MicroBio - Ch 10

An important clue(s) that a sequence is a functional ORF is (are) that ________________. (i) it has a ribosome binding site (ii) it has a similar sequence to a sequence known to encode a functional protein domain in another species (iii) it has start and stop codons (iv) it contains a bound dideoxynucleotide

(i), (ii), and (iii)

Which question could best be answered using comparative genomics? A. What is the minimum number of genes necessary for life? B. How quickly does antibiotic resistance evolve? C. What is the best way to identify an ORF? D. Do all organelle genes need to be located within an organelle?

A. What is the minimum number of genes necessary for life?

Extreme environments have low diversity, so community DNA can or cannot be assembled into individual genomes in Metagenomics?

CAN

If a researcher finds a sequence of DNA that has an unusual codon bias compared with the rest of the DNA for the organism, this probably means that _____________________ (i) the DNA is expressed far more than would be expected by chance (ii) the DNA contains a high density of ribosome binding sequences (iii) the DNA does not contain functional genes (iv) the DNA contains a functional gene(s) that was (were) obtained through horizontal gene transfer.

(iii) and (iv)

Adding a dideoxynucleotide to a growing DNA strand prevents the addition of _____________________________. A. a phosphate group because there is H rather than OH bonded to the 3' carbon of deoxyribose. B. a deoxyribose sugar because there is H rather than OH bonded to the 3' carbon of deoxyribose. C. a phosphate group because there is OH rather than H bonded to the 5' carbon of deoxyribose.

A. a phosphate group because there is H rather than OH bonded to the 3' carbon of deoxyribose.

An organism's entire complement of genetic information, including noncoding DNA is known as the _________________. A. genome B. proteome C. metabolome D. transcriptome

A. genome

What do scientists call the entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions? A. proteome B. RNAome C. transcriptome D. gene profile

C. transcriptome

Which of these is true about genome size? A. Only bacterial genome sizes generally correlate with ORF content B. Bacterial and archaeal, but not eukaryl, genome sizes generally correlate with ORF content C. Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryl genome sizes generally correlate with ORF content D. Only eukaryl genome sizes generally correlate with ORF content

B. Bacterial and archaeal, but not eukaryl, genome sizes generally correlate with ORF content

In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing, how are DNA chains randomly terminated in reactions using DNA polymerase? A. by having a limiting amount of a deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate in the reaction B. by having a small amount of a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate in the reaction C. by altering the concentration of DNA polymerase in the reaction D. by stopping the reactions on ice at predetermined time intervals

B. by having a small amount of a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) in the reaction

An example of heterologous expression would be ______________. A. allowing a bacterium to transfer an F plasmid to another bacterium through conjugation B. inserting an unknown gene from one bacterium into another unrelated bacterium to see what was produced C. sequencing the genome of a newly discovered bacterium to try to identify genes similar to those of known species D. examining the exome of a eukaryotic cell

B. inserting an unknown gene from one bacterium into another unrelated bacterium to see what was produced

What can you predict if you find an organism that has an exceptionally tiny genome? A. It is probably a free-living organism that can also be parasitic B. it is probably a symbiont that is dependent on its host C. it is probably an archaeal cell D. it is probably a eukaryote

B. it is probably a symbiont that is dependent on its host Does not need to produce as many proteins itself as it can use those produced by its host.

If you compare a bacterium and a eukaryote of the same genome size, A. the bacterium likely has more insertion elements B. the bacterium likely has more genes C. the eukaryote likely has more metabolic pathways. D. all of the above are true.

B. the bacterium likely has more genes

Which genetic material is most closely related to the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that are required for translation and energy generation? A. Plasmid genes B. Archaeal genes C. Bacterial genes D. Protozoan nuclear genes

C. Bacterial genes

A researcher planning to determine the genomes of all of the species present in a diverse wetland environment using metagenomics would encounter the problem that ______________. A. it is difficult to work out genomes of organisms in aquatic environments, B. metagenomics approaches cannot be used to determine complete genomes C. it is difficult to assemble complete genomes when many species are present D. Metagenomics approaches are only appropriate for terrestrial environments.

C. it is difficult to assemble complete genomes when many species are present

What is the analysis of pooled environmental DNA or RNA called? A. clonal genomics B. megagenomics C. metagenomics D. microarray analysis

C. metagenomics

Which of the following is NOT included in the genome? A. noncoding regions of DNA B. genes that encode RNAs C. proteins D. coding regions of DNA

C. proteins

What is the genome-wide study of the structure, function, and regulation of an organism's proteins called? A. Transcriptomics B. Translatiomics C. Genomics D. Proteomics

D. Proteomics

The field of study that can reveal how genes function, reveal how organisms interact with the environment, and show evolutionary relationships is __________________. A. genomics B. transcriptomics C. proteomics D. comparative genomics

D. comparative genomics

The proteome and the translatome ______________________________. A. differ because the translatome includes all products of translation and the proteome is narrower. B. are the same unless an organism has a mutation C. are generally identical in most cells D. differ because the translatome includes only proteins produced under specific conditions and the term "proteome" can be broader

D. differ because the translatome includes only proteins produced under specific conditions and the term "proteome" can be broader

Sequencing an organism's genome often leads to identification of hypothetical proteins, which are characterized as _____________________. A. proteins that are expressed B. proteins that likely exist with known functions C. proteins that are overexpressed D. proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown.

D. proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown.

If you did a metagenomic analysis of a natural pond environment, you would probably find that __________________________ A. it was relatively easy to assemble complete genomes compared with examining an extreme environment. B. there was a low diversity of microbial species present C. there were no archaeans present D. virus genes were the most abundant genes present

D. virus genes were the most abundant genes present

True or False? RNA-Seq Analysis requires information before-hand and measures mRNA expression.

False. RNA-Seq Analysis does NOT require information before-hand and measures mRNA expression. It shows which genes are transcribed and how many copies of each RNA are made.

True or False? Smaller genomes encode more signal transduction and transcriptional processes, while larger genomes encode more translational regulation.

False. Smaller genomes encode more translational processes; larger genomes encode more transcriptional regulation and signal transduction.

What is the major problem in identifying genes encoding non translated RNA?

Genes lack start codons and may have several stop codons

__________________ uses luciferase to detect incorporation of dNTPS

Pyrosequencing

True or False? Metagenomics was so useful in identifying previously unknown Archaea because it makes it easier to find and identify species that are difficult to culture.

True. Metagenomics does not require full genomes to be known in order to detect new species.

True or False? The proteome is the total set of proteins that can be produced by an organisms; the translatome is the total set of proteins actually produced by an organism under given conditions

True