Microbio Ch.3
a
How does penicillin kill some bacteria? Allows osmotic stress to lysis the cell Fills the lumen of porin proteins Forms a channel that transports ATP out of the cell Induces water flow out of the bacterial cell
ac
Identify all the general similarities between Bacteria and Archaea. Lack membrane bound organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Smaller than eukaryotes Structure of lipids in the cell membrane
d
In Gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan are found in the outer membrane the plasma membrane the cytoplasm the periplasmic space
lack a cell wall
Mycoplasmas are different from other gram-negative bacteria in that they ______.
d
One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ______. the small size of the molecule being transported it is part of all metabolic pathways ATP is needed to power transport the molecules transported are chemically modified
b
In active transport, the "active" refers to ____. the active movement of molecules across a membrane the use of energy to power the movement of molecules across a membrane the presence of proteins that move molecules across a membrane the rate at which molecules move across a membrane
ab
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of amino acids sugars nucleotides lipids
sugar AA
In general, peptidoglycan is composed of ______ and ______
wall
In most bacterial cells, the cell ______ is the structural "sugar bound with protein" layer surrounding the cell, external to the plasma membrane.
c
Pores in the outer membrane are composed of ____. several hundred sugars wrapped in a barrel shape polymers of LPS a cluster of three porin proteins a barrel of lipids that spans the membrane
facilitated diffusion
The "energy-free" movement of molecules across a membrane with the aid of a transporting protein is called ______.
d
The Braun's lipoprotein links the ____ in gram-negative bacteria. outer membrane to the capsule plasma membrane to the outer membrane plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan outer membrane to the peptidoglycan
b
The Braun's lipoprotein links the ____ in gram-negative bacteria. plasma membrane to the outer membrane outer membrane to the peptidoglycan outer membrane to the capsule plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan
O
The LPS component responsible for stimulating an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections is the _____________ antigen.
lipid a
The _________ _________ component of LPS can act as a toxin to people infected with gram-negative bacteria.
peptide
The ___________ interbridge is a short chain of amino acids found in many gram-positive bacteria that links the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan strand to that of another.
d
The bacterial cytoplasm is organized by invaginations of the plasma membrane macromolecular crowding thousands of ribosomes the cytoskeleton
c
The bacterial nucleoid is composed of ____. ribosomes and RNA an aggregate of vesicles protein and DNA only DNA
bacillus
The bacterial shape known as a rod is also termed a
b
The cell envelope layer that lies just outside the plasma membrane is called the ____. capsule cell wall outer membrane glycocalyx
thinner
The cell wall peptidoglycan layer of gram-negative bacteria is considerably ____ than that of gram-positive bacteria.
peptide interbridge
The component of peptidoglycan which connects the stem peptide of one peptidoglycan chain to the stem peptide of another is referred to as the ____.
lysozyne
The enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan is
d
The location of the cell wall is ____. surrounding the mitochondria just inside the plasma membrane surrounding the nucleus just outside the plasma membrane
ad
Which two of the following are differences between spirochetes and spirilla? Spirochetes have a unique internal flagella arrangement, spirilla have one or more flagella at one or both the ends. Spirochetes have one or more flagella at one or both the ends, spirilla have a unique internal flagellar arrangement. Spirochetes are more rigid spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more flexible, spiral shaped structures. Spirochetes are more flexible, spiral shaped structures, spirilla are more rigid spiral shaped structures.
ad
Which two of the following are the sugar monomers found in peptidoglycan? N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylgalactose Sucrose N-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylmannose Glucose
bcd
Which three of the following are characteristics of teichoic acids? Can aid motility Negatively charged Can be bound to lipids Can be bound to peptidoglycan Found in gram-negatives
cdf
Which three of the following are functions of the bacterial cytoskeleton? Participate in phagocytosis Act as a support structure for energy conservation Participate in cell division Determine cell shape Aid in transport of nutrients Localize specific proteins within the cell
ade
Which three of the following are functions of the cell wall? protection from toxic substances site of energy conservation selectively permeable defines cell shape protection from osmotic stress
cdg
Which three of the following are growth factors? Zinc Carbon Some amino acids Some nucleotides Oxygen Sulfur Vitamins
bde
Which three of the following cellular activities is associated with the bacterial plasma membrane? DNA polymerase Photosynthesis RNA transcription Cellular respiration Import/export proteins
cde
Which three of the following describe the peptidoglycan sacculus? brittle chemically reactive elastic strong porous tightly woven
aef
Which three of the following types of proteins are found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria? transport proteins integral membrane proteins porin proteins exoenzymes energy conservation proteins enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan
ad
LPS is composed of _____. carbohydrates nucleotides amino acids lipids
-
Lipopolysaccharides are found in gram-____ bacteria.
ab
Which two of the following statements regarding the amino acid component of peptidoglycan are false? The amino acids in peptidoglycan are all the L isomer. The amino acids are attached to each NAG in peptidoglycan. Some of the amino acids are found only in peptidoglycan, not in proteins. The amino acids form a short peptide called the stem peptide.
no
Will penicillin typically kill a bacterium residing in an isotonic environment?
vibrio
comma shaped bacteria
purple
gram positive color
nam
n peptidoglycan, the short peptide is attached to the structure through
capsule
protective layer and sometimes aids in adhersion
unorganized sugar
s layer is (organized/unorganized) (protein/sugar) layer
organized sugar
slime layer is (organized/unorganized) (protein/sugar) layer
Glycocalyx
the term ____________ can refer to either capsules or slime layers.
