microbio chapter 8

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competent

a bacterial cell that can take up DNA from the surrounding environment

mutation

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is passed on to daughter cells

mutagen

an agent that induces changes in DNA

prototroph

an organism that does not require growth factors

competent cells

cells that have the ability to take up DNA from the environment

plasmids

circular pieces of bacterial DNA that do not usually encode information essential to the life of a cell

wild type

describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA

genotype

describes the sequence of nucleotides (genetic makeup) of an organism or a cell

core genome

genes that are present in all strains of a given species

mobile genetic elements

genes that vary considerably among strains of a species

induced mutation

genetic changes caused by factors from outside of the cell such as radiation or chemicals

recombinants

horizontal gene transfer occurs between a donor and recipient cells, cells result as this

conjunction

in bacteria this refers to DNA transfer requiring cell to cell contact

transduction

mechanism by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

transformation

mechanism of gene transfer involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial receipt cells

auxotroph

mutant that requires a growth factor

point mutation

occurs if a single base pair is changed during DNA synthesis

phenotype

organism observable characteristics

replica plating

plating bacteria in a duplicate patterns on both a nutrient agar plate and a glucose-salts agar plate

frameshift

results in the production of a shortened and non-functional protein because a different set of codons is translated

pre-genome

sum total of genes encoded by all strains of a given species

base substitution

the most common type of mutation where an incorrect nucleotide is incorporated during DNA replication

genotype

the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell or an organism

reversion

the return of a gene from a mutated state to its original, non-mutated state

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

these chemicals, produced in aerobic environments, resulting in increased base substitution because they oxidize guanine in DNA

mobilome

total set of mobile genetic elements

generalized transduction

transfers any genes of the donor cell

specialized transduction

transfers only a few specific genes

generalized transduction

type of transduction that can transfer any genes of a host cell

indirect selection

used to isolate an auxotroph from a prototrophic parent strain, because no selective medium exists to inhibit the. parent

vertical gene transfer

DNA is passed from a parent cell to its progeny

horizontal gene transfer

DNA moves from one organism to another


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