MGSC 300 FINAL
How does tactical adoption of cloud services differ from a coordinated cloud strategy?
Tactical approaches will cause difficlut integration problems The tactical adoption of cloud services differ from a coordinated cloud strategy as it is an approach which is short-sighted and deploys cloud services incrementally which results in apps and services whtting mended up together in order to create an end-to-end business processes. The adoption of cloud services is required to happen in accordance to the coordinated cloud strategy.
What is the main difference between the waterfall method and the Agile method?
The Waterfall model exhibits a project mindset and lays its focus strictly on the completion of project development, while Agile introduces a product mindset that focuses on ensuring that the developed product satisfies its end customers, and changes itself as the requisites of customers change Agile is flexible
What are the three classes of CASE tools?
Upper CASE tools Used in planning and analysis state Lower CASE tools Used in design and support phase Integrated CASE tools Used in all stages
What are three best practices to keep projects on track?
Use tools to help implement a change Communicate about upcoming changes Practice empathy
Name the different types of systems development methodologies.
Waterfall, object- oriented, agile, and DevOps
What processes help ensure that the impacts resulting from requested changes and corrective actions are managed across the project life cycle?
integrated change= control processes help to manage the disruption resulting from requested changes and corrective actions across the project life cycle.
What are the three components of the triple constraint?
Scope, time, and cost
Why should businesses and governments find ways of supporting workers that lose their jobs because of work automation?
- Automation can lead to job displacement and economic instability, affecting individuals, families, and communities.- Supporting affected workers helps mitigate the negative social and economic impacts of automation. - Workforce transition programs, retraining initiatives, and job placement assistance can help workers adapt to new employment opportunities.- Retaining human expertise and knowledge within industries is crucial for maintaining innovation and competitiveness. - Supporting workers promotes social welfare, reduces inequality, and contributes to a stable and sustainable economy.
What steps should workers take to determine if their jobs or intended career path has a higher risk of being automated?
- Research and stay informed about technological advancements and automation trends in their industry.- Identify tasks within their job that are repetitive, rule-based, and can be easily automated.- Assess their own skill set and identify areas where they can upskill or acquire new skills that are less susceptible to automation. - Seek opportunities for lifelong learning and professional development to stay relevant in a changing job market.
What are the five stages of the SDLC?
- Systems Development Life cycle 1. Systems Planning 2. Systems Analysis 3. Systems design 4. Implementation and Testing 5. Support and Maintainence
What has been the effect of advances in artificial intelligence on the field of robotics?
-AI has enabled robots to have higher levels of autonomy, adaptability, and decision-making capabilities.-Robots can now perceive and understand their environment through computer vision and sensor technologies, allowing them to interact with and respond to the world around them. -AI algorithms and machine learning techniques have enhanced the ability of robots to learn from data, adapt to new situations, and continuously improve their performance.-These advances have expanded the range of tasks that robots can perform, making them more versatile and applicable in various industries and domains.
Why would an IT department want to achieve business-IT alignment?
-Achieving business-IT alignment is essential for several reasons:: -Strategic alignment: It helps ensure that IT investments and initiatives support the organization's strategic goals, improving overall efficiency and effectiveness. -Resource optimization: Alignment enables the efficient allocation of resources, ensuring that IT investments are aligned with business priorities and deliver maximum value. -Risk management: By aligning IT with business objectives, organizations can better manage and mitigate risks associated with IT projects, security, compliance, and operational continuity. -Innovation and agility: Alignment fosters collaboration between business and IT, enabling innovation and the ability to respond quickly to market changes and opportunities. -Enhanced decision-making: When IT and business functions are aligned, decision-makers have access to accurate and timely information, enabling better-informed strategic decisions.
Give an example of how bias can creep into the training of a machine learning application, resulting in unintended but negative consequences.
