MICROBIO CHAPTER 20 REVIEW

Which of the following is a correct statement about genital herpes? Condoms provide full protection and prevention of the spread of herpes. Intensive therapy with antivirals provides a successful cure for herpes. Herpes viruses transform their host cells and will lead to cancer of those cells. Some genital herpes cases are so mild that people don't even know they're infected.

Some genital herpes cases are so mild that people don't even know they're infected.

Gram-stains prepared from bacteria isolated from the urine of a patient with UTI symptoms revealed purple-stained, clustered cocci. Which of the following genera likely infected the patient? Proteus Staphylococcus Pseudomonas Enterococcus

Staphylococcus

Which of the following is not a virulence factor employed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli to establish infection? Streptokinase Adhesion factor Siderophore Protease

Streptokinase

A twenty-year old teenage patient presents with intense vaginal itching, burning, and a "cottage cheese-like" discharge. The patient's case history reveals that she was prescribed amoxicillin for treatment of a severe sinus infection. Which of the following treatments should be prescribed for the patient based on disease presentation and the patient's case history? The patient should be given two injections of Bicillin L-A. A single dose of metronidazole should be given to the patient. An antifungal azole drug should be prescribed. Acyclovir should be prescribed to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.

An antifungal azole drug should be prescribed.

________________are antimicrobial peptides that limit the growth of other competing bacteria in the same region. Chancroid Antibiotics Bacteriocins UPEC

Bacteriocins

Despite the diverse agents that can cause UTIs, they all tend to induce similar symptoms. Which of the following is not one of those signs and symptoms? Hematuria Dysuria Pyuria Chancres

Chancres

Which of the following terms is best defined as an inflammation of the bladder? Ureteritis Pyelonephritis Urethritis Cystitis

Cystitis

______________ is an inflammation of the bladder. Bacteremia Cystitis Pyelonephritis Ureteritis

Cystitis

Which of the following infectious agents is not part of TORCH? Ebola virus Listeria monocytogenes Toxoplasma gondii Varicella-zoster virus

Ebola virus

Which of the following organisms is the most commonly causative agent of UTIs? Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Escherichia coli

While there are commercial test kits available for vaginosis, diagnosis is usually made based on a collection of signs called Amsel's criteria. Which of the following is not one of those four criteria? Presence of "clue cells" Greenish, frothy discharge An increase in vaginal pH above 4.5 A positive whiff test

Greenish, frothy discharge

Which of the following is the most common STI in the U.S. and the world? Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphillis HPV

HPV

Chancroid is a disease caused by ____________. Escherichia coli Haemophilus ducreyi Mycoplasma genitalium Treponema pallidum

Haemophilus ducreyi

Which of the following people would most likely develop an uncomplicated UTI? Immunocompromised individual Catheterized patient Healthy individuals Patient with urinary tract malformation

Healthy individuals

Which of the following infectious agents are not commonly associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? Chlamydia trachomatis Helicobacter pylori Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mycoplasma genitalium

Helicobacter pylori

Your patient presents with oral lesions. The patient states that her mouth had a tingly sensation for 3 days before fluid-filled blisters appeared on the lips. Which of the following pathogens is the most likely etiological agent? Leptospirosis Herpes Simplex-1 Virus Herpes Simplex-2 Virus Human Papillomavirus

Herpes Simplex-1 Virus

Which of the following is a true statement about the urinary microbiome? Lactobacillus and Streptococcus are the most consistently detected genera in the healthy urinary tract. The urinary system microbiome is not diverse and only few species colonize this system. The urinary system is sterile. Normal microbial residents are usually present in lower numbers than potential pathogens.

Lactobacillus and Streptococcus are the most consistently detected genera in the healthy urinary tract.

A 48-hour old infant is brought to the clinic with signs of severe bacterial conjunctivitis (infection of the eye). The infant was born at home, with the birth assisted only by an unlicensed midwife, and no pharmaceutical interventions performed on the mother or infant. Which infectious agents is the likely culprit? bacterial vaginosis due to mixed anaerobic species HSV-2 Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neither Chlamydia trachomatis nor Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be ruled out without further testing.

Neither Chlamydia trachomatis nor Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be ruled out without further testing.

Which of the following statements concerning the life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis is correct? Hosts are infected when the reticulate body form of Chlamydia trachomatis gains access to the host through sexual contact. The elementary body form of Chlamydia trachomatis is noninfectious yet metabolically active, whereas the reticulate body form is infectious but dormant. Once inside the body, the Chlamydia trachomatis reticulate body replicates before converting back to the elementary body. The life cycle is complete once the reticulate body lyses from infected host cells.

