MICRO CH 4

Alcohol-based compounds can weaken the outer membrane. True False

True

Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls. True False

True

Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls. True False

True

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease. True False

True

Hot carbol fuchsin is the primary dye in the acid-fast stain. True False

True

If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram stained, you can assume that their cell envelope contains endotoxin. True False

True

The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane. True False

True

The cell envelope or its parts can interact with human tissue and cause disease. True False

True

The prokaryotic cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions. True False

True

The prokaryotic cell membrane is made of the same materials as the eukaryotic cell membrane. True False

True

the genetic transfer of material through pilli is termed ?

conjugation

E. coli has been isolated and cultured from three different individuals. However, upon further testing of these three cultures, you find that there are variations among the three as to biochemical test reactions. What is your hypothesis as to why this has occurred? A.Two of the cultures are mutants of the other. B.The other two cultures are not really E. coli. C.Mistakes have been made in the testing interpretation. D.This is just the normal genetic variation seen among strains of a particular species of bacterium.

D.This is just the normal genetic variation seen among strains of a particular species of bacterium.

At present, the most accurate indicator of evolutionary relatedness among organisms is to determine the A. size of the periplasmic space. B.similarities of cell membrane proteins. C.size of the bacterial chromosome. D.nitrogen base sequence of rRNA. E.size of the ribosomes.

D.nitrogen base sequence of rRNA.

Endospores are A. metabolically inactive. B. resistant to heat and chemical destruction. C. resistant to destruction by radiation. D. living structures. E. All of the choices are correct

E. All of the choices are correct

The basal body of a flagellum is anchored into the A. hook. B. outer membrane. C. cell wall. D. peptidoglycan layer. E. cell membrane

E. cell membrane

The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the A. ribosomes. B. mitochondria. C. cell wall. D. inclusions. E. cell membrane

E. cell membrane

which structures are possesed by majority (but not all) of bacterial cells A. chromosomes B. ribosomes C.glycocalyx D.cell membrane E. cell wall

E. cell wall & C.glycocalyx (A. chromosomes B. ribosomes, D.cell membrane are possessed by all)

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure? A. cell wall B. capsule C. slime layer D. nucleoid E. endospore

E. endospore

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxins? A. are specific bacterial cell wall lipids B. can stimulate fever in the human body C. can cause septic shock in the human body D. involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases E. found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

E. found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other, forming a row of cells oriented side by side. A. tetrad B. strep C. staph D. sarcina E. palisade

E. palisade

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is A. amphitrichous. B. atrichous. C. lophotrichous. D. monotrichous. E. peritrichous.

E. peritrichous.

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

E. sex pili.

Which of the following is mismatched? A. methanogens - convert CO2 and H2 gases into methane B. extreme halophiles - adapted to salty habitats C. psychrophiles - adapted to very low temperatures D. hyperthermophiles - adapted to high temperatures E. thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

E. thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

Plasmids A.are found in all bacteria. B.are essential for survival. C.cannot be passed between organisms. D.cannot be passed on to progeny. E.often carry genes controlling pathogenicity.

E.often carry genes controlling pathogenicity.

Boiling water (100°C) can normally destroy endospores. True False

False

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes. True False

False

Flagella move in a whip-like motion. True False

False

Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. True False

False

If during the Gram stain procedure the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless. True False

False

Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain. True False

False

Prokaryotes include bacteria and viruses. True False

False

Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of sterols to help maintain their shape. True False

False

T or F Cell membranes are rigid static structures that lend stability to cells

False

The region between the bacterial cell membrane and the cell wall is called the outer membrane. True False

False

The slime layer gives bacteria a greater pathogenicity as compared to the capsule. True False

False

The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells. True False

False

the gram negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram positive true of false

False

which cell walls are thicker Gram positive or gram negative?

Gram positive

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Mycobacterium. B. Mycoplasma. C. Streptococcus. D. Corynebacterium. E. Salmonella.

A. Mycobacterium.

You have made a smear of a bacterial culture and have performed the Gram stain on it. Looking at the organism under the microscope, you notice that the cells do not seem to be the dark blue- purple of a gram-positive reaction, but instead are light blue. Your staining procedure was performed correctly. What is your best explanation as to why the bacteria have stained this way? A. There is something in the wall of the bacteria that has affected the uptake of the crystal violet into the cell wall, thereby staining it improperly. B. These are mutant bacteria which cannot be stained like other bacteria. C. The specimen did not undergo heat fixation before staining: therefore, the primary dye does not stick properly to the wall D. The bacteria were taken from an inappropriate medium and a chemical is interfering with proper staining of the cell

A. There is something in the wall of the bacteria that has affected the uptake of the crystal violet into the cell wall, thereby staining it improperly.

Spirochetes are able to move due to A. a periplasmic flagellum. B. a membrane-bound flagellum. C. cilia serving as walking feet. D. pseudopods. E. glycocalyx for gliding motility

A. a periplasmic flagellum.

The term that refers to flagella at both poles is A. amphitrichous. B. atrichous. C. lophotrichous. D. monotrichous. E. peritrichous.