-Bias can creep into the training of a machine learning application when the training data is not diverse or representative of the real-world population. For example:-If a facial recognition system is trained using predominantly data from a specific demographic group (e.g., white males), it may have difficulty accurately recognizing individuals from other demographic groups, leading to biased outcomes and potential discrimination. -Similarly, if a machine learning algorithm is trained on historical data that reflects biased decisions or practices (e.g., biased hiring decisions), it may perpetuate those biases and reinforce existing inequalities.
What is the difference between bits that are used in computers today and qubits that are used in quantum computers?
-Bits: In classical computing, bits are the fundamental units of information and can have a value of either 0 or 1. They represent the basic building blocks of digital information processing. -Qubits: Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are quantum counterparts to classical bits. Qubits can exist in a superposition of both 0 and 1 states simultaneously, allowing for parallel computation and increased computational power.
What is the difference between the goals of a business strategy and an IT strategy?
-Business strategy focuses on the overall direction and goals of the organization, including market positioning, competitive advantage, growth targets, and revenue generation. It defines the long-term vision and objectives of the business.-IT strategy, on the other hand, aligns with and supports the business strategy. It outlines how technology can enable the achievement of business goals by defining IT priorities, initiatives, and capabilities required to support the organization's strategic objectives. IT strategy focuses on leveraging technology to improve business processes, increase operational efficiency, and enable innovation.
How are collaborative robots different from industrial robots that work without direct interaction with humans during the production process?
-Collaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans in a collaborative manner, whereas traditional industrial robots typically work in separate, fenced-off areas without direct interaction with humans. -Collaborative robots are equipped with advanced sensors and safety features that allow them to operate safely in close proximity to humans. -They are designed to assist humans in performing tasks, such as assembly or handling, and can be easily programmed and reconfigured to work on different tasks or alongside different workers .-In contrast, traditional industrial robots are optimized for high-speed and repetitive tasks, and their operation requires dedicated safety measures and barriers to prevent any interaction with humans.
Describe some of the fields or disciplines that are expected to be influenced by the development of workable and widely available quantum computers.
-Cryptography: Quantum computers could break existing encryption algorithms and necessitate the development of new, quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques. -Drug discovery and molecular modeling: Quantum computers could significantly accelerate the process of simulating and analyzing molecular interactions, leading to advancements in drug discovery and material science. -Optimization and logistics: Quantum algorithms can solve complex optimization problems more efficiently, benefiting fields such as supply chain management, route planning, and resource allocation. -Financial modeling: Quantum computers can assist in complex financial modeling, portfolio optimization, risk analysis, and algorithmic trading. -Artificial intelligence: Quantum machine learning algorithms may offer faster and more efficient solutions for tasks such as pattern recognition, optimization, and data analysis. -Climate modeling and simulation: Quantum computers can help simulate complex climate systems and contribute to better understanding and mitigation of climate change.
Name the five activities that organizations need to engage in to improve business-IT alignment.
-Establishing strong governance: Organizations need to define clear roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes to ensure effective coordination between business and IT stakeholders .-Enhancing communication and collaboration: Encouraging open communication and collaboration between business and IT teams fosters a shared understanding of goals, priorities, and challenges. -Conducting regular strategic planning: Organizations should engage in strategic planning processes that involve both business and IT stakeholders to align IT initiatives with business objectives. -Developing IT governance frameworks: IT governance frameworks provide guidelines and structures for aligning IT activities with business priorities, ensuring effective decision-making, and managing risks. -Measuring and monitoring performance: Organizations should establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the effectiveness and impact of IT initiatives on business outcomes, enabling ongoing monitoring and continuous improvement.
How does business-IT alignment help companies gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace?
