational dimensions is the _____ model.

McKinsey 7-S

The theory of _______ views organizations as open systems that take in resources and raw materials at the "input" phase from the environment in a number of forms, depending on the nature of the organization.

Open Systems

A networked organizational structure is one that naturally forms after being initially assigned. (T/F)

True

According to the open systems theory, organizations are considered as either Open or Closed. (T/F)

True

Difficult goals result in better performances than easy goals. (T/F)

True

Functional organizations are referred to as pyramid structures. (T/F)

True

High-nAch people are constantly trying to accomplish something. (T/F)

True

High-nAff employees will be especially motivated to perform well if others depend on them. (T/F)

True

Hygienes refer to job context factors rather than directly to the work itself. (T/F)

True

It is important to distinguish the direction and intensity aspects of motivation. (T/F)

True

Manifest needs through laid the groundwork for later theories, and have greatly influenced the study of organizational behavior. (T/F)

True

Matrix designs use teams to combine vertical with horizontal structures. (T/F)

True

The degree of specialization required in an organization depends both on the complexity of the activities the organization needs to account for and on the scale of the organization. (T/F)

True

The functional structure evolved first, followed by the divisional structure and then the matrix structure. (T/F)

True

The need for a strong environment of command-and-control varies by the circumstances of each organization. (T/F)

True

The success of man organizations is dependent on the nAch levels of their employees. (T/F)

True

The traditionally stable and somewhat unchanging domain of higher education has become more complex with the entry of for-profit educational institutions. (T/F)

True

There is no "one best theory," all have been supposed by organizational behavior research. (T/F)

True

negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment. (T/F)

True

____ refers to the knowledge, skills, and receptiveness to learning that a person brings to a task or job.

ability

_____ is an external focus with a flexibility orientation; dynamic entrepreneurial culture

adhocracy culture

The four types of culture are:

adhocracy, clan, hierarchy, market

____ occurs when we learn to behave in a certain way to avoid encountering an undesired or unpleasant consequence.

avoidance learning

The ____ model is one of the most common frameworks, as it assume that organizations will find efficiencies when they divide the duties of labor, allow people to specialize, and create structure for coordinating their differentiated efforts, usually within a hierarchy of responsibility.

bureaucratic

How to manage the flows of resources and information in an organization, or its ______.

centralization

________ is an internal focus with a flexibility orientation; the people-oriented, friendly culture

clan culture

______ systems are less sensitive to environmental resources and possibilities

closed

_______ refers to the way in which people report to one another or connect to coordinate their efforts in accomplishing the work of the organization.

command-and-control

The ________ is one of the most cited and tested models for diagnosing an organization's cultural effectiveness and examining its fit within its environment.

competing values framework (CVF)

It is the experienced ____ (positive or negative) that influences whether a response will be repeated the next time the stimulus is present.

consequence

_______ theories focus on the content of what motivates people.

content motivation

___ is what a person wants to achieve, or what they intend to do.

direction

Under _____, employees receive their rewards as a function of their level of contribution to the organization.

distributive justice

___ structures are many functional departments grouped under a division head. This structure also resembles a product structure that also has profit centers.

divisional

A _____ is what sector or field of the environment an organization will use its technology, products, and services to compete in and serve.

domain

The ______ is the perceived probability that effort will lead to performance

effort-performance expectancy (E1)

Amazon has a _____ organizational structure that focuses on business functions for determining the interactions among the different parts of the company.

functional

In ______, employees are given a chance to share in corporate productivity gains through increased earnings.

gain-sharing plans

A ________ structure is aimed at moving from a mechanistic to more organic design. This structure is organized by locations of customers that a company serves.

geographic

Outcomes can be ____, in that we determine if they are received

intrinsic

_____ is the desire to do a task because you enjoy it

intrinsic motivation

______ arise out of performing a task in and of itself because it is interesting or fun to do. The task is enjoyable so we continue to do it even in the absence of extrinsic rewards.

intrinsic motivation

_____ represent those rewards that are related directly to performing the job. These rewards are often referred to as "Self-administered" rewards because engaging in the task itself leads to their receipt.

