MGMT 518 ch.?

Firms can take a number of steps to set their AI engines up for success, including hiring diversely, adding ethicists to the team, and creating

a system review board

The very beginnings of AI, the foundation models that have to be trained, are the:

naked algorithms

COBIT

(Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies) A continually-evolving best-practices framework for IT governance that includes guidance on implementation, monitoring, and improving IT systems and organizations.

reinforcement learning from human feedback

A machine learning training technique that uses a reward model and human evaluators that will provide feedback to continually tune results. These models usually include some sort of reward function, and human ratings and feedback can guide training to favor certain outcomes and avoid others.

constitutional AI

A method for providing alignment and safety in an AI by incorporating a set of specific rules or guidelines that an AI must follow as machine learning takes place.

the AI winter

A period of reduced interest in and funding for AI projects. This resulted from a failure of AI to deliver on much-hyped initial promises. Advances in fast/cheap processor and storage technology, cloud computing and access to tremendous amounts of parallel computing, high-speed broadband, and the massive amount of input data from the Internet and other sources has enabled several advances in AI during the past decade, plus. The advance of generative AI have further pushed interest in AI to an all-time high in terms of investment and use.

prompt

A request made to generative artificial intelligence systems.

pair programming

A software development technique where two programmers work side-by-side, looking at the same screen, sharing their collective insights to write, test, and debug code.

Red Teaming

A term, taken from the military, where a trained team, unaffiliated with development staff, play the role of adversaries and try to deliberately compromise systems. Red team reports are then shread with IS staff so that systems can be hardened, or secured against attack and misuse.

turing test

A test of a computer's ability to exhibit behavior so that it is indistinguishable from a human.

large language model (LLM)

A type of AI that is used for general-purpose language understanding and generation. LLMs are trained by putting a corpus of training data through a foundation model.

machine learning (ML)

A type of artificial intelligence that leverages massive amounts of data so that computers can improve the accuracy of actions and predictions on their own without additional programming.

generative AI

A type of artificial intelligence whose output is some type of media: e.g., text, images, audio, video. Results are usually generated based on a prompt, such as typed or spoken text. This technology "learns" the patterns and structure of data used during training, and can then generate new output based on the characteristics of this input. Results can often be refined by further prompt entry.

deep learning

A type of machine learning that uses multiple layers of interconnections among data to identify patterns and improve predicted results. Deep learning most often uses a set of techniques known as neural networks and is popularly applied in tasks like speech recognition, image recognition, and computer vision.

supervised learning

A type of machine learning where algorithms are trained by providing explicit examples of results sought, like defective versus error-free, or stock price.

expert systems

AI systems that leverage a set of programmed decision rules or example outcomes to perform a task in a way that mimics applied human expertise. Expert systems are used in tasks ranging from medical diagnoses to product configuration.

genetic algorithms

AI technologies that seek an optimal model by transforming or "mutating" an algorithm (versus neural networks, which add weights and mappings to a combination of inputs)—iteratively testing the result and choosing the best outcome.

Which is not one of the fields that will be impacted by AI?

CONSTRUCTION these will: software development legal education medical

CAPTCHAs

Completely Automated Public Test to tell Computers and Humans apart

prompt-injection

Compromising generative AI by entering prompts that cause it to behave in unintended ways. Examples might have an AI bypass existing security concerns, release proprietary data, or issue a prompt in advance of another user's engagement that would distort results from subsequent use.

artificial intelligence (AI)

Computer software that can mimic or improve upon functions that would otherwise require human intelligence.

parameters

Values that are created by the foundation model and that are used by LLMs to determine text elements, relationships between these elements, and that are further refined during training. The more parameters that are in a model, the more complex and comprehensive the resulting LLM will be.

data poisoning

Deliberately feeding incorrect data to an AI so that it generates incorrect results.

Spotify uses AI to create a custom station for a user, called _____, by examining listening habits and playlists.

Discover Weekly

ITIL

IT Infrastructure Library, which covers best practices for delivering IT services.

hallucination

In the context of AI, hallucination refers to answers that are generated results that are incorrect and aren't based on facts. Some refer to AI hallucination as "made up" answers. AI hallucinates not because it is sinister or it's trying to lie, but because systems struggle to find a set of related terms and concepts. The AI strings together a set of words that are a best match mathematically, but that don't result in facts.

The Echo Nest, an automated music geek, was purchased in 2014 by _____ to help the company create a playlist geared to your taste.

Spotify

OCR

Optical Character Recognition. Software that can scan images and identify text within them.

artificial general intelligence (AGI)

Refers to software that's capable of learning any task or subject, including developing reasoning about topics not presented through a training corpus.

change management

Refers to techniques to facilitate organization change, including preparing individuals for change and offering training and support during and after implementation. Change management is especially important in IS use, as many information systems implementations involve radical change to the way a firm conducts business or the way individuals and teams operate within the organization.

self-supervised learning

Sometimes called unsupervised learning, where systems build pattern-recognizing algorithms using data that has not been pre-classified.

deepfakes

Sophisticated media (audio, image, video) created by AI that attempts to look or sound like a real person or event.

neutral networks

Statistical techniques used in AI and particularly in machine learning. Neural networks hunt down and expose patterns, building multilayered relationships that humans can't detect on their own.

corpus

The data used to train an AI.

seed round

The initial round of capital provided to a startup, often by angel investors or venture firms focused on early-stage investments. If the firm is successful, the seed round is usually followed, when particular milestones are achieved, by subsequent and larger rounds of investment, typically labeled alphabetically (e.g., series A, series B, etc.).

foundation model

The model or base technology used to train a large language model. In the example of ChatGPT-3, OpenAI's GPT-3 is the base model that is used to train the LLM that users eventually use to ask and answer questions.

prompt engineering

The practice of designing inputs for generative AI tools that will produce optimal outputs.

Which of these are identified in the text as a positive, and a negative, of AI?

automation of mundane tasks; job displacement

Due to the complexities of human nature, it's understandable that AI systems might show _____ that their development teams don't even realize they have.

biases

Many AI implementations force radical change to the way a firm conducts business, and the way teams operate; how the organization handles this is:

change management

Many AI companies are facing _____ over how they are training their AI engines.

copyright lawsuits

Since AI is developing so rapidly, one concern is _____, where the AI engine is deliberately fed incorrect data so incorrect results are generated.

data poisoning

Goldman Sachs, a financial firm, has predicted that AI could replace up to 44% percent of work done in the _____ field.

legal