A. amphitrichous.

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial A. cell walls. B. cell membranes. C. capsules. D. slime layers. E. inclusions.

A. cell walls.

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of A. gram-negative bacteria. B. gram-positive bacteria. C. acid-fast bacteria. D. mycoplasmas. E. protoplasts.

A. gram-negative bacteria.

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the A. inclusions. B. fimbriae. C. capsule. D. slime layer. E. outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

A. inclusions.

All bacterial cells have A. one or more chromosomes. B. one or more fimbriae. C. the ability to produce endospores. D. capsules. E. flagella.

A. one or more chromosomes.

Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using A. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens. B. methods to identify cell enzymes. C. the analysis of the appearance of colonies. D. a microscope to determine cell morphology. E. the determination of guanine + cytosine base concentrations.

A. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens.

A few antibiotics target cell membranes of cells, blocking the incorporation of chemicals into sterol molecules for the cell membrane. Which statement is true? A.Bacteria would be unaffected by those specific antibiotics (with very few exceptions). B.An antibiotic with that kind of action would be an excellent destroyer of bacterial cells. C.This kind of antibiotic class would destroy viruses only. D.Only eukaryotic cells are affected by this group of antibiotics.

A.Bacteria would be unaffected by those specific antibiotics (with very few exceptions).

which structures are found in gram positive cells but not in gram negative cells A.Single membrane bilayer B.teichoic acid C.outer membrane

A.Single membrane bilayer B.teichoic acid

You have found a mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae that has lost the ability to produce a capsule. If you inject this strain into a population of healthy mice, what prediction can you make about the consequences? A.The mice will remain healthy. B.The mice will die of pneumonia. C.The mice will get a severe case pneumonia and recover. D.The infection in the mice will respond to antiviral medication.

A.The mice will remain healthy.

The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria. A.acid-fast B.methylene blue C.endospore D.negative basic

A.acid-fast

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria? A.rRNA sequence B. shape C. culture behavior D. biochemical reaction

A.rRNA sequence

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a A.streptobacillus. B. Staphylobacillus. C.streptococcus. D.staphylococcus. E. palisade.

A.streptobacillus.

The two functions of bacterial appendages are A. attachment and protection. B. attachment and motility. C. motility and slime production. D. energy reactions and synthesis. E. protection and motility.

B. attachment and motility

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the A. endospore. B. cell wall. C. cell membrane. D. capsule. E. slime layer

B. cell wall.

The cell _____ can be composed of three layers: the cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane. A. glycocalyx B. envelope C. pathogenic package D. slime coat

B. envelope

Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___. A. pili; ribosomes B. fimbrae; capsules C. lipopolysaccharides; techoic acids D. actin filaments; phospholipid membranes E. endospores; metachromatic granules

B. fimbrae; capsules

A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is A. gram-negative. B. gram-positive. C. a protoplast. D. a spheroplast. E. acid-fast.

B. gram-positive.

Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt to grow. This is an example of an archaebacterium described as a/n A. osmophile. B. halophile. C. thermophile. D. psychrophile. E. barophile.

B. halophile.

The enzyme _____, that is found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls. A. penicillinase B. lysozyme C. peptidase D.kinase

B. lysozyme

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to A. move in response to light. B. move in response to a chemical. C. not move in response to a chemical. D. transport desired molecules into a cell.

B. move in response to a chemical.

During the Gram stain, gram-_____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied. A. positive B. negative C. Both positive and negative are correct. D. Neither positive nor negative are correct.

B. negative

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram- positive bacterial cell wall structure is A. more peptidoglycan. B. predominance of unique, waxy lipids. C. easily decolorized. D. presence of lipopolysaccharide.

B. predominance of unique, waxy lipids.

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be A. material would not be able to cross the cell membrane. B. protein synthesis would stop. C. destruction of the cell's DNA. D. formation of glycogen inclusions. E. loss of capsule.

B. protein synthesis would stop.

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes? A. coccus B. tetrad C. vibrio D.bacillus E. spirochete

B. tetrad

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except A.Flagella. B.cilia. C.fimbriae. D.periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E.pili.

B.cilia.

A nutrient binds to receptors near the basal body. This will result in A. clockwise rotation of flagella. B. counterclockwise rotation of flagella. C. inhibition of flagella rotation. D. numerous tumbles.

B.counterclockwise rotation of flagella.

Lysozyme is most effective against A.gram-negative organisms. B.gram-positive organisms. C.mycoplasmas. D.cyanobacteria. E.archaea.

B.gram-positive organisms.

In which situation would a bacterium most likely have cytoplasmic inclusions? A.producing endospores B.has a habitat abundant in a nutrient such as starch C.cell is starving for nutrients D.the cell is producing more flagella

B.has a habitat abundant in a nutrient such as starch

Gram-negative organisms A. are more susceptible to antibiotics than gram-positive organisms. B.have a more complex wall with a greater variation in chemical composition. C. stain purple in the Gram stain. D. encompass all pathogens.