intrinsic rewards

A _____ cannot be inferred from a person's behavior at a given time, yet the person may still possess that need.

latent need

Through ______ leaders in an organization can intentionally shape how these shifts occur over time

managed change

A ____ is whatever need is motivating us at a given time; this need dominates our other needs.

manifest need

______ assumes that human behavior is driven by the desire to satisfy needs.

manifest needs theory

_____ is an external focus with a stability/control orientation; the results-orientated, competitive culture

market culture

A ______ describes an organization that has multiple reporting lines of authority.

matric structure

______ structures move closer to organic systems in an attempt to respond to environmental uncertainty, complexity, and instability.

matrix

_______ organizational structures are best suited for environments that range from stable and simple to low-moderate uncertainty and are characterized by top-down hierarchies of control that are rule based.

mechanistic

_________ is a strong hierarchical form of organizing that is designed to generate a high degree of standardization and control.

mechanistic bureaucratic structure

___ is a force within or outside of the body that energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior,

motivation

____, which relate to the jobs we perform and our ability to feel a sense of achievement as a result of performing them, are rooted in our need to experience growth and self-actualization.

motivators

A ___ is a source of motivation; it is the need that a person is attempting to satisfy.

motive

A ____ is a human condition that becomes "energized" when people feel deficient in some respect.

need

The _____ is how much people are motivated to excel at the tasks they are performing, especially tasks that are difficult.

need for achievement (nAch)

The ____ reflects a desire to establish and maintain warm and friendly relationships with other people.

need for affiliation (nAff)

The _____ is the need to control things, especially other people. It reflects a motivation to influence and be responsible for other people.

need for power (nPow)

A ______ is when a behavior causes something undesirable to be taken away, the behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future.

negative reinforcement

_____ is when managers provide no consequence at all following a worker's response.

nonreinforcement

______ systems are more responsive and adaptive to environmental changes

open

The term _____ indicates that learning results from our "operating on" the environment.

operant conditioning

According to _____, we learn to behave in a particular fashion because of consequences that resulted from out past behaviors.

operant conditioning theory

_______ organizational structure forms work best in unstable, complex, and changing environments

organic

An ______ relies on the ability of people to self-organize and make decisions without much direction such that they can adapt quickly to changing circumstances.

organic bureaucratic structure

______ refers to the constant shifts that occur within an organizational system.

organizational change

______ is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives.

organizational design

______ is the label for a field that specializes in change management. These specialists draw on social science to guide change processes that simultaneously help a business achieve its objectives while generating well-being for employees and sustainable benefit for society.

organizational development (OD)

An ______ is a system for accomplishing and connecting the activities that occur within a work organization.

organizational structure

____ are anything we perceive as getting back from the organization in exchange for our inputs.

outcomes

A second result could be that our ratio is greater than the referent other's, this is known as a state of _______

overreward equity

The ____ refers to those factors that impact employees' performance but as essentially out of their control.

performance environment

The ______ is the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes

performance-outcome expectancy (E2)

A _____ endeavors to control others mostly for the sake of dominating them.

personal power seeker

A ______ is a desirable consequence that satisfies an active need or that removes a barrier to need satisfaction.

positive reinforcement

Instincts, also known as ______, are needed throughout ones life. They include needs for food, water, procreation, urination, and so on.

primary needs

______ address how people become motivated - that is, how people perceive and think about a situation.

process motivation theories

______ of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated.

process theories

______ exist where the business organizes its employees according to product lines or lines of business.

product structures

____ is an aversive consequence that follows a behavior and makes it less likely to reoccur

punishment

______ is a function of how quickly a person acquires new knowledge.

receptiveness to learning

_____ perform jobs that are similar in difficulty and complexity to the employee making the equity determination

referent others

____ occurs when a consequence makes it more likely the response/behavior will be repeated in the future.

reinforcement

_______ in organizations have far-reaching consequences for both individual satisfaction and organizational effectiveness

reward systems

Accurate _____ refer to how well an individual understand their organizational role. An employee who has this knows both their expected outcomes and how to go about making those outcomes a reality.

