Microbio chp 22-24

chp 24 14.A plastisphere is a specialized ball used when collecting seawater.

F. The plastisphere is the sum total of plastic particles in the oceans.

chp 23 12.Chancroid is caused by a fungus

F: Chancroid is caused by a bacterium.

chp 23 14.Chlamydia infection is the most common STI in the United States.

F: Chlamydia is the most common reportable infectious disease in the U.S.

chp 22 11.Mumps is a disease that affects humans and several other species.

F: Humans are the only natural host for the mumps virus.

chp 24 15.As far as we know, all microorganisms exist in multiple-species communities.

F: One microbe has been found to live in a single-organism community.

chp 24 11.Pure cultures are very common in the biosphere.

F: Pure cultures are very rare in the biosphere.

chp 22 14.Poor oral health has been associated with heart disease.

T

chp 22 15. Enterobius vermicularis, commonly known as the pinworm, is a common cause of anal itching in young children in the United States.

T

chp 23 13.The vast majority of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus.

T

chp 24 12.There are more viruses in the world's oceans than all other types of organisms combined.

T

chp 24 13.The production of all nitrogenous compounds begins with the process called nitrogen fixation.

T

chp 22 12.Giardia lamblia is a water-borne, flagellated protozoan often associated with chronic diarrhea.

T Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis) is a pathogenic flagellated protozoan first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in his own feces. For 200 years, it was considered a harmless or weak intestinal pathogen; only since the 1950s has its prominence as a cause of diarrhea been recognized

chp 23 15.Group B Streptococcus infection is generally silent in adult females.

T Group B Streptococcus:Gram-positive bacteriaB组链球菌感染

chp 23 11.Genital herpes can be treated with acyclovir.

T The fatality rate in untreated encephalitis cases is 70%, although treatment with acyclovir is effective. Patients with underlying immunodeficiency are more prone to severe, disseminated herpes infection than are immunocompetent patients.

chp 22 13. Pseudomembranous colitis (or antibiotic-associated colitis) is caused by Clostridium difficile.

T Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, endospore-forming rod found as normal biota in the intestine. It was once considered relatively harmless but now is known to cause a condition called pseudomembranous colitis, also known as antibiotic-associated colitis.

chp 23 2.A form of vaginitis阴道炎 is caused by a.Neisseria gonorrhoeae.淋病奈瑟氏球菌 b.Chlamydia trachomatis.沙眼衣原体 c.Treponema pallidum.梅毒螺旋体 d.Trichomonas vaginalis.阴道毛滴虫

Trichomonas vaginalis.阴道毛滴虫 vaginitis and vaginosis.阴道炎和阴道病 The most common cause of vaginitis is Candida albicans. The vaginal condition caused by this fungus is known as a yeast infection.Other bacteria—and even protozoa, such as Trichomonas— can also cause vaginal infections.

chp 22-24 Test 1.Considering the human body as an ecosystem, which of the following statements is incorrect? Select one: a. Microbes act as producers, consumers, and decomposers within the human ecosystem. b. Energy for the human microbiome derives exclusively from the food we eat. c. The microbiota in the human gut is comprised of heterotrophs. d. The human ecosystem lacks an autotrophic niche.

a. Microbes act as producers, consumers, and decomposers within the human ecosystem.

chp 22-24 Test 9.You ask the butcher to grind a sirloin roast to be used for hamburger. You family likes hamburgers rare, so you undercook the meat. Unfortunately, within 2 days they develop the symptoms of gastrointestinal disease: diarrhea, bloating, and vomiting. Which of the following statements best describes what happened? Select one: a. The meat grinder was contaminated, and bacteria were transferred and distributed throughout the meat. b. The animal was sick before slaughter, and the sirloin was contaminated. c. The meat became contaminated by bacteria from other foods in your refrigerator. d. The meat became contaminated by bacteria on the barbeque grill, coating both sides of the hamburger patties.

a. The meat grinder was contaminated, and bacteria were transferred and distributed throughout the meat.

chp 22-24 Test 13.Which is incorrect about inducible operons? Select one: a. They have genes turned off by a buildup of end product. b. They are often for use in catabolic pathways. c. They are normally turned off. d. They are turned on by the substrate of the enzyme. e. They include the lac operon.

a. They have genes turned off by a buildup of end product.

chp 22-24 Test 12.The nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the ________. Select one: a. promoter b. operator c. operon d. exon e. intron

a. promoter

chp 22-24 Test 18.The difference between somatic cell gene therapy and germline therapy is that Select one: a. somatic cell gene therapy overcomes a protein malfunction in specific tissues but is not repaired in the entire organism and cannot be passed on to offspring. b. germline therapy overcomes a protein malfunction in specific tissues but is not repaired in the entire organism and cannot be passed on to offspring. c. somatic cell gene therapy is introduced into the egg, sperm or developing embryo, whereas germline therapy introduces a new gene into a mature tissue. d. germline therapy is the temporary repair of a genetic mutation, whereas somatic cell therapy is a permanent fix.