B.have a more complex wall with a greater variation in chemical

Bacterial endospores are produced by A. Staphylococcus. B.Entamoeba. C. Bacillus. D.Mycoplasma

C. Bacillus.

_____ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications. A. Pasteur's B. Lister's C. Bergey's D. Leeuwenhoek's E. Koch's

C. Bergey's

_____ is a macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross- linked by short peptide fragments. A. Mycolic acid B. Outer membrane protein C. Peptidoglycan D. Lysozyme

C. Peptidoglycan

Which of the following is mismatched? A. Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls B. Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls C. Tenericutes - waxy, acid-fast cell walls D. Mendosicutes - archaea cell walls

C. Tenericutes - waxy, acid-fast cell walls

Syphilis is caused by a spirochete called A. Proteus vulgaris. B. Chlamydia trachomatis. C. Treponema pallidum. D. Staphylococcus aureus. E. Bacillus anthracis.

C. Treponema pallidum.

The prokaryotic flagellum has three parts in the order from cytoplasm to external environment. They are A. filament, hook, and basal body. B. filament, basal body, and hook. C. basal body, hook, and filament. D. hook, basal body, and filament. E. basal body, filament, and hook.

C. basal body, hook, and filament.

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's A. ribosomes. B. inclusions. C. cell wall. D. cell membrane. E. flagella

C. cell wall.

Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining? A. alcohol/acetone, crystal violet, safranin, iodine B. crystal violet, alcohol/acetone, iodine, safranin C. crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin D. iodine, safranin, crystal violet, alcohol/acetone E. alcohol/acetone, safranin, crystal violet, iodine

C. crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

C. fimbriae

The bacterial chromosome A. is located in the cell membrane. B. contains all the cell's plasmids. C. is part of the nucleoid. D. forms a single linear strand of DNA.

C. is part of the nucleoid.

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is A. amphitrichous. B. atrichous. C. lophotrichous. D. monotrichous. E. peritrichous.

C. lophotrichous.

The function of bacterial endospores is A. conversion of gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants. B. reproduction and growth. C. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions. D. storage of excess cell materials. E. as sites for photosynthesis.

C. protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and A. mRNA. B. tRNA. C. rRNA. D.xRNA

C. rRNA.

After staining your patient's specimen, an aspirate from the lungs, by the acid-fast stain method and focusing on the specimen, you find a large population of hot pink-red bacillus shaped bacteria in the smear. Which statement is true? A.This result would be a normal outcome when looking at normal sputum of healthy people. B.The patient has pneumonia. C.In all likelihood, the patient has tuberculosis. D.Your patient has HIV.

C.In all likelihood, the patient has tuberculosis.

Movement of a cell toward OR away from a chemical stimulus is termed: A.phototaxis. B.taxis. C.chemotaxis D.tumble. E.motility.

C.chemotaxis

Which of the following is mismatched? A.ribosomes - protein synthesis B.inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials C.plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism D.nucleoid - hereditary material E.cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution

C.plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism

An irregular cluster of spherical cells is termed: A.palisades. B.sarcina. C.staphylococcus. D.streptococcus. E.spirilla.

C.staphylococcus.

Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane? A. The upper most layer is made of lipopolysaccharides. B. The inner most layer is a phospholipid bilayer. C. The porin proteins create channels through the outer membrane. D. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane. E. The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is an endotoxin.

D. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized? A. slime layer B. fimbriae C. cell membrane D. capsule

D. capsule

Magnetosomes are A. infoldings of the cell membrane. B. termed metachromatic granules. C. responsible for the heat resistance of endospores. D. composed of magnetic iron oxide particles. E. found in all bacteria.

D. composed of magnetic iron oxide particles

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has A. fimbriae. B. a capsule. C. thylakoids. D. flagella. E. metachromatic granules.

D. flagella.

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others? A.Streptoccocus pyogenes B.Staphylococcus epidermidis C.Peptostreptococcus anaerobius D.Escherichia coli E.Staphylococcus auricularis

D.Escherichia coli

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote? A. Its DNA is not encased in a membrane. B.It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycans or other distinct chemicals. C.It does not have membrane-bound organelles. D.Its DNA is wrapped around histones. E.It is unicellula

D.Its DNA is wrapped around histones.

A client has a serious respiratory infection. A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood. The lab technician said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be A.Mycobacterium tuberculosis. B.Borrelia burgdorferi. C.Streptococcus pneumoniae. D.Mycoplasma pneumoniae. E.Staphylococcus aureus.

D.Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

all bacteria possess a cell (wall/membrane) but not all bacteria possess a cell (wall/membrane)

membrane, wall

what are Porins?

protein channels that span the outer membare of gram negative cells and permit the transport of small molecules into the periplasmatic space

clockwise rotations of the flagellum reverses direction and causes the cell to stop and change its course is called

tumbles

counter clockwise flagella rotations propelling a cell forwards are called

Run