fluid mosaic model
Drs. Singer and Nicholson proposed a model to describe how lipids behave in a membrane called the
high low
During facilitated diffusion, substances move from a _____ concentration of molecules to a _____ concentration of molecules
peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids anchor the _____ to the plasma membrane
d
A bacterial cell envelope is ____. all surface layers external to the cell wall capsules or slime layers the plasma membrane and cell wall the plasma membrane and all surface layers external to it
d
A strand of peptidoglycan subunits is formed by crosslinking stem peptides crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains
inclusions
Aggregates of materials, either organic or inorganic, within bacterial cells (not membrane-bound) are called _____.
t
Bacteria have a cytoskeleton. (t/f)
pleomorphic
Bacterial cells that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic form are called ________ in shape.
plasma membrane
Bacterial internal membrane structures are often connected to the _____ ____
bcf
Bacterial internal membranous structures may appear as [choose three] spirals in the periplasmic space flattened vesicles spherical vesicles lipopolysaccharide secreted vesicles tubular membranes
d
Capsules are typically ____. composed of proteins composed of nucleic acids composed of lipids composed of sugars
b
Chains of NAM-NAG in the peptidoglycan are linked to form the sacculus by Inserting stem peptides between NAM chains and NAG chains crosslinking stem peptides on each chain linking NAM and NAG molecules alternately in long chains crosslinking NAM chains with NAG chains
growth factors
Compounds such as essential amino acids are considered _____
micronutrients
Elements required in low concentrations for cell growth are called ______.
macronutrients
Elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are considered _________.
exoenzymes
Enzymes that are secreted outside the cell to degrade large compounds so that their subunits can be imported are called
bde
Fimbriae can ____. (Choose three.) transport nutrients to the cytoplasm function in motility split the cell during binary fission attach to surfaces transport DNA to the cytoplasm
pink
Gram negative color
periplasmic
Gram-negative bacteria have a(n) __________ space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane.
plasmids
Small, double-stranded, circular pieces of DNA found in addition to the bacterial chromosome are called ____.
b
Substances of approximately ____ or smaller can pass through porin proteins in the outer membrane. 100 daltons 600 daltons 10 daltons 1 dalton
a
The role of teichoic acids appear to be to _____. give added strength to the cell wall bind to the gram-staining dyes which results in the purple color bind to the gram-staining dyes which results in the pink color aid in the motility of the cell
a
The target of lysozyme is ____. the bonds between NAG and NAM lipopolysaccharide the penta-glycine crossbridge the interbridge teichoic acids
secondary active transport
Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _____.
T
True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-negative bacteria.
F
True or false: Generally, lipopolysaccharides are found only in gram-positive bacteria.
nam nag
What are the two sugars found in peptidoglycan?
d
What cellular structure is closely associated with the cell's cytosol? Capsule Slime layer Cell wall Plasma membrane
c
What compound links the outer membrane to the cell in gram-negative bacteria? Teichoic acid Lipopolysaccharide Braun's lipoprotein Integral protein
d
What size molecules would not be able to pass through the peptidoglycan sacculus? only water and gases can pass through smaller than 1,000 molecular weight smaller than 35,000 molecular weight larger than 50,000 molecular weight
cell envelope
What term is used to describe the plasma membrane and all layers external to it?
secondary active transport
When the potential energy of an ion gradient promotes the movement of a substance across a membrane, this is called _____.
cell wall
Which bacterial structures is most responsible for cellular shape?
lipid a
Which component of LPS can act as a toxin in a gram-negative bacterial infection?
o antigen
Which component of LPS generates an antibody response in gram-negative bacterial infections?
teichoic acid
Which compounds typically gives gram-positive bacterial cell walls their net-negative charge?
acdfh
Which five of the following are cell wall components found in gram-positive bacteria? Stem peptide Lipopolysaccharide NAG Amino acids Nucleotides Teichoic acids Periplasm NAM
befg
Which four of the following are functions of lipopolysaccharide? Maintains cell shape as a structural support Makes a permeability barrier Aids in genome replication Provides energy for flagellar rotation Contributes to the negative charge of the cell Protects from environmental toxins (and immunological factors) Stabilizes the outer membrane
staphylococcus
Which genus gets its name due to the cellular arrangement of spherical cells found in clusters, like a bunch of grapes?
d
Which of the following cell structures aids in resisting phagocytosis? Plasma membrane Cell wall LPS Capsule
lps
Which of the following compounds is well known to protect gram-negative bacteria from environmental toxic substances?
group translocation
Which of the following describes the chemical modification of a molecules as it is transported into a bacterial cell?
c
Which of the following describes the primary role of the plasma membrane? Act as the location of transport proteins Act as a structural location for motility Act as a selectively permeable barrier Act as the location for energy conservation
-
Which of the following has the thinner cell wall layer? Gram + or -
d
Which of the following is a polymer of NAM, NAG, and amino acids? Teichoic acid Lipopolysaccharide Braun's lipoprotein Peptidoglycan
a
Which of the following polymers is composed of lipids and sugars? LPS Peptidoglycan Teichoic acid Braun's lipoprotein
d
Which of the following shares a basic body plan with bacteria? Algae Protozoans Animals Fungi Archaea
a
Which of the following structures is found in all living organisms? Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Nucleus Flagella
b
Which of the following terms describes the way in which lipids and proteins behave in a membrane? Rigid mosaic model Fluid mosaic model Endosymbiotic hypothesis Permeable mosaic model
Secondary transport
Which of the following transport mechanisms relies on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?
a
Which of the following uses ATP to move substances across a membrane? Primary active transport Passive diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion
b
Which of the transport mechanisms relies only on concentration gradients to provide the "force" to move materials across the plasma membrane? Group translocation transport Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Secondary transport
streptococcus
Which term describes the cellular arrangement of spherical cells linked in a chain?
periplasmic space
Which term describes the space between the inner and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
organized protein
capsule is (organized/unorganized) (protein/sugar) layer
cell wall
what protects against osmotic stress?