Once inside the body, the Chlamydia trachomatis reticulate body replicates before converting back to the elementary body.

Neonatal herpes has three major clinical presentations. Which of the following is not one of the three? SEM manifestations CNS effects Respiratory manifestations Disseminated infections

Respiratory manifestations

During the secondary stage of Lymphogranuloma venereum, the causative agent enters the lymphatic vessels, replicates in the lymph nodes, and causes them to develop into ___________. fibrosis edema necrosis buboes

buboes

After a 10-day course of antibiotics, a female patient is complaining of vaginal itching, burning, and "cottage cheese-like" vaginal discharge. Your patient is likely suffering from ________. UTI candidiasis gonorrhea chlamydia

candidiasis

Which of the following is the primary distinguishing factor between uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections? Uncomplicated urinary tract infections occur in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure, whereas complicated urinary tract infections usually occur in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations/obstructions, or immune-compromised people. Complicated urinary tract infections are caused by incurable viruses, whereas uncomplicated urinary tract infections are caused by antimicrobial-sensitive bacteria. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections are self-limiting, whereas complicated urinary tract infections require antimicrobial therapy. Complicated urinary tract infections are polymicrobial, whereas uncomplicated urinary tract infections are the result of a single microbial pathogen.

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections occur in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure, whereas complicated urinary tract infections usually occur in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations/obstructions, or immune-compromised people.

__________ is the term used to describe vaginal inflammation. Candidiasis Cystitis Vaginosis Vaginitis

Vaginitis

Which is the true statement about vaginosis and vaginitis? Vaginitis is always due to microbiome dysbiosis. Vaginitis describes vaginal inflammation while vaginosis does not. The two conditions are always seen together. The two conditions are always mutually exclusive. Vaginosis is not likely to be sexually transmitted.

Vaginitis describes vaginal inflammation while vaginosis does not.

The ____________ of Chlamydia trachomatis are infectious, yet dormant. chancres reticulate bodies elementary bodies zygotes

elementary bodies

A urine dipstick test can diagnose urinary tract infections by indicating direct detection of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. elevated creatine and BUN levels. elevated levels of leukocyte esterase. conversion of nitrite to nitrate in the urine. the presence of glucose in the urine.

elevated levels of leukocyte esterase.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea often present a similar clinical picture except that only gonorrhea is implicated in pelvic inflammatory disease. chlamydia is more likely to be asymptomatic in women while gonorrhea is more likely to be asymptomatic in men. few strains of chlamydia are antibiotic-resistant while gonorrhea shows extensive antibiotic resistance. gonorrhea infection confers strong long-term immunity while chlamydia does not. only chlamydia can be passed to and affect a newborn.

few strains of chlamydia are antibiotic-resistant while gonorrhea shows extensive antibiotic resistance.

A man presents to the physician's office complaining of irritation in the genital area. Examination reveals a bright red rash with raised pustules with clear fluid. Upon questioning, the man reports he has recently been sexually active. What is the most likely diagnosis based upon the appearance of the genital lesions? genital warts caused by HPV genital herpes caused by HSV-2 chlamydia gonorrhea syphilis

genital herpes caused by HSV-2

Characteristics of the human papilloma virus include all except ubiquitous—virtually all sexually active individuals will become infected at some point. promote cell division in epithelial cells. have a high mutation rate, meaning vaccine development is challenging. multiple strains, most of which cause asymptomatic infections. easily spread through any kind of sexual contact.

have a high mutation rate, meaning vaccine development is challenging.

Lymphogranuloma venereum differs from the infection caused by the trachoma biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis in that lymphogranuloma venereum bacteria do not have an intracellular lifestyle. lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline. lymphogranuloma venereum is not sexually transmitted. lymphogranuloma venereum may result in the formation of buboes and tissues necrosis. lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline and is not sexually transmitted.

lymphogranuloma venereum may result in the formation of buboes and tissues necrosis.