-Improved operational efficiency: Aligning IT with business processes enables the optimization and automation of workflows, reducing costs and improving productivity. -Enhanced customer experience: IT initiatives aligned with business goals can provide better customer service, personalized experiences, and faster response times, enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. -Innovation and agility: Alignment fosters collaboration and innovation, enabling organizations to respond quickly to market changes, adopt emerging technologies, and capitalize on new opportunities. -Data-driven decision-making: Business-IT alignment ensures access to accurate and timely information, enabling data-driven decision-making and better strategic insights. -Effective risk management: Aligning IT with business objectives helps organizations identify and mitigate risks associated with technology, security, compliance, and operational continuity, ensuring a competitive advantage through risk mitigation.
What advantages do surgeons and patients experience when medical robots are used during surgical procedures?
-Increased precision: Medical robots can perform surgical procedures with high precision, reducing the risk of human error and improving surgical outcomes. -Minimally invasive surgery: Robots can perform complex procedures through small incisions, resulting in reduced trauma, less pain, and faster recovery times for patients. -Enhanced visualization: Robots often have built-in cameras and imaging systems that provide surgeons with detailed visuals of the surgical site, improving accuracy and decision-making . -Improved access: Medical robots can access hard-to-reach areas of the body, enabling surgeons to perform procedures that would otherwise be challenging or impossible. -Tremor reduction: Robots can filter out tremors or hand movements, allowing for more precise movements during delicate surgical procedures.
How do industrial robots benefit companies that use them for production and manufacturing?
-Increased productivity: Robots can perform repetitive tasks with high precision and speed, leading to increased production efficiency and output.-Improved quality: Robots can consistently produce high-quality products with minimal errors or variations. -Enhanced safety: Robots can handle dangerous or hazardous tasks, reducing the risk of workplace accidents and injuries. -Cost savings: While the initial investment in industrial robots can be significant, they can lead to long-term cost savings by reducing labor costs and increasing operational efficiency.
Why are IT projects highly susceptible to scope creep?
-Intended users ask for additional features -People who were not intended users ask to be included -Technology changed from the time the business case was written and system development began. -The actions of a competitor, supplier, or regulatory agency triggered additional requests for functionality.
What are the key obstacles facing computer engineers regarding the development of quantum computers?
-Quantum decoherence: Qubits are highly sensitive to environmental disturbances, which can cause decoherence, leading to errors in quantum computation. Maintaining the coherence of qubits for a sufficiently long time is a significant technical challenge. -Scalability: Building quantum computers with a larger number of qubits while maintaining their coherence and minimizing errors is a significant engineering hurdle. -Error correction: Quantum error correction techniques are crucial to mitigate errors in quantum computations. Developing effective error correction codes and error mitigation strategies is an active area of research. -Physical implementation: Various physical platforms, such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, topological qubits, and others, are being explored for realizing quantum computers. Each platform has its own challenges in terms of scalability, stability, and error rates. -Cost and resources: Quantum computing technologies are still in the early stages of development, and the cost of building and operating quantum computers is high. Access to the necessary infrastructure, expertise, and resources remains a challenge for wider adoption and commercialization.
Why are technologies like facial recognition and AI programs that monitor a large volume of phone calls and e-mail messages a concern for American citizens?
-Technologies like facial recognition and AI programs that monitor communications raise concerns about privacy violations and infringement on civil liberties.-Facial recognition technology can track and identify individuals without their consent, raising concerns about unauthorized surveillance and potential misuse of personal information -AI programs that monitor phone calls and email messages can intrude on individuals' privacy and raise concerns about surveillance, data collection, and potential abuse of personal information.-These technologies have the potential for misuse by government agencies or private entities, leading to concerns about surveillance states, discrimination, and erosion of individual freedoms.
What are the four deliverables of the IT strategic planning process?
1. An evaluation of the strategic goals and directions of the organization and how IT is aligned 2. A new or revised IT vision and assessment of the state of the IT department 3. A statement of the strategies, objectives, and policies for the IT department 4. The overall direction, requirement, and sourcing of resources
Name the four system conversion methods.