a. somatic cell gene therapy overcomes a protein malfunction in specific tissues but is not repaired in the entire organism and cannot be passed on to offspring.

chp 22 7.This microorganism is commonly associated with fried rice and produces an emetic (vomiting) toxin. a.Bacillus cereus b.Clostridium perfringens c.Shigella d.Staphylococcus aureus

a.Bacillus cereus

chp 23 6.This dimorphic fungus is a common cause of vaginitis. a.Candida albicans b.Gardnerella c.Trichomonas d.all of the above

a.Candida albicans

chp 23 5."Yeast infections" are caused by a.Candida albicans. b.group B Streptococcus. c.Trichomonas.滴虫 d.all of the above. e.none of the above.

a.Candida albicans.白色念珠菌 Candida albicans白色念珠菌 is a dimorphic fungus双态性真菌 that is normal biota生物群 in from 50% to 100% of humans, living in low numbers on many mucosal surfaces such as the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, vagina, and so on. The vaginal condition it causes is often called vulvovaginal candidiasis. The yeast is easily detectable on a wet prep or a Gram stain of material obtained during a pelvic exam (figure 23.5). The presence of pseudohyphae假菌丝 in the smear is a clear indication that the yeast is growing rapidly and causing a yeast infection.

chp 23 4.Syphilis梅毒 is caused by a.Treponema pallidum. b.Neisseria gonorrhoeae. c.Trichomonas vaginalis. d.Haemophilus ducreyi.

a.Treponema pallidum.(a spirochete, is a thin, regularly coiled cell with a gram-negative cell wall) gonorrhea was confused with syphilis.淋病与梅毒混淆; Neisseria gonorrhoeae淋病奈瑟氏球菌=gonococcus淋球菌, proved that it alone was the etiologic agent 病原体of gonorrhea淋病

chp 23 1.Cystitis is an infection of the a.bladder. b.urethra. c.kidney. d.vagina.

a.bladder. When urine flow is reduced, or bacteria are accidentally introduced into the bladder, an infection of that organ (known as cystitis膀胱炎) can occur. Occasionally, the infection can also affect the kidneys, in which case it is called pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎. If an infection is limited to the urethra, it is called urethritis尿道炎.

chp 22-24 Test 7.A 100 ml sample of water is filtered through a sterile membrane, and the membrane is transferred to a plate of m-Endo agar. Following overnight incubation at 37°C, 57 green metallic colonies appear. The coliform count is Select one: a. acceptable for drinking water and recreational use. b. acceptable for recreational use but too high for drinking water. c. too high for both drinking water and recreational use.

b. acceptable for recreational use but too high for drinking water.

chp 22-24 Test 19.Any use of an organism's biochemical processes to create a product is referred to as ______. Select one: a. genetic engineering b. biotechnology c. recombinant DNA d. gel electrophoresis e. gene probes

b. biotechnology

chp 22-24 Test 14.Hfr transfer involves all of the following except Select one: a. gene integration into the bacterial chromosome. b. independent plasmid transfer. c. F factor is part of the F+ donor chromosome. d. high frequency transfer. e. a pilus connection between F+ and F- cells.

b. independent plasmid transfer.

chp 22-24 Test 6.Analysis of a water sample by a series of presumptive, confirmatory, and completed tests that provide an estimate of coliform numbers in the water is called the ______. Select one: a. membrane filter method b. most probable number (MPN) c. standard plate count d. coliform count

b. most probable number (MPN)

chp 22 8.This endospore former contaminates meats as well as vegetables and is the causative agent of gas gangrene. a.Bacillus cereus b.Clostridium perfringens c.Shigella d.Staphylococcus aureus

b.Clostridium perfringens产气荚膜梭菌 test chp 16-21 question 1

chp 24 2.A/an ___________ is defined as a collection of populations sharing a given habitat. a.biosphere b.community c.biome d.ecosystem

b.community

chp 24 3.The quantity of available nutrients ___________ from the lower levels of the energy pyramid to the higher ones. a.increases b.decreases c.remains stable d.cycles

b.decreases

chp 22 9.This hepatitis virus is an enveloped DNA virus. a.hepatitis A virus b.hepatitis B virus c.hepatitis C virus d.hepatitis E virus

b.hepatitis B virus enveloped viruses: are the HIV virus, hepatitis B virus, and the influenza virus Nonenveloped viruses:hepatitis A enteroviruses:cause gastrointestinal illnesses.

