Micro 261 Chapter 36

Which of the following choices matches a hemoflagellate to its proper insect vector? A) Trypanosoma cruzi: kissing bug B) None of the listed responses is correct. C) Trypanosoma brucei: sandfly D) Leishmania: tsetse fly

A) Trypanosoma cruzi: kissing bug

Trichomoniasis vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease that can also survive on moist surfaces and in urine for several hours. As a result, trichomoniasis A) can be spread by contact with contaminated toilet seats, sauna benches, and towels. B) is difficult to treat. C) is more common in males. D) is not a good candidate for eradication.

A) can be spread by contact with contaminated toilet seats, sauna benches, and towels.

You are examining a sample to determine whether there is a pathogen present that might explain symptoms in a patient. You find a unicellular organism that lacks mitochondria, having mitosomes instead. It has a flagellum and a nucleus. What is it? A) It must be a bacterium because it has a flagellum. B) It must be a eukaryotic protist because it has a nucleus. C) It could be a protist or an animal cell because it has a nucleus. D) It must be a bacterium because it has no mitochondria.

B) It must be a eukaryotic protist because it has a nucleus.

causes foodborne infections due to contaminated meats and dairy products. Can lead to life-threatening enteric fever

Yersinia enterocolitica

The most common method of contracting a systemic mycosis is through __________. a. sexual contact b. person-to-person contact c. inhalation d. ingestion

c. inhalation

The pH of most foods is Select one: a. acidic. b. basic. c. neutral or acidic. d. neutral or basic.

c. neutral or acidic

Which of the following can be stored for the longest period of time without suffering spoilage? Select one: a. perishable food b. semiperishable food c. nonperishable food d. all of the above.

c. nonperishable food

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are highly resistant to heat. chlorine. desiccation. filtration.

chlorine

Acetobacter and Gluconobacter are ____ bacteria.

Acetic acid bacteria

gram positive rod that is found in the soil and produces endospores. grows in food that is cooked and left to cool slowly (RICE) causes diarrhea and vomiting.

Bacillus cereus

The Plasmodium life cycle is very complex, involving two hosts. Which of the choices shows the correct sequence of events in this cycle? 1. Red blood cells are infected. 2. Mosquito bite occurs. 3. Plasmodium enters the liver. 4. Red blood cells are destroyed. 5. Plasmodium grows and develops sporozoites. A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 C) 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

C) 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 2. Mosquito bite occurs. 5. Plasmodium grows and develops sporozoites. 3. Plasmodium enters the liver. 1. Red blood cells are infected. 4. Red blood cells are destroyed. 2. Mosquito bite occurs.

Humans are exposed to this pathogen by ingestion of contaminated water or food. A) Ballantidium coli B) Giardia intestinalis C) Entoamoeba histolytica D) Naegleria fowleri

C) Entoamoeba histolytica

gram negative curved rod that causes an intestinal infection that leads to diarrhea. It is associated with chicken, pork, raw shellfish and contaminated water. Replicates in the small intestine. Causes high fever, headache, malaise, nausea, abdominal cramps, bloody stools.

Campylobacter

Which of the following is considered an opportunistic pathogen? Plasmodium vivax Toxoplasma gondii Trichomoniasis vaginalis Candida albicans

Candida albicans

anaerobic gram positive rods that produce endospores and can produce an exotoxin that is associated with food poisoning.

Clostridium

Is found in fecally contaminated food. Cyclospora Cryptosporidium Trichomonas Giardia

Cyclospora

____ are found in cell membranes.

Ergosterols

A widely cultured mushroom is the shiitake, ______.

Lentinus edulus

gram positive rods that do not make endospores. They are psychrotolerant and are associated with lunchmeat

Listeria

____ is caused by Plasmodium, which is a protozoan. There are four species of Plasmodium that are associated with malaria in humans.

Malaria

The human parasitic infection caused by a protozoan that enters through the nose is caused by __________. Ballantidium coli Giardia intestinalis Entoamoeba histolytica Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri

associated with cruise ships

Norovirus

gram negative rods that do not ferment lactose and are pathogens. Undercooked chicken, pet turtles, and contaminated water. Typically self-limiting and is due not to a toxin but to an infection.

Salmonella

causes a lot of foodborne invasive gastroenteritis; or sever dysentery

Shigella

produces an enterotoxin (acts on the small intestine) that is heat stable and causes severe diarrhea. Isolate them on MSA. Are able to grow on salted foods (ham). People will get gastroenteritis when ingested.

Staphylococcus aureus

Vocab: Fungal growth in internal organs of the body Subclassified as primary or secondary infections

Systemic mycoses

Is transmittedsexually. Cyclospora Cryptosporidium Trichomonas Giardia

Trichomonas

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins tend to be Select one: a. heat-stable. b. unpredictable with regard to heat. c. heat-labile. d. heat-tolerant if other conditions are favorable.

a. heat-stable

The most common source of individual foodborne botulism outbreaks are due to consumption of Select one: a. nonacid, home-canned vegetables. b. honey. c. egg and meat salads. d. diary products.

a. nonacid, home-canned vegetables.

Malaria is caused by a protist that is transmitted by mosquitoes. During its life cycle, the protist goes through cycles of destroying erythrocytes (Red blood cells). Which of the following medical consequences is most directly related to this cell damage? chills fever headache anemia

anemia

Clostridium botulinum is a(n) _________ that produces an ________. Select one: a. endospore-forming rod / endotoxin. b. endospore-forming rod / exotoxin. c. gram-positive rod / endotoxin. d. gram-negative rod / exotoxin.

b. endospore-forming rod / exotoxin.

