Micro - Chapter 9

Which is true regarding semiconservative DNA replication?

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream True or false

False

How many stop codons are contained within the genetic code?

3

All new DNA strands are synthesized from:

5' to 3'

Nucleotides can only be added to a growing DNA chain in the ______ direction

5' to 3'

The purine guanine pairs with the pyrimidine

Cytosine

Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?

Frameshift mutation

During transcription, ______ is synthesized from a(n) ______ template

RNA; DNA

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?

Spontaneous mutation

The three stop codons in the genetic code are

UAA, UAG, UGA

What site on a DNA molecule signals the end of a RNA transcript?

Termination

During which process is mRNA converted into a protein?

Translation

The specific sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid is a(n) ___________ , or triplet

codon

Thymine and _________ are pyrimidines found in DNA

cytosine

A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the Blank______ on the strand of DNA

deoxyribose carbons

DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene are

introns

An alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)

mutation

A mutation that changes an amino-acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein, is a(n)

nonsense

The DNA strand that is not directly used for transcription into mRNA during protein synthesis is the ______ strand

nontemplate

In the cells of protozoa, fungi, animals, or plants, chromosomes are located in the

nucleus

A mutation that results from an insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not a multiple of 3, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream, is a(n)

frameshift

Mutations that are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein are ____________ mutations

frameshift

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the _______________ of replication

origin

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the

origin of replication

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion, or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as ______ mutations

point

The addition, deletion, or substitution of no more than a few bases as the result of a mutation is referred to as a(n) ___________ mutation

point

Some amino acids can be encoded by several different codons. For that reason, we say that the genetic code is

redundant

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA ___________________ I and III

polymerase

To initiate transcription, RNA polymerase binds to the ____________ region of DNA

promoter

DNA polymerases are responsible for

proofreading/repair, building the DNA chain.

The newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand as a result of ______ replication

semiconservative

The newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand as a result of ___________ replication

semiconservative

Two subunits of the ___________ come together to perform protein synthesis

ribosome

Mutations in DNA that are caused by random mistakes in replication, and are not known to be the result of any mutagenic agent, are ____________ mutations

spontaneous

The __________ codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine

start

The mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the ____________ codon

start

The order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA is contained in the ______ strand of DNA

template

The end of an RNA transcript is signaled by a site on a DNA molecule called the _______________ site

termination

The end of an RNA transcript is signaled by a site on a DNA molecule called the ________________ site

termination

Cells that carry nonmutated DNA are called the ____________ type strain

wild

The native or ______ type strain exhibits nonmutated characteristics

wild

The carcinogenic potential of a chemical can be determined by the ______________ test

Ames

Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands?

Carbons in the deoxyribose sugar

The "blueprint" information for the production of proteins is encoded and stored in sections of

DNA

The genome of a cell is entirely composed of

DNA

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

What determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?

DNA sequence of a gene

Where are the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells located?

In the nucleus

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

Introns

Which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein?

Missense

Which mutation changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon?

Nonsense

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?

Plasmids, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Chromosomes

RNA polymerase binds to which region of DNA to begin transcription?

Promoter

The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?

Proteins

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is:

RNA polymerase

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template, Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical

A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides True or false

True

Several codons can code for the same amino acid, which is called the redundancy of the code True or false

True

An mRNA codon is complementary to the ___________ region of a specific tRNA molecule

anticodon

The portion of tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon is the

anticodon

A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results, is a(n) __________ mutation

missense

A DNA nucleotide is composed of

one nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group

Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?

rRNA

The process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA is

transcription

The information in mRNA is used to produce a protein during

translation