Microbio Ch9

Why do younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents? 1. They are more metabolically active 2. they have greater oxygen requirement 3. they are weaker and less mature. 4. they are more numerous in number.

They are more metabolically active

True or false: cold treatment and dessication cannot be reliable used for sterilization or disinfection

True

True/ false: the primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage

True

__ is the process by which material are subjected to intermittent sterilization.

Tyndallization

What is sterilization? 1. a process that completely removes or destroys all vegetative micoorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat 2. a process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat 3. a process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, except viruses, from an object or habitat

a process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat

___ are limited in their application because they are corrosive and hazardous. 1. chlorines 2. phenol derivatives 3. aldehydes 4. acid and alkalis

acid and alkalis

UV radiation is effective at disinfecting which types of materials? 1. air 2. liquids 3. solid surfaces 4. entire solid objects

air liquids solid surfaces

degermation and __ can be accomplished with the same procedure

antisepsis

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called___ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called__.

aqueous; tinctures

What microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods? 1. fungai spores 2. bacterial endospores 3. protozoan cysts 4. mycobacterium cells

bacterial endospores

Which type of agent will kill bacteria? 1. bactericidal 2. bacteristatic

bactericidal

A__ agent will inhibit the growth of bacteria, whereas a __agent will kill bacteria

bacteriostatic; bactericidal

Which of the following are examples of disinfection? 1. boiling eating utensils 2. cleansing a wound with a bleach solution 3. a 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table 4. Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution

boiling eating utensils a 5% solution of bleach to clean a lab table Immersing thermometers in an iodine solution

Which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide? 1. broad-spectrum action 2. penetrating ability 3. rapid action 4. selective toxicity 5. narrow-spectrum action 6. inactivated by organic matter 7. solubility in a solvent

broad-spectrum action penetrating ability rapid action selective toxicity solubility in a solvent

antiseptic are __agents applied to the skin to inhibit vegetative bacterial cells. 1. chemical and physical 2. chemical 3. physical

chemical

gaseous and liquid__ compounds are mostly used for large-scale water disinfection.

chlorine

__ is the mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface.

decontamination

Surgical handscrubbing is an example of: 1. sterilization 2. degermation 3. disinfection

degermation

__ and antisepsis can be accomplished with the same procedure. 1. sterilization 2. degermation 3. pasteurization

degermation

__ is the physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load.

degermation

alcohols are commonly used for: 1.degermation of skin 2. household cleaning 3. disinfection of drinking water 4. disinfection of food preparation equipment 5. antiseptic preparation for skin

degermation of skin antiseptic preparation for skin

The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as __.

denaturation

Chlorine compounds typically kill microbes by: 1. inhibiting RNA synthesis 2. denaturing metabolic enzymes 3. disrupting the cell membrane 4. causing mutations in DNA 5. inhibiting protein synthesis

denaturing metabolic enzymes

high concentrations of alcohols usually affect microbes by: 1. denaturing proteins 2. inhibiting protein synthesis 3. inhibiting RNA synthesis 4. causing mutation in DNA 5. disrupting the cell wall

denaturing proteins

iodine compounds typically kill microbes by: 1.inhibiting protein synthesis 2. denaturing proteins 3.causing mutation in DNA 4. disrupting the cell membrance 5. inhibiting RNA synthesis

denaturing proteins

___ is the dehydration of microorganism in order to inhibit or preserve them.

desiccation

If an agent disrupts the cell wall, the cell is likely to experience: 1. reduced metabolism 2. digestion or breakdown of the cell wall 3. loss of selective permeability 4. an inability to synthesize proteins

digestion or breakdown of the cell wall

Chlorhexidine typically kills microbes by: 1. Causing mutations in DNA 2. Inhibiting RNA synthesis 3. Inhibiting protein synthesis 4. disrupting the cell wall 5.disrupting the cell membrane 6. denaturing protein

disrupting the cell membrane denaturing protein

An object can be: 1. either sterile or not sterile 2. sterile, mostly sterile, or not sterile 3. several degrees of sterility

either sterile or not sterile

high-level germicides can kill__, whereas intermediate-level germicides can kill fungal spores and resistant pathogen but not endospores.

endospores

alcohols are effective against: 1. enveloped viruses 2. bacterial endospores 3. fungi 4. most bacteria

enveloped viruses fungi most bacteria

Chlorine compounds usually kill microbes by denaturing metabolic __.