Characteristics of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium which causes syphilis, include all except ability to avoid immune detection by varying the few antigens it carries on its surface. vertical transmission to a fetus during any stage of pregnancy. not treatable with any of type antibiotic. Gram-negative spirochete. rapid invasion of host tissues from the initial infection site.

not treatable with any of type antibiotic

Which of the following is not one of the signs assessed using Amsel's criteria to diagnose bacterial vaginosis? greyish-white vaginal discharge clue cells attached to vaginal epithelial visible upon microscopic examination vaginal pH greater than 4.5 fishy odor after addition of potassium hydroxide to a vaginal smear presence of any type of redness or rash

presence of any type of redness or rash

The dominant genus in the vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women, Lactobacillus, acts to limit infection by producing lactic acid by fermenting glycogen secretions, lowering pH. producing lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. producing lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. producing hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to anaerobic pathogens. producing bacteriocins, a group of antimicrobial peptides.

producing lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins.

Of the following, which is the most serious condition? cystitis urethritis and cystitis pyelonephritis urethritis ureteritis

pyelonephritis

Compared to complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), uncomplicated UTIs are less likely to involve a bacterial infection. recur after initial treatment. be diagnosed in otherwise healthy individuals. respond to antibiotic therapy. be diagnosed in women rather than men.

recur after initial treatment.

Lesions on the skin and bones, heart damage, and neurological symptoms such as insomnia, vertigo, and seizures are signs and symptoms of ____________ syphillis. primary tertiary quartenary secondary

tertiary

TORCH pathogens are all characterized by the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. transmission through sexual contact, the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility, and the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility. transmission through sexual contact and the ability to cause intrauterine infections. transmission through sexual contact.

the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus.

Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because they block urine flow out of the bladder. they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. they block urine flow out of the bladder and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish. they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder.

they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder.

Gumma lesions on the skin and bones, heart damage, and neurological symptoms are characteristic of which stage of syphilis? Primary syphilis Tertiary syphilis Secondary syphilis Congenital syphilis

Tertiary syphilis

Why is hyphal morphology (as opposed to a unicellular morphology) necessary for symptomatic vaginal candidiasis to develop? The hyphal form is easily sexually-transmitted. The hyphal form causes hormonal changes in the patient which promotes dysbiosis. The hyphal form displaces the normal bacterial residents of the vagina. The hyphal form is resistant to anti-fungal drugs. The hyphal form produces proteases that cause cellular damage which results in inflammation.

The hyphal form produces proteases that cause cellular damage which results in inflammation.

Which of the following is a reason why females tend to suffer more from UTIs than males? Prostatitis can constrict the urethra, thus increasing urine retention and enhancing the development of UTIs. The urethra in women is anatomically closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to get introduced into the urinary system. The urethra in females is longer than in males, which allows for easier colonization of the urethra. The pH of female urine is slightly acidic, enhancing growth of fungal pathogens.

The urethra in women is anatomically closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to get introduced into the urinary system.

Which is not an innate protection of the female reproductive tract? Normal microbiome members generate products which prevent pathogen growth. The vaginal lining sheds its cells every few hours. The vaginal lining contains ciliate cells which trap and expel bacteria from the tract. Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides are present in vaginal secretions. Mucous secretions trap microbes.

The vaginal lining contains ciliate cells which trap and expel bacteria from the tract.

Your female patient is complaining of frothy, greenish discharge, dysuria, and itchiness in her vagina. A wet mount of her vaginal discharge shows motile cells. What is she likely suffering from? Trichomoniasis UTI Candidiasis Syphillis

Trichomoniasis

Which of the following would be observed as a result of vulvovaginal candidiasis? clue cells pus-filled lesions pus-filled lesions and a "cottage cheese" discharge clue cells and a "cottage cheese" discharge a "cottage cheese" discharge

a "cottage cheese" discharge

Pelvic inflammatory disease is characterized by all the following except a clear set of signs and symptoms that make diagnosis straightforward. can be caused by several types of bacterial pathogens. increased risk for ectopic pregnancy. treatment with antibiotic therapy. inflammation, swelling, or abscesses in the internal reproductive organs.

a clear set of signs and symptoms that make diagnosis straightforward.

Anatomical factors that cause women to be at higher risk of urinary tract infections than men include a shorter urethra positioned closer to the anus in women. antimicrobial peptides found in the seminal fluid in men. separate openings for the urinary and reproductive tracts in women. the flushing of the urethra during ejaculation in men.more acidic urine in women.

a shorter urethra positioned closer to the anus in women.

Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by both gonorrhea and chlamydia? Men and women will be symptomatic for each infection. Both diseases are caused by bacteria. The causative agents of both are intracellular pathogens. Symptoms of both infections are very different.

Men and women will be symptomatic for each infection.