chp 22 1.Food moves down the GI tract through the action of a.cilia. b.peristalsis. c.gravity. d.microorganisms.

b.peristalsis. 胃肠道的肌肉壁通过蠕动作用使食物（和微生物）在系统中移动。 The muscular walls of the GI tract keep food (and microorganisms) moving through the system through the action of peristalsis蠕动.

chp 24 10.Recent studies reveal that a.100% of photosynthesis is accomplished by plants. b.viruses may well augment bacterial photosynthesis. c.the sun is not the only source of energy for photosynthesis. d.none of the above are true.

b.viruses may well augment增强 bacterial photosynthesis. The bacterium, named Desulforudis audaxviator, has to extract everything it needs from an abiotic非生物 environment

chp 22-24 Test 10.What type of radiation is best for destroying microbes throughout food? Select one: a. Ultraviolet b. Visible light c. Gamma rays d. Infrared e. Microwaves

c. Gamma rays

chp 22-24 Test 15.Which of the following additions have been made to principles of the central dogma of biology? Select one: a. DNA information cannot be converted into RNA information. b. Protein information can be converted into DNA information. c. RNA can be used to regulate gene function. d. DNA codes for proteins.

c. RNA can be used to regulate gene function.

chp 22-24 Test 3.The mutualistic partnership between plant roots and microbes is ______. Select one: a. hyphae b. basidia c. mycorrhizae d. rhizopods e. lichens

c. mycorrhizae

chp 22-24 Test 5.You have drained a pond on your property to make it deeper. In the process of using a machine to dig, you find that the mud is black and smells terrible. Your prediction is that ______ bacteria predominate in this area of the mud. Select one: a. nitrogen-fixing b. sulfur-oxidizing c. sulfur-reducing d. nitrifying e. denitrifying

c. sulfur-reducing

chp 22-24 Test 11.The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called ________. Select one: a. ribosomal RNA b. messenger RNA c. transfer RNA d. primer RNA e. ribozymes

c. transfer RNA

chp 23 7.Approximately _______% of adult Americans have genital herpes. a.2 b.10 c.25 d.50

c.25 As many as 50% to 90% of people who are infected do not even know it, either because they have rare symptoms that they fail to recognize or because they have no symptoms at all.

chp 22 10.In which helminth life cycle is a grazing animal involved? a.A b.B c.C d.D

c.C

chp 22 6.Which of these microorganisms is associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome? a.E. coli b.Salmonella c.Campylobacter d.Shigella

c.Campylobacter Twenty to forty percent of GBS cases are preceded by infection with Campylobacter It probably causes more diarrhea than Salmonella and Shigella combined, with 1.3 million cases of diarrhea in the United States credited to it per year.

chp 22 5.Which of these bacteria is considered the most common cause of diarrhea (not just food-borne) in the United States? a.E. coli b.Salmonella c.Campylobacter弯曲杆菌 d.Shigella

c.Campylobacter弯曲杆菌 They are slender, curved or spiral, gram-negative bacteria propelled by polar flagella at one or both poles, often appearing in S-shaped or gull-winged pairs

chp 22 3.Gastric ulcers are caused by a.Treponema vincentii. b.Prevotella intermedia. c.Helicobacter pylori.幽门螺杆菌 d.all of the above.

c.Helicobacter pylori.幽门螺杆菌

chp 24 5.Root nodules contain ___________, which can ___________. a.Azotobacter, fix N2 b.Nitrosomonas, nitrify NH3− c.rhizobia, fix N2根瘤菌，修复N2 d.Bacillus, denitrify NO3−

c.rhizobia, fix N2根瘤菌，修复N2 A significant symbiotic association occurs between rhizobia 根瘤菌(ry-zoh′-bee-uh) (bacteria in genera such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium缓生根瘤菌, and Azorhizobium满生根瘤菌) and legumes豆类 (plants such as soybeans, peas, alfalfa, and clover苜蓿和三叶草 that characteristically produce seeds in pods). The infection of legume roots by these gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacteria causes the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs called root nodules .

chp 24 1.Which of the following is not a major subdivision of the biosphere生物圈? a.hydrosphere b.lithosphere岩石圈a few miles into the soil c.stratosphere平流层 d.atmosphere

c.stratosphere平流层

chp 23 8.Genital herpes transmission can be reduced or prevented by all of the following, except a.a condom. b.abstinence.节欲 c.the contraceptive pill.避孕药 d.a female condom.