enzyme

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control? 1. methyl 2.ethyl 3. butyl 4. isopropyl

ethyl isopropyl

___ oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.

ethylene

__oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic. 1. fomaldehyde 2.propylene 3. ethylene 4. Chlorine

ethylene

Which of following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants? 1. ethylene oxide 2. chlorine dioxide 3. carbonic acid 4. carbon monoxide

ethylene oxide chlorine dioxide

The effect of a germicide is affected by the time of____.

exposure

A common dry heat sterilization method used in the microbiology laboratory is: 1. autoclaving used culture tubes 2. tyndallization of cultures 3. flaming the inoculating loop 4. heating agar in boiling water

flaming the inoculating loop

The __ method od pasteurization exposes liquids to higher temperature for a very short time, whereas the __ method uses lower temperatures for a longer period.

flash; batch

__ is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas that is used as a potent chemical fixative and microbicide.

formalin

__ are chemical agents that kill non-endospore forming pathogens. 1.germicides 2. germistatins 3. insecticide

germicides

Which of the following is the most common physical agent used to control microbes? 1. filtration 2. cold 3. heat 4. dessication 5. radiation 6. germicide

heat

In most cases, an agent with a __ concentration will be more germicidal. 1.high 2. low

high

disinfectants can be toxic or harmful to__ and __ tissues

human; animal

__ __ typically kills microbes by producing toxic radicals.

hydrogen peroxide

The use of sugar or salt to preserve food create a __ environment for the bacteria in the foods.

hypertonic

Heavy metal typically kills microbes by: 1. producing toxic radicals 2. causing mutation in DNA 3. disrupting the cell wall 4. inactivating proteins 5. inhibiting RNA synthesis 6. disrupting the cell membrane

inactivating proteins

sterilization methods are usually reserved for: 1. inanimate objects 2.living tissue

inanimate objects

__is the destruction of microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat, reducing them to ashes and gas.

incineration

Which are example of using dry heat to sterilize materials? 1.tyndallization 2. autoclaving 3. incineration 4. pasteurization 5. hot air oven

incineration hot air oven

A(n)___ is a combination of iodine and an organic carrier (such as alcohol) that serves as a moderate-level disinfectant and antiseptic.

iodophor

The two primary iodine preparation are free iodine and ___.

iodophors

__ are complexes of iodine and alcohol.

iodophors

Both__and __ forms of radiation can be used to control the growth of microorganisms.

ionizing; nonionizing

Which of the following should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control? 1. is it cost and labor-efficient? 2. what is the temperature and pH of environment? 3. Is it safe? 4. Are the cells in the culture old or new? 5. Is sterilization needed? 6. Is the item reusable or disposable? 7. will it penetrate effectively? 8. can it withstand physical or chemical treatments?

is it cost and labor-efficient? Is it safe? Is sterilization needed? Is the item reusable or disposable? will it penetrate effectively? can it withstand physical or chemical treatments?

bactericides__ bacteria. 1. kill 2. enhance the growth of 3. inhibit the growth of

kill

heavy metals: 1. prevent microbial growth 2. kill microbes

kill microbes

Gaseous and liquid chlorine compounds are mostly used for: 1.food equipment sanitation 2. household cleaning 3. wound treatment and skin cleansing 4. large-scale water disinfection

large-scale water disinfection

The disadvantage of UV radiation include the inability to penetrate___ or solids.

liquid

What is the major disadvantage of the dry oven in sterilization? 1.unreliable results 2. safety concerns 3. long time requirement 4. ineffective against viruses

long time requirement

quaternary ammonium compounds are considered to be__-level disinfectants.

low

Quats are rated as ___ disinfectant in the clinical setting. 1. intermediate-level 2. high-level 3.low-level

low-level

Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations? 1. mercury 2. silver 3. arsenic 4. copper 5. gold 6. zinc

mercury silver

agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a __ range of microbes. 1. wide 2. narrow

narrow

The __ __ quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of phenol.

phenol coefficient

Temperature and radiation are two __ methods used to control microbes. 1. physical 2. chemical 3. mechanical

physical

What type of macromolecules are affected by heavy metals? 1. peptidoglycan 2. proteins 3. nucleic acids 4. phospholipids

protein

Which of the following are goals of pasteurization? 1. destruction of endospores 2. reduction of microbial load 3. sterilization of liquid 4. destruction of pathogens 5. retention of liquid qualities

reduction of microbial load destruction of pathogens retention of liquid qualities

