MGY277 UNIT 8 QUERCUS QUIZ

The natural habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its:

resevoir

The primary reservoir of infection for Naegleria is:

water

Diseases that primarily exist in animals, but may be transmitted to humans are called:

zoonotic

From the 12 options below select 9 of the reasons cited by the NY Times why the West Africa outbreak of Ebola outbreak was not effectively stopped in the period between March and May 2014. 1. Poorly concieved public service announcements about Ebola that backfired in their effetiveness 2. The W.H.O. early approach was to not raise alarm about the outbreak - instead it insisted the outbreak was not that big and that it was under control 3. The W.H.O. committed over 300 workers to Liberia when the core of the outbreak was Sierra Leone 4. Bad reputations of Ebola treatment centers caused patients to avoid them 5. W.H.O. was distracted by other crises including MERS and polio outbreaks elsewhere 6. Delay in recognition because almost all previous Ebola outbreaks had happened in Central Africa instead of West Africa 7. The C.D.C. did not send any personnel until late Summer 2014 8. Local mistrust of health officials and government 9. Ebola vaccine stocks were not being used effectively and were being given to the wrong people 10. Many international health organizations had minimal presence in the region due to civil wars in the mid 1990s 11. The large dip in cases in mid May led many to believe the outbreak was over and many CDC and WHO workers started to go home 12. little or no contact tracing for early cases in Sierra Leone between March and May

1. Poorly concieved public service announcements about Ebola that backfired in their effetiveness 2. The W.H.O. early approach was to not raise alarm about the outbreak - instead it insisted the outbreak was not that big and that it was under control 4. Bad reputations of Ebola treatment centers caused patients to avoid them 5. W.H.O. was distracted by other crises including MERS and polio outbreaks elsewhere 6. Delay in recognition because almost all previous Ebola outbreaks had happened in Central Africa instead of West Africa 8. Local mistrust of health officials and government 10. Many international health organizations had minimal presence in the region due to civil wars in the mid 1990s 11. The large dip in cases in mid May led many to believe the outbreak was over and many CDC and WHO workers started to go home 12. little or no contact tracing for early cases in Sierra Leone between March and May

Factors that can contribute to make a disease more prevalent in a population include (select all that apply): 1. high virulence 2. a high attack rate 3. a high infective dose 4. low virulence 5. a low infective dose 6. a low attack rate 7. a short contagious period between exposure and disease 8. a long contagious period between exposure and disease

1. high virulence 2. a high attack rate 5. a low infective dose 8. a long contagious period between exposure and disease

Large respiratory droplets typically travel no farther from point of release than:

1m

Droplet nuclei typically travel no farther from point of release than:

carried in the air indefinitely

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises and falls rapidly this is most likely a(n):

common or single-source outbreak

Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another are termed:

communicable

The type of epidemiological study that reports the characteristics of the persons involved and the time and place of the outbreak is called a(n):

descriptive study

Diseases consistently present in a population are called:

endemic

An inanimate object that can transmit disease causing microbes is called a:

fomite

The period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the:

incubation period

The first identified case in an outbreak is called the:

index case

The amount of infecting agent received by susceptible individuals is called the:

infectious dose

A cluster of cases in a specific local population occurring in a brief period of time is best described as a(n):

outbreak

A rise in disease cases that spreads worldwide is called a(n):

pandemic

If the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises gradually, this is most likely a(n):

propogated epidemic

Describe the narrative of the "Virus Hunter" video in the New York Times article (third video - next to heading text "Fear and Evasion"): 1. Dr. Rollin received a phone call that a people in a forest village were dying. He was sent to investigate a serious case of a one-year old boy named Emile. When they arrived, they found the whole family was sick including the mother. Emile had already died and his mother, grandmother and sister were. The doctor gets blood samples and they find that Emile is the first person in this outbreak to have died of Ebola. 2. Dr. Koivogui was sent to track down a potential case of hemorrhagic fever. He was sent to investigate a serious case in the town of Macenta - a boy named Khalil. When they arrive, they find the father was also sick but is unable to get any information or cooperation. Later, when the son died, many of those who helped to bury him have gotten sick. Dr. Koivogui is able to obtain a sample from one of them and show that Ebola is the cause. 3. Dr. Robert Fowler was sent to Freetown, Sierra Leone to track down a potential case of hemorrhagic fever. He finds a very sick woman in a Kissi neighborhood but is unable to get her to a clinic because her family refuses to move her. He returns the next day to find that she has died. Within a week several more people in the neighborhood close to the family have contracted the same disease. Blood samples from one patient confirm Ebola has made it to Sierra Leone's capital. 4. Dr. Koivogui received a phone call that a lot of people in the forest were dying. He was sent to investigate a serious case in the town of Macenta - a boy named Khalil. When they arrived, they found the father had smuggled Khalil out of the hospital. They traced the boy and his father to their home in a village just outside of Macenta late at night. The doctor gets blood samples and they are the sample that demonstrate that the mysterious disease in the region is Ebola.

4. Dr. Koivogui received a phone call that a lot of people in the forest were dying. He was sent to investigate a serious case in the town of Macenta - a boy named Khalil. When they arrived, they found the father had smuggled Khalil out of the hospital. They traced the boy and his father to their home in a village just outside of Macenta late at night. The doctor gets blood samples and they are the sample that demonstrate that the mysterious disease in the region is Ebola.

What percentage of human diseases is thought to originate in animals?

60 - 80%