micro ch 14
A macrobroth dilution assay to determine the MIC of amoxicillin on coli is shown below. What is the MIC? 0.05 µg/mL 0.01 µg/mL 5.00 µg/mL 0.10 µg/mL
0.05 µg/mL
Using the Etest shown below, determine the approximate MIC of this antibiotic against the bacterium plated. 0.5 µg/mL 0.12 µg/mL 256 µg/mL 8 µg/mL
0.5 µg/mL
Examine the results of the disk diffusion assay shown above. Which antimicrobial agent is the most effective? Group of answer choices B A C D
A
What would you use when you know the causative microbe of the disease in your patient? Group of answer choices A narrow spectrum antimicrobial Both broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antimicrobial A broad spectrum antimicrobial none, you would let the patient heal by themselves
A narrow spectrum antimicrobial
Which of the following is one of the most common difficulties in finding new antibiotics? Group of answer choices Ability to look for new microbes Ability to find microbes Ability to grow new-found bacteria (microbes) in lab environment Ability to determine the DNA sequence of the newly found microbes
Ability to grow new-found bacteria (microbes) in lab environment
Which one is the most commonly used antiviral drug? Group of answer choices Sulfonamide Acyclovir Sulfadiazine Ivermectin
Acyclovir
These are all factors that will determine the dosage of the drug. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Race Age Half-life of the drug Condition of the patient
Age Half-life of the drug Condition of the patient
Which one is the antifungal drug with the broadest use for systemic fungal infections? Group of answer choices Amphotericin B Terbafine (Lamisil) Nystatin Allylamines
Amphotericin B
One of the following is true for Rifampin. Group of answer choices are characterized with the presence of a Beta lactam ring and interfere with the buildup of the peptidoglycans of the cell wall Are broad spectrum, bacteriostatic drugs that block elongation of proteins by inhibiting peptide bond formation Are large, highly polar antibacterial drugs that bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial chromosomes Are antibacterial drugs that work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Are antibacterial drugs that work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
One of the following is true for macrolides. Group of answer choices are characterized with the presence of a Beta lactam ring and interfere with the buildup of the peptidoglycans of the cell wall Are antibacterial drugs that work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis Are large, highly polar antibacterial drugs that bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial chromosomes Are broad spectrum, bacteriostatic drugs that block elongation of proteins by inhibiting peptide bond formation
Are broad spectrum, bacteriostatic drugs that block elongation of proteins by inhibiting peptide bond formation
One of the following is true for Sulfonamides. Group of answer choices Block peptides in the glycan formation of the cell wall Damage cell membranes Are metabolic analogs and block folic acid synthesis Interfere with peptide bond formation and translation
Are metabolic analogs and block folic acid synthesis
Which antimicrobial drug, which is a plant derived antifungal, is very effective against malaria? Group of answer choices Proguanil Pyrimethamine Atovaquone Artemisinin
Artemisinin
The Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test can NOT determine _______________________. Group of answer choices The susceptibility of the bacterial pathogen Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic The zone of inhibition The resistance of the bacterial pathogen
Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic
Why have the United States and Europe banned the use of human antibiotics in animal feed? Group of answer choices Because it raises the prices Because it causes human infections in pigs and cows Because it has been connected to drug resistant problem Because it makes the animals become larger
Because it has been connected to drug resistant problem
Aminoglycosides _________________________________________. Group of answer choices Disrupt the peptides used to build the glycan molecules for the cell wall Disrupt the synthesis of the folic acid Bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt translation Include drugs such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and vancomycin
Bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt translation
Which antibiotic would you use to treat immunocompromised patients with life threatening conditions? Group of answer choices Broad spectrum bactericidal Narrow spectrum bactericidal Narrow spectrum bacteriostatic Broad spectrum bacteriostatic
Broad spectrum bactericidal
One of the following is true for Acyclovir. Group of answer choices Can treat HIV can treat influenza Can treat shingles, and genital herpes Can treat hepatitis C virus
Can treat shingles, and genital herpes
Bacteriostatic ______________________________________. Group of answer choices Kills their target bacteria Causes a non-reversible inhibition of growth of the target bacteria Kills all bacteria Causes a reversible inhibition of growth of the target bacteria
Causes a reversible inhibition of growth of the target bacteria
One of the bacteria that is notorious of causing superinfection is: Group of answer choices Yersinia pestis Candida albicans Clostridium difficile Streptomyces spp.