1. Plunge conversion - Cut off and migration at a specific time 2. Parallel conversion - Simultaneous transfer 3. Pilot conversion - Limited test of new, then roll out 4. Phased conversion - Components in stages
Name the deliverables from three of the five SDLC stages.
1. Systems Planning - A project plan 2. Systems Analysis - Systems Proposal 3. Systems design - System Design Specification
What is the triple bottom line?
A process by which companies manage their financial, social, and environmental risks, obligations,and opportunities
What four factors increase the risk of fraud?
A high level of trust in employees without enough oversight Relying on informal processes of control A mindset that internal controls and fraud prevention systems are too expensive to implement Assigning s wide range of duties for each employee, giving them opportunity to commit fraud
What are the three major sustainability issues in developing countries?
Access to clean water and sanitary conditions Food security Unsuitable agriculture
Why would an organization conduct a SWOT analysis?
An evaluation tool that enables an organization to develop and confirm the goals of its corporate and IT strategies to increase business performance and profitability
What are the major benefits and risks of outsourcing?
BENEFITS: Generate revenue Increase efficiency Gain agility to repodn to changes in the marketplace Allow enterprise to focus on core competencies Cut operational costs Graeter acceptance of offshoring as an IT starteegy Cloud computer and SaaS are proven effective IT starrtegies Differentiate themselves from competitors Reduce burden on internal IT departments Risks: Shirking Poaching Opportunistic repricing Breach of contract by vendor Inability of vendor to deliver as promised Vendor lock in Loss f control over data Lower employee moral Relationshi set up costs
What is the purpose of using the BSC in the IT strategic planning process?
Balanced scorecard- a strategic management methodology for evaluating performance based on both financial and nonfinancial metrics -Helps clarify and update their strategy, align the IT strategy with the business strategy, and link strategic objectives to long-term goals and annual budgets
What is project initiation?
Business Case Statement of Work (SOW Project Charter WBS Gantt Chart Cost Estimate Responsibility Matrix
What is business-IT alignment?
Business-IT alignment refers to the close integration of business goals and strategies with IT initiatives and capabilities. It is the process of ensuring that the IT department's activities and priorities align with the overall objectives of the organization.
Why is it important that a company provide its employees with a secure and respectful workplace?
Company will not stay in business if it consistently treats it employees poorly
Name he five competitive forces in Porter's five forces model.
Competitive Rivalry. Supplier Power. Buyer Power. Threat of Substitution. Threat of New Entry.
What are the six aspects of quality of life?
Complications Relationship Work life balance Healthcare Education Travel
How does the BSC approach differ from previous measurement approaches?
Considers non financial measures of performance Used at the end of the strategic planning process
Is the systems development process a linear or a cyclical process? Explain.
Cyclical A cycle where feedback is made, problems are solved through repetition, or new features are acquired
What distinguishes a project from day-to-day operations?
Day to day: ongoing work performed to sustain business, each project has a start time and deadline
What is the purpose of the IT strategic planning process?
Defines an organization strategy or direction in adopting, implementing, using, and disposing of IT assets 1. improve management's understanding of IT opportunities and limitations 2. asses the current performance 3. identify capacity and human resource requirements 4. clarify the level of investment required
Explain the purpose of feasibility tests and why they are important in developing ISs.
Determines the probability of success of a proposed system When done properly, the study can prevent companies from making expensive mistakes, where systems are created will not work, that will not work efficiently or that people cannot or will not use
What types of behavior can a secure and respectful workplace help deter?
Disrespect Fraud Discrimination
Why is the concept of DevOps appealing to organizations?
Emphasizes collaboration between software developers, operators, and testers involved in the development and options of info systems Developed to address gap in communication and collaboration Creates culture where building, testing, and delivery of a system can happen quickly, frequently and reliably Lower failure rate of new releases Shortens time to market
What is the purpose of a VMO?
Evaluates suppliers of goods and services and overseeing regular interaction and long term relationships with vendors
What are the four BSC perspectives?