role perceptions

______, or the frequency at which effective employee behaviors should be reinforced

schedules of reinforcement

Learned needs, also known as _____, are learned throughout one's life and are basically psychological in nature. They include needs such as the need ofr achievement, for love, and for affiliation.

secondary needs

_______ seeks to explain not only what causes motivation, but also how extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation.

self-determination theory (SDT)

_____ is our belief about whether we can successfully execute some future action or task, or achieve some result.

self-efficacy

Strategy, structure, systems, skills, staff, and style all revolve around and are interconnected with _______ in an organization.

shared values (culture)

_____ are characterized by closed mindsets that are not open to communicating across departments, lack of quick decision-making and coordination of tasks across departments, and competition for power and resources.

silos

___ is their capacity to perform some particular activity, including knowing what is expected of them.

skill

Under the _____ program, employees are paid according to their skills level, regardless of the actual tasks they are allowed to perform

skills-based incentive

Another question addresses the scope of the work that any one person in the organization will be accountable for, referred to as _____.

span of control

The degree to which people are organized into subunits according to their expertise is referred to as ______.

specialization

____ is our outcome-to-input ratio that could equal the referent other's

state of equity

The learning process involves three distinct steps:

stimulus (S), response (R), consequence (C)

Alderfer's ____ compresses Maslow's five need categories into three: existence, relatedness, and growth.

ERG theory

______ states that motivation is affected by the outcomes we receive for our inputs compared to the outcomes and inputs of other people

equity theory

____ posits that we will exert much effort to perform at high levels so that we can obtain valued outcomes.

expectancy theory

____ occurs when a consequence makes it less likely the response/behavior will be repeated in the future.

extinction

Outcomes can be _____, in that others (usually a supervisor) determine whether we receive them

extrinsic

In the case of _____, we endeavor to acquire something that satisfies a lower-order need. Also known as outside the person factors.

extrinsic motivation

______ are external to the work itself and are administered externally by someone else

extrinsic rewards

____ represents a critical variable in determining the success or failure of the goal-setting process

feedback

The four types of reinforcement schedules:

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

Through a ______, employees are allowed some discretion in the determination of their own packages and can make trade-offs, within certain limits.

flexible benefits program

The ____ is an officially defined set of relationships, responsibilities, and connections that exist across an organization.

formal organization

______ refers to the degree of definition in the roles that exist throughout an organization.

formalization

_____ exist where organizations are set up to deliver a range of products within a geographic area or region.

geographic structures

____ is the degree to which we dedicate ourselves to achieving a goal

goal commitment

_____ states that people will perform better if they have difficult, specific, accepted performance goals or objectives.

goal theory

____, one of the first motivation theories, assumes that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs.

hedonism

______ is an internal focus with a stability/control orientation; the process-orientated, structured culture

hierarchy

_____ organizational design, unlike the top-down pyramid structures, brought flattened hierarchical, hybrid structures and cross-functional teams.

horizontal

A ______ is when many individuals across the whole system are empowered to make organizational decisions. Also known as a flat organization because it often features few levels of organizational hierarchy.

horizontal organizational structure

____ relate to the work environment and are based in the basic human need to "avoid pain."

hygienes

The ____ is sometimes referred to as the invisible network of interpersonal relationships that shape how people actually connect with one another to carry out their activities.

informal organization

____ are any factors we contribute to the organization that we feel have value and are relevant to the organization.

inputs

____ is how hard people try to achieve their targets; this is what we think of as effort.

intensity

Early organizational structures were focused on _______ hierarchical control and separate functional specializations in order to adapt to external environments.

internal

Organizational culture is considered one of the most important ________ of an organization's effectiveness criteria.

internal dimensions

The third result could be that we perceive our ratio to be less than that of the referent other's, this is known as a state of _______

underreward equity

_____ are simply the degree to which we perceive an outcome as desirable, neutral, or undesirable.

valences

____ is a "tall" structure, usually due to the presence of many levels of management and often characterizes a mechanistic organization

vertical organizational structure

_____ is the amount of effort a person exerts to achieve a certain level of job performance.

work motivation