Clostridium difficile
These can be used to determine the MIC. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Dilution test that inhibits turbidity Microdilution tray Etest PCR test
Dilution test that inhibits turbidity Microdilution tray Etest
What is the most common mode of action for antifungal drugs? Group of answer choices Metabolic alternatives, for inhibition of folic acid Disruption of cell wall Disruption of protein synthesis Disruption of cell membrane
Disruption of cell membrane
Which strategy is common among gram negative pathogens? Group of answer choices Efflux pump Target modification Plasmid formation Inactivation of enzymes Blocked penetration
Efflux pump
These mechanisms contribute to drug resistance. Mark all that apply. Plasmid formation Efflux pump Blocked penetration Target modification Inactivation of enzymes
Efflux pump Blocked penetration Target modification Inactivation of enzymes
These are all additional strategies that look for novel antimicrobial drugs. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Examining probiotic microbes Other environments than soil, such as marine, aquatic etc. development of synthetic drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms Not giving antibiotic to patients at all
Examining probiotic microbes Other environments than soil, such as marine, aquatic etc. development of synthetic drugs that inhibit resistance mechanisms
If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed. Group of answer choices True False
False
Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery. Group of answer choices True False
False
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of drug that kills bacteria. Group of answer choices True False
False
Which one is the antimicrobic that does not inhibit the cell wall synthesis? Group of answer choices Penicillin Vancomycin Gentamicin Cephalosporins
Gentamicin
An antiviral drug that can block reverse transcriptase can be used to treat _______________. Group of answer choices Influenza Chickenpox HIV Herpes
HIV
What do Mebendazole and ivermectin are used for? Group of answer choices Helminthic infections Fungal infections Protozoan infections Viral infections
Helminthic infections
Which one is true for the Clavulanic acid? Group of answer choices Helps break resistance to vancomycin by inactivating the target modification in bacteria Incorporates the plasmid DNA into the bacterial DNA, thus making them resistant to antibiotics Helps bind to the Beta lactamase and prevents them from inactivating the Beta lactam ring Contributes to resistance of bacteria, by making them stronger
Helps bind to the Beta lactamase and prevents them from inactivating the Beta lactam ring
Penicillins and cephalosporins ________________________________. Group of answer choices Interfere with transcription mechanisms Interfere with cell wall synthesis Block folic acid synthesis Interfere with translation
Interfere with cell wall synthesis
One of the choices below is true for all of the following: penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactam, and carbapenems. Group of answer choices Is the absence of Beta lactam ring Is the same ancestor Is the presence of Beta lactam ring Is the presence of an amine group
Is the absence of Beta lactam ring
Which one of the following is true for a cross resistant microbe? Group of answer choices Is using one or more resistant mechanisms against multiple microbial drugs Is using one or more resistant mechanisms against one microbial drug Is using single resistance mechanisms toward multiple antimicrobial drugs Is resistant toward one particular antimicrobial drug
Is using single resistance mechanisms toward multiple antimicrobial drugs
Which drug, together with rifampicin, is used to treat tuberculosis? Group of answer choices Cephalosporin Isoniazid Erythromycin Tetracycline
Isoniazid
This antimicrobial drug is non-toxic to humans and it is used to fight bed bugs, lice, and mites: Group of answer choices Praziquantel Ivermectin Sulfadiazine Albendazole
Ivermectin
Which of the following techniques cannot be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial drug against a particular microbe? Group of answer choices macrobroth dilution test Etest Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test microbroth dilution test
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test
These factors can contribute to drug resistance. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Patient non-compliance Subtherapeutic dosing Weather conditions Overuse of antimicrobials
Overuse of antimicrobials Patient non-compliance Subtherapeutic dosing
Which antiprotozoal drug is commonly used to treat African sleeping sickness? Group of answer choices Quinolones Proguanil Pentamidine Artemisinin
Pentamidine
The following are true for Aminoglycoside resistance. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices Plasmid formation Efflux pump Blocked penetration Target modification Inactivation of enzymes
Plasmid formation Efflux pump Target modification Inactivation of enzymes
Which antimicrobial drug is commonly used to treat parasitic tapeworms and liver flukes as well as schistosomiasis? Group of answer choices Praziquantel Ivermectin Sulfadiazine Albendazole
Praziquantel
Alexander Fleming first observed a mold (now known as Penicillium notatum) that was able to inhibit which organism? Group of answer choices Staphylococcus Escherichia Listeria Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
What was the first synthetic antimicrobial? Group of answer choices Sulfanilamide Tetracycline Penicillin Salvarsan
Sulfanilamide
What is the risk of using broad spectrum antimicrobials? Group of answer choices None, they should be used all the time as it cuts time of figuring which pathogen caused the infection Considerable, as with any antimicrobial usage Minimal, as they target only the microbes that causes the disease Superinfection, as they target a broad spectrum of normal microbiota
Superinfection, as they target a broad spectrum of normal microbiota
Sometimes, it is best to use two different antibiotics to treat an infection. This can happen because of the ________________________________. Group of answer choices Antagonistic effects of the two drugs Synergistic effects of the drugs Agonistic effects of the drug Symbiotic effects of the drugs
Synergistic effects of the drugs
Paul Erlich and his assistant Sanachiro Hata, screened more than 600 compounds containing arsenic for the treatment of this particular disease. They later marketed the drug under the name of Salvarsan. This drug was used to treat __________. Group of answer choices Staphylococcal infections Streptococcus infections Gonorrhea Syphilis
Syphilis
The method that can determine the MICs of multiple antimicrobial drugs against a microbial strain using a single agar plate is called the Etest. Group of answer choices True False
T
MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus), develops resistance to Methicillin through this process. Group of answer choices Blocked penetration Target modification Efflux pump Plasmid formation Inactivation of enzymes
Target modification