Which of the following factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents? 1. motility of the organisms 2. relative resistance of population 3. microbial load 4. oxygen concentration of environment 5. temperature of environment 6. presence of interfering matter 7. concentration and action of agent

relative resistance of population microbial load temperature of environment presence of interfering matter concentration and action of agent

The synthesis of proteins involves organelles known as __ in a process called translation

ribosomes

Washing laundry, doing dishes, and wiping down counters with soap are all examples of: 1. sterilization 2. disinfection 3. sanitization 4. antisepsis

sanitization

soap and quats are commonly used for: 1. disinfection of drinking water 2. sanitization of home 3. disinfection of medical equipment 4. sanitization of food preparation equipment 5. sterilization of diagnostic instruments 6. skin cleansing 7. disinfection of facilities

sanitization of home, sanitization of food preparation equipment, skin cleansing, disinfection of facilities

__ and mercury are heavy metals that are still used in germicidal preparations.

silver

antiseptics are used to destroy vegetative bacteria on: 1. inanimate surfaces 2. skin 3. internal surfaces 4. animate and inanimate object

skin

The main effect of cold treatment is to: 1. kill a majority of microbes 2. slow the activity of microbes

slow the activity of microbes

What type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores? 1. sporicide 2. virucide 3. Fungicide 4. bactericide

sporicide

An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of __ to sterilize materials. 1. high-level germicides 2. steam under pressure 3. boiling water 4. intermittent steam

steam under pressure

Chemical agents that can destroy all form of life, including spores are called__.

sterilants

An object is __ if it is free of all viable microorganisms including viruses.

sterile

A process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat is referred to as ___.

sterilization

The goal of __ is to remove or destroy all viable microorganisms including viruses.

sterilization

Glassware are liquids may be successfully__ in the autoclave. 1. sanitized 2. sterilized 3. disinfected

sterilized

What is the thermal death time? 1. the time it takes to reduce a microbial population to safe level 2. the lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed within ten minute 3. the shortest length of time require to kill all test microbes at a specific temperature

the shortest length of time require to kill all test microbes at a specific temperature

What is incineration? 1. the use of dry heat to destroy all microbes 2. the use of steam to destroy all microbes 3. the use of moist heat to destroy most microbes

the use of dry heat to destroy all microbes

Nucleic acid play which role(s) in microbial function? 1. they protect the cell from foreign chemical 2. they drive the production of proteins 3. they must be replicated prior to binary fission 4. They speed up the rate of metabolism

they drive the production of proteins they must be replicated prior to binary fission

Nucleic acids play which role(s) in microbial function? 1. they protect the cell from foreign chemicals 2. they speed up the rate of metabolism 3. they drive the production of proteins 4. they must be replicated prior to binary fission

they drive the production of proteins they must be replicated prior to binary fission

Also called intermittent sterilization, __ is the use of repeated steaming and incubation cycles for sterilization.

tyndallization

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials? 1. tyndallization 2. hot air oven 3. incineration 4. boiling 5. autoclaving 6. pasteurization

tyndallization boiling autoclaving pasteurization

Which of the following is/are types of nonionizing radiation? 1. cathode rays 2.gamma rays 3. ultraviolet rays 4. x-ray

ultraviolet rays

What is a concern when attempting to control a microbial population? 1. uniformity of the population 2. variable resistance 3. microbial antagonism

variable resistance

Chlorohexidine can kill/ inactivate most: 1. viruses 2. bacteria 3. endospores

viruses bacteria

Aldehydes are organic substances that contains a__ functional group on a terminal carbon. 1. -CHO 2. -OH 3. -HOH 4.-CH

-CHO

Which method of pasteurization uses a lower temperature for a longer period of time? 1. Batch method 2. Flash method

Batch method

True or false: acids and alkalis are commonly used for drinking water disinfection.

False

__ is one of the few chemical that is officially accepted as a sterilant and high-level disinfectant.

Glutaraldehyde

___and ethylene oxide are two of the few chemical that are officially accepted as sterilant and high-level disinfectants.

Glutaraldehyde

__ is a method for preserving microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state.

Lyophilization

heavy metal are reliably: 1. microbistatic 2. Sporicidal 3. Microbicidal

Microbicidal

Any process or agent that inhibits microbial growth is referred to as__.

Microbistatic

___ is a technique in which heat is applied to liquid to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage.

Pasteurization