c.the contraceptive pill.避孕药

chp 22-24 Test 20.What is the evolutionary advantage of bacteria producing restriction endonucleases? Select one: a. They make these enzymes for humans to use in manipulating DNA. b. Bacteria use these enzymes to repair their own mistakes made during DNA replication. c. Bacteria use these enzymes to attack other bacteria and destroy their DNA. d. These enzymes are a defensive measure of bacteria to defend themselves against invading DNA of bacteriophages.

d. These enzymes are a defensive measure of bacteria to defend themselves against invading DNA of bacteriophages.

chp 22-24 Test 17.A technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is ______. Select one: a. genetic engineering b. biotechnology c. recombinant DNA d. gel electrophoresis e. gene probes

d. gel electrophoresis

chp 22-24 Test 2.The oxidation of ammonia (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) is called ______. Select one: a. ammonification b. nitrogen fixation c. photosynthesis d. nitrification e. denitrification

d. nitrification

chp 23 9.The drug Flagyl can be used to treat the protozoan infection a.Neisseria gonorrhoeae. b.Chlamydia trachomatis. c.Treponema pallidum. d.Trichomonas vaginalis.

d.Trichomonas vaginalis.滴虫 Causative Organism(s):Trichomonas vaginalis Most Common Modes of Transmission:Direct contact (STI) Culture/Diagnosis:Protozoa seen on Pap smear or Gram stain; culture is the gold standar

chp 22 2.The microorganism most associated with acute necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (ANUP)坏死性溃疡性牙周炎 is: a.Treponema vincentii. 螺旋藻 b.Prevotella intermedia. 中间媒介 c.Fusobacterium.融合杆菌 d.all of the above.

d.all of the above.

chp 24 4.Which of the following is considered a greenhouse gas? a.CO2 b.CH4 c.N2O d.all of these

d.all of these

chp 22 4. Virus family Paramyxoviridae副粘病毒科 contains viruses that cause which of the following diseases? a.measles麻疹 d.both a and b b.mumps腮腺炎 e.both b and c c.influenza

d.both a and b Paramyxoviridae family==>Paramyxovirus==>an enveloped, spikes that have specific functions, single-stranded RNA virus: eg. Mumps(mumps virus腮腺炎 ); Morbillivirus (measles virus) and the respiratory syncytial virus.

chp 24 6.Which element has an inorganic reservoir that exists primarily in sedimentary deposits沉积物中? a.nitrogen b.phosphorus c.sulfur d.both b and c

d.both b and c

chp 23 3.Leptospirosis transmission to humans is a.person to person. b.by fomites. c.by mosquitoes. d.by contaminated soil or water.

d.by contaminated soil or water. Leptospira interrogans

chp 24 7.Microbes in the environment are identified via a.culturing. b.microarrays. c.cloning and sequencing. d.high-throughput sequencing.

d.high-throughput sequencing. The methods for identifying bacteria and genes in the environment are evolving rapidly. When the genes of all microbes in a habitat are sampled, it is called metagenomics宏基因组学. The process employed is usually high-throughput sequencing高通量测序方法, as described in section 10.5. The process always begins with an environmental sample, such as a large volume of seawater or soil. Techniques are available to extract the DNA from such samples. Then, deep sequencing is carried out as summarized in process.

chp 24 8.Genomic analysis of the land, sea, and air has shown that a.there are many more animals than we expected. b.there are many fewer microbes than we expected. c.seawater is much more sterile than we expected. d.microbes colonize places we never imagined.

d.microbes colonize places we never imagined.

chp 23 10.Who should be vaccinated for HPV infection? a.female college students who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12 b.male college students who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12 c.baby boomers who were not vaccinated at age 11 or 12 d.two of the above

d.two of the above Two types in particular, HPV-16, and HPV-18, are most closely associated with development of cervical cancer. Other types put you at higher risk for vulvar or penile cancer.

chp 24 9.Microbes in the environment are likely to be a.living in biofilms on surfaces. b.living solitary and planktonic lives. c.nonculturable in the lab. d.two of the above.

d.two of the above.

chp 22-24 Test 16.Transgenic animals Select one: a. can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins. b. are often obtained from germline engineering. c. will pass the genes on to their offspring. d. commonly include mice. e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

chp 22-24 Test 8.Preventing the incorporation of microbes into food can by achieved by Select one: a. washing fruits and vegetables. b. aseptic techniques for handling meat, eggs, and milk. c. handwashing and proper hygiene in the kitchen. d. avoiding cross-contamination of utensils and cutting boards. e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

chp 22-24 Test 4.The terrestrial realm of the biosphere is distributed into particular climatic regions called ______. Select one: a. niches b. habitats c. populations d. communities e. biomes

e. biomes生物群落