Which one is the antifungal drug usually used to treat dermatophytic skin infections? Group of answer choices Nystatin Amphotericin B Allylamines Terbafine (Lamisil)
Terbafine (Lamisil)
The first evidence of ancient people using antimicrobial agents have been found in the skeletal remains of people from Nubia (present-day Sudan). The residue of the antimicrobial agent was _________________. Group of answer choices Salvarsan Penicillin Tetracycline Sulfanilamide
Tetracycline
In regards to antibacterial dilution tests, what does MIC stand for? Group of answer choices Man in Charge Lowest drug concentration that kills>99.9% of the starting inoculum Market Intelligence Center The lowest concentration of drug that inhibits visible bacterial growth
The lowest concentration of drug that inhibits visible bacterial growth
What does the ESKAPE pathogen acronym refer to? Group of answer choices The name of pathogens that are cool The name of the scientist that named the cool bacteria The name of pathogens that are considered superbugs the name of the mechanisms involved in resistance to antimicrobial
The name of pathogens that are considered superbugs
The following is true for the cephalosporins. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices The newer generations are effective against the gram negative The newer generation cephalosporins are semi-synthetic They have Beta lactam ring The first cephalosporin was natural, isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium They are synthetic drugs
The newer generations are effective against the gram negative The newer generation cephalosporins are semi-synthetic They have Beta lactam ring The first cephalosporin was natural, isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium
There are fewer drugs (Antifungal, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic) available to treat other microbes than bacteria, because____________________________. Group of answer choices They are so similar to human cells that selective toxicity is difficult to achieve They are parasites found within human cells They are not affected by antimicrobial drugs They have fewer targets compared to bacteria
They are so similar to human cells that selective toxicity is difficult to achieve
Echinocandins, known as "penicillin for fungi," target β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls. Group of answer choices True False
True
Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA strains, may commonly be carried as a normal member of the nasal microbiota in some people. Group of answer choices True False
True
The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades. Group of answer choices True False
True
β-lactamases can degrade vancomycin. Group of answer choices True False
True
Which antibiotic is used to treat wound infections, septic infection, endocarditis, and meningitis, and it is used as a last resort for pathogens resistant to other antibiotics? Group of answer choices Methicillin Vancomycin Tetracycline Sulfanilamide
Vancomycin
Which of the following describes an antibiogram? Group of answer choices a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen a synthetic antibiotic a compilation of all known antibiotic resistant bacteria found in the United States a sterile disk infused with antibiotic and used in a Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay
a compilation of local antibiotic susceptibility data broken down by bacterial pathogen
The group of soil bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of antimicrobials is called the ________. Group of answer choices bacilli syphilis actinomycetes staphylococci
actinomycetes
Which of the following drug classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths? Group of answer choices imidazoles quinolines avermectins amantadines
avermectins
Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs? Group of answer choices β(1→3) glucan ergosterol cholesterol chitin
cholesterol
Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase? Group of answer choices target mimicry drug inactivation target overproduction efflux pump
drug inactivation
Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes? Group of answer choices target modification target mimicry efflux pump target overproduction
efflux pump
Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial? Group of answer choices penicillins cephalosporins glycopeptides monobactams
glycopeptides
The recent development of which technology has brought researchers to bypass the standard cultivation technique in the lab? Group of answer choices iChip iPad iCheck iPhone
iChip
The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends Group of answer choices in a localized population. over a large geographic area. in research laboratory strains. for an individual patient.
in a localized population.
Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection? Group of answer choices long-term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials short-term use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials short-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials
long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials
Patients that take antacids should not use antibiotics that are absorbed through the stomach because _____________________________. Group of answer choices of the symbiotic effects of the synergistic effects of the antagonistic effects of the agonistic effects
of the antagonistic effects
Which of the following represents the product of Bacillus polymyxa that targets the bacterial membrane as their mode of action? Group of answer choices cephalosporins polymyxins vancomycin tetracycline
polymyxins
Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host? Group of answer choices selective toxicity therapeutic level spectrum of activity mode of action
selective toxicity
A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following? Group of answer choices natural synthetic resistant semisynthetic
semisynthetic
These factors determine the size of a zone of inhibition. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices the thickness of the agar medium Drug solubility Rate of diffusion The color of the agar
the thickness of the agar medium Drug solubility Rate of diffusion
What is the best way to administer antimicrobials, If the patient is unresponsive? Group of answer choices Parenteral Oral Anal Topical
treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes
Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug? Group of answer choices treatment of a polymicrobic mixed infection in the intestine prophylaxis against infection after a surgical procedure empiric therapy of pneumonia while waiting for culture results treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes
treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes
Drug resistance happens mostly _________________________________________. Group of answer choices when antimicrobials are used indiscriminately against natural antibiotics, ever against synthetic agents because of the natural normal microbiota when you continue taking the antimicrobials after the symptoms are no longer there
when antimicrobials are used indiscriminately
