MGMT Ch. 10 Questions

Describe the four kinds of external forces of changes and two kinds of internal forces of change.

(1) External forces consist of four types: demographic characteristics; technological advancements; shareholder, customer, and market changes; and social and political pressures. (2) Internal forces may be of two types: human resources concerns and managers' behavior.

What are four steps for fostering innovation?

(1) Recognize problems and opportunities and devise solutions. (2) Gain allies by communicating your vision. (3) Overcome employee resistance and empower and reward them to achieve progress. (4) Execute well by effectively managing people, groups, and organizational processes and systems in the pursuit of innovation.

Employee resistance can be considered to be the interaction of what three causes?

(1) employee characteristics (2) change-agent characteristics (3) the change agent-employee relationship

There are 10 reasons employees resist change. What are some of them?

(1) individuals' predisposition toward change (2) surprise and fear of the unknown; (3) climate of mistrust; (4) fear of failure; (5) loss of status or job security; (6) peer pressure; (7) disruption of cultural traditions or group relationships; (8) personality conflicts; (9) lack of tact or poor timing (10) nonreinforcing reward systems.

What's the difference between a product innovation and a process innovation?

A product innovation is a change in the appearance or performance of a product or service or the creation of a new one. A process innovation is a change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or disseminated.

Organizational change ranges along a continuum of what three levels of threat?

Adaptive change, the least threatening, is reintroduction of a familiar practice. Innovative change is the introduction of a practice that is new to the organization. Radically innovative change, the most threatening, involves introducing a practice that is new to the industry.

Explain four ways to encourage innovation to happen.

Four ways to encourage it are as follows: (1) Provide the right organizational culture, so that it is viewed as a benefit rather than as a boondoggle. (2) Provide the human capital; make the right kind of people available. (3) Provide the resources. (4) Provide the rewards, so that experimentation is reinforced in ways that matter.

What is the organizational development process?

Organizational development (OD) is a set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective. The OD process follows a three-step process: (1) Diagnosis attempts to ascertain the problem. (2) Intervention is the attempt to correct the diagnosed problems. (3) Evaluation attempts to find out how well the intervention worked.

What are the two principal types of change?

Reactive & Proactive. Reactive change is making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise. Proactive change involves making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities.

How does Kurt Lewin's model of change work?

Unfreezing, Changing, and Refreezing—to explain how to initiate, manage, and stabilize planned change. (1) In the unfreezing stage, managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change. (2) In the changing stage, employees need to be given the tools for change, such as new information. (3) In the refreezing stage, employees need to be helped to integrate the changed attitudes and behavior into their normal behavior.

What are the principal labor-management issues?

compensation, employee benefits, job security, work rules, hours, and safety matters.