What is the infective form of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis? trophozoites cysts merozoites sporozoites

cysts

Vinegar is actually dilute Select one: a. phosphoric acid. b. hydrochloric acid. c. sulfuric acid. d. acetic acid.

d. acetic acid

When solute is added to food products, the water activity Select one: a. initially increases and then decreases. b. increases. c. remains the same. d. decreases.

d. decreases

The Campylobacter species are Select one: a. anaerobes. b. facultative anaerobes. c. aerobes. d. microaerophiles.

d. microaerophiles.

Which organisms are not involved in food fermentations? Select one: a. propionic acid bacteria b. acetic acid bacteria c. lactic acid bacteria d. sulfuric acid bacteria

d. sulfuric acid bacteria

Pickling is a type of food preservation utilizing Select one: a. basic substances. b. irradiation. c. lyophilization. d. weak acids.

d. weak acids

Superficial mycoses are caused by a group of fungal pathogens called __________. dermatophytes dematiaceous dermatologic dimorphic

dermatophytes

Fungi can be unicellular yeast or multicellular molds. Most fungi are non-pathogenic to humans; however, a few fungi are capable of causing serious human illness.

dimorphic

Fungi that can grow in a yeast or a mold form depending on the conditions are termed __________. dimorphic morphic pleomorphic amphimorphic

dimorphic

Fungi are ___ microbes. Therefore, they are much more structurally, functionally, and genetically similar to host cells than are bacteria. ___ drugs can target peptidoglycan or the 70S ribosome, which are not found in host cells. Most antifungal drugs target ___. This sterol is used by fungi in place of the cholesterol that is also common in the host cell's membranes. The selectivity of these drugs for ergosterol is not absolute, however. This leads to host cell damage and toxicity.

eukaryotic Antibacterial ergosterol

Leishmania parasites live within leukocytes. Which type of cell is most likely to harbor them? natural killer cells plasma B cells macrophages memory B cells

macrophages

What is the term used for the filamentous body found in many fungal species? gametophyte protonema mycelium dikaryote

mycelium

ALL fungal infections can broadly be termed benign. superficial. mycoses. systemic.

mycoses

Vocab: A ____ is a fungal infection.

mycosis

Many fungi produce ________ that can cause significant disease. mycotoxins chitinases endotoxins cellulases

mycotoxins

A major cause of helminthic infectious blindness is __________. Bancroft's filariasis trichinosis onchocerciasis schistosomiasis

onchocerciasis

The microorganism Cryptosporidium parvum is a virus. bacterium. fungus. protozoan.

protozoan

toxin that causes bloody diarrhea and kidney failure

verotoxin

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living ________ that causes infection by ________. A) flagellated protist / crossing the intestinal mucosa into the blood B) amoeba / entering through the nose and burrowing into the brain C) fungus / entering the lungs when contaminated soil is disturbed D) protist / entering the vagina in women, the prostate and seminal vesicles of men, or the urethra of both males and females

B) amoeba / entering through the nose and burrowing into the brain

Giardia cysts are able to withstand A) filtration. B) chemical disinfection. C) clarification. D) chemical disinfection, filtration, and clarification

B) chemical disinfection.

The organism causing giardiasis is a A) type of yeast. B) flagellated protozoan. C) gram-negative spirochete. D) retrovirus

B) flagellated protozoan.

Athlete's foot is an example of a A) protozoal infection. B) superficial parasitic infection. C) superficial fungal infection. D) hypersensitivity reaction.

C) superficial fungal infection

causes botulism; is a toxin that is a neurotoxin but is destroyed by heat. Spores can get into the child's intestine and germinate (why kids shouldn't eat honey). Home prepared meals are a common source of illness.

Clostridium botulinum

causes food poisoning and gangrene. Produce endospores that may not be killed during cooking/canning process. Most commonly reported form of food poisoning. Enterotoxin. Large numbers of cells but be ingested.

Clostridium perfringens

The visceral parasites that are of great concern to people with compromised immune systems include __________. Cyclospora Cryptosporidium Trichomonas Giardia

Cryptosporidium

Which of the following is an example of a secondary systemic mycosis? A) a Staphylococcus aureus infection on the surface of the skin B) a ringworm infection of the scalp C) amoebic dystentery, a gastrointestinal illness D ) cryptococcosis that develops in the lungs of a patient with HIV/AIDS

D ) cryptococcosis that develops in the lungs of a patient with HIV/AIDS

Which of these organisms has hyphae? A)rotifers B) an amoeboid protozoan C) a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium D) a bread mold

D) a bread mold

Azole medications inhibit the production of ergosterols. Which infection would they be most effective against? A) malaria B) a bacterial infection C) a tapeworm D) a ringworm infection of the scalp

D) a ringworm infection of the scalp

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication. What might its mechanism of action be? A. It prevents synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls B. It binds to phospholipids in fungal membranes. C. It binds to ribosomes. D. It binds to ergosterol.

D. It binds to ergosterol.

Parasites that are transmitted by fecally contaminated water. A) Cyclospora B) Cryptosporidium C) Trichomonas D) Giardia E) B and D

E) Giardia and Cryptosporidium

a pathogen that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome found in spinach

E. coli O157:H7

produces a toxin that destroys the kidneys. (verotoxin)

E. coli O158:H7