Financial Customer Business process Innovation, learning, and growth
What is ITSM?
IT service management the activities that are performed by an organization to design, build, deliver, operate and control information technology services offered to customers
In what ways can ICT help a country achieve a comparative advantage?
Ict= Information and Communication Technology Internet, social media, smartphones, wireless mobile devices, and information kiosks All about the WAY this technology is being used Comparative advantage- a country's ability to produce good or services more efficiently and inexpensive Service based comparative advantage- countries capacity to produce and sell services at a lower opp cost than its trading partners
How can developing countries benefit from being sustainable?
Improve quality of life
How does the use of ICT impact communications?
Improves communications People can communicate anytime anywhere
In quantum mechanics, what is the difference between positive and negative interference?
In quantum mechanics, interference refers to the interaction of two or more quantum waves. Positive interference occurs when the waves combine to create a larger amplitude or intensity, resulting in reinforcement or constructive interference. Negative interference, on the other hand, occurs when the waves cancel each other out, leading to a decrease in amplitude or intensity, known as destructive interference.
Why would a company want to become sustainable?
Increases quality of life
What are the five phases in the project management life cycle?
Initiating Planning Executing monitoring/ controlling Closing
What are the three levels of an IT strategic plan?
Internal service provider Delivers IT services to single business unit in own organization Shared service provider Provides IT services to different business units in own organization External service provider Delivers IT services to customers outside the organization
What is ICT's role in global warming?
Internet produces huge amounts of GHGs Devices are causing global warming
Why is it important to use a structured project management approach?
It minimized scope creep
What are the three major categories of barriers to ICT adoption in developing countries?
Lack of technical infrastructure Inadequate stem education Scarcity of ICT policies and regulations
What is the essential difference between machine learning and deep learning applications?
Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions. Deep learning is a specific type of machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers to process complex data and extract high-level features automatically.
How does ICT affect the profits of a company?
Need efficient use in order to make sustainable profits
Why do some experts warn that carbon emission reductions of 45% are necessary by 2030? How does the use of mobile devices contribute to the level of GHGs?
On the verge of a climate emergency Energy needed for IT services contributes
What are the three general types of business value drivers?
Operational Short term/ impact cash flow Financial medium/ minimize the cost of capital Sustainability Long term/Survival factors
What are the four dimensions of ITIL®4?
Organizations and people Information and technology Partners and suppliers Value streams and processes
What are the seven skills that a CIO needs to help improve business-IT alignment?
Political savvy Influence, leadership, and power Relationship management Resourcefulness Strategic planning Doing what it takes Leading employees
Why are lessons learned from a completed project identified?
Postmortem Identify reasons why the project was successful or not
In what ways are the roles of project, program and portfolio managers different?
Project manager The central point of contact in a project Manage the scope, time and cost, to meet project objectives while ensuring project quality Program manager Provides oversight to ensure that each project in the programs i completed effectively and efficiently to produce quality deliverables Overseeing project work and resources in the projects Portfolio Manager Map proposed projects to overall organization objectives and strategies Assess the value of project and complexity Prioritize project proposals and programs to keep up with changing business strategies
What are the differences between PPPM?
Project- temporary endeavor undertaken to create unique product, service or result Program- a group of similar or related projects thata re managed and coordinated as a group Portfolio- a group of unrelated programs within an organization that are managed holistically to achieve strategic goals
How is RAD different from JAD?
RAD relies heavily on prototyping, integrated CASE tools, and code generators RAD is not as structured or formal and focuses more on software development
What is insider fraud? What are some other terms for insider fraud?
Refers to a variety of criminal behaviors perpetrated by an organization's employees or contractors against an employee Internal, employment, or occupational fraud
What is the purpose of an RFP?
Request for Proposal To evaluate the potential suppliers and vendors
What are the three tenets of ethical behavior?
