Mgraw question chp. 11— managing ppl

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job

enlargement

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job

enrichment

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?

equity sensitivity

The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:

expectancy theory

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?

high equity sensitivity

What does equity theory explain?

how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships how people strive for fairness in social exchanges

The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

instrumentality

Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?

job characteristics model

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:

job enlargement

Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?

low sense of accomplishment high levels of dissatisfaction and stress poor mental health

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

persistence of behavior or thought direction of behavior or thought intensity of behavior or thought

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal

specificity

Which core job characteristic measures the extent to which the job affects the lives of other people within or outside the organization?

task significance

According to equity theory, people compare

their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.

Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?

Equity theory

Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?

Equity theory

task identity

Requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

acquired needs theory

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:

arouse behavior

Advantages of designing jobs using job rotation include:

building employee knowledge and ability to promote from within providing employees with a broader perspective of the organization increased worker flexibility for scheduling through cross-training

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

What motivates corrective action in equity theory?

cognitive dissonance

Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:

motivation will be high when all three elements are high

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?

reason experimentation systematic observation

Job enlargement is also known as ____loading the job.

horizontally

The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific

management

Job enrichment is the job design method that uses loading to improve motivation.

vertical

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

Autonomy

An individual experiences freedom, discretion, and independence in doing the job

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:

procedural justice

Feedback

An employee receives direct and clear information about the effectiveness of their job performance

Skill variety

requires the ability to use several different skills to perform a job

Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for ____ to be high.

motivation

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?

Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee. Motivate the employee to correct the situation.

The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and

Power

Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory?

bonuses recognition

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job

rotation

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is

scientific Blank 2: management

The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.

content

The general categories of motivation theories include:

content theories process theories

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to influence or teach others to achieve?

need for power

The acquired needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory include the:

need for power need for achievement

The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:

Scientific management

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

Ask for new work assignments. Talk with the manager. Change jobs.

McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three needs.

Basic

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of ______ theory

Equity

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is theory.

Equity

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective

Inputs

What are the key elements of equity theory?

Inputs outputs comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

Job design

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as

Job design

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

Needs

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as

Needs

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.

Outputs

Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of____ to____

Outputs to imputs

Task significance

The extent to which a job affects the lives of others inside or outside of the organization

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

Valence

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

achievement power affiliation

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job

design

The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

expectancy

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is:

job enrichment

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

ability to achieve the goal goal specificity commitment to the goal

Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?

employee surveys one-on-one meetings

The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:

designing jobs with the five core characteristics

Vroom's ____ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.

expectancy

David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by:

needs we acquire as we live our lives

Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?

How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?

need for achievement

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?

need for affiliation

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

Esteem Needs Physiological Needs