Responsibility Accountability Liability
What are three ways in which the production, development, and use of IT is causing unethical behavior?
Risky or unethical behavior in mobile apps Tech savvy individuals and scalpers exploit artificial intelligence Distracted driving Additive manufacturing dilemmas 3d and bioprinting Insider fraud
What is the difference between an outsourcing contract and an SLA?
SLA- service level agreement Contrat between a service provider and its internal or external customers that document the services the provider will furnish and define the service standards the provider is obligated to meet Outsourcing contract servies as the framework for your relationship withyour new business partner how the project and when project requirements quill be met, while SLA guarantees the performance of their services
What are the three attributes that must be managed effectively for successful completion and closure of any project?
Scope, time, and cost
Why is it important for a company to have a code of ethics?
Serves as an internal guide and an externals attempt of an organization's values and commitment
What five tasks do the steering committee perform?
Set the direction Allocate scarce resources Make staffing decisions Communicate and provide feedback Set and evaluate performance metrics
What is a low-code development platform? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Software that provides developers and non developers with an intuitive graphical user interface instead of a traditional computer programming environment to create apps Advantages: Reduces the time spent in traditional programming and minimizes the indeed for extensive coding knowledge Dis the ir ease of use can lead to security issues associated with shadow IT if users start developing new systems without approval of their IT department
How is blockchain technology being used to reduce poverty and help clean up our oceans?
Stop flow of plastic in ocean by rewarding those who recycle Sets up collection centers ppl earn cash
What happens when a task on the critical path is delayed?
The entire project is delayed
What is the greenhouse effect?
The holding of the heat of the sun within the earth's atmosphere
What is onshore sourcing?
The pratice of acquiring and maiantaining IT systems and services from external third party providers located in the same country as the company sourcing the systems and services
What contributes to the complexity of a cloud strategy?
The top challenge about migrating to the cloud revolved around cybersecurity, privacy, data availability, and the accessibility of the service Integration of cloud with on- premises resources, extensibility, and reliability of the cloud service
What needs to be done before signing a contract with an IT vendor?
Through research on the vendor Get specfocs about teh services and products the vendor will provide
Why is it important for organizations to take a people-first approach to IT?
To ensure that technology meets the needs of users by involving the users at every stage of systems development Promote social responsibility
Why can't traditional bits perform operations similar to qubits?
Traditional bits can only represent one of two states, 0 or 1, at any given time. They cannot simultaneously exist in multiple states or perform computations in parallel. In contrast, qubits in a superposition state can represent and process multiple states simultaneously, enabling quantum computers to perform complex computations more efficiently for certain types of problems.
Briefly describe the six different branches of AI technology.
a. Machine learning: machines that can learn b. deep learning: sophisticated learning machines that use neural networks c. Natural language processing: machines that can communicate like humans d. Expert systems: machines that solve complex problems e. Robotics: robots that learn AI to solve problems and communicate f. fuzzy logic: machines replicate the fuzzy logic reasoning abilities of humans
Describe the three different levels of AI development. Which one describes most of the AI applications in use today?
a. Narrow AI: AI systems that are designed for specific tasks and have limited capabilities outside of those tasks. Most AI applications in use today fall under this category. b. General AI: AI systems that have the ability to understand, learn, and perform any intellectual task that a human being can do. c. Superintelligent AI: AI systems that surpass human intelligence in almost every aspect.
What are the four different types of AI machines or applications? How do they differ?
a. Reactive machines: AI systems that can only react to specific situations based on predefined rules. b. Limited memory machines: AI systems that can learn from past experiences and make decisions based on that learning. c. Theory of mind machines: AI systems that have an understanding of human emotions, beliefs, and intentions. d. Self-aware machines: AI systems that possess consciousness and self-awareness.
What is the purpose of an IT steering committee?
they conduct the entire strategic planning process Team of managers and staff that represent various business units that establish IT priorities and ensure that the IT department is meeting the needs of the enterprise
