Microbiology 3713
Which of the following is false concerning Coronaviruses? A. Single-stranded RNA, + strand virus. B. Enveloped making hand disinfection difficult. C. Coronavirus name derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown, with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections (or spikes). D. A receptor-binding domain on S (spikes) mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor and thus determines tropism or host range. E. Approved vaccines for COVID -19, but not other Coronavirus diseases.
B. Enveloped making hand disinfection difficult.
Which of the following is false concerning who is vaccinated against COVID-19? A. Every living US president, including Donald Trump and family who got the disease and afterwards also were immunized just before he left office. B. All 50 governors, Both R and D. C. The vast majority of the US Congress. D. 30% of those who have died of COVID-19. E. 96% of US physicians.
D. 30% of those who have died of COVID-19.
The largest living organism in the world is: A. A giant redwood in the redwood forest of California. B. A giant whale in the ocean. C. A giant elephant. D. A humongous fungus, Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon's Blue Mountains. E. The Loch Ness monster.
D. A humongous fungus Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon's Blue Mountains.
Concerning obligate anaerobes, which of the following is false? A. Poisoned by oxygen in the air. B. Can be grown in a GasPak. C. Lack catalase and superoxide dismutase. D. Can be grown in a candle jar. E. Best grown in an anaerobic glove box.
D. Can be grown in a candle jar.
Which of the following is mismatched concerning the early great microbiologists? A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek = First observations of the microbial world B. Paul Erlich = Father of chemotherapy, worked on soluble substances in the blood (i.e., antibodies), stained mycobacteria, discovered Salvarsan 606 for syphilis C. Joseph Lister = Antiseptic surgical practice D. Dmitri Iwanowski = Role of phagocytosis in combating bacterial infections E. None of the above is mismatched.
D. Dmitri Iwanowski = Role of phagocytosis in combating bacterial infections
Which of the following are false concerning viruses? A. Obligate intracellular parasites B. contain DNA or RNA, but not both C. No ATP-generating mechanism and not cellular in structure D. Have ribosomes for protein synthesis E. Contain a protein coat (capsid composed of capsomeres
D. Have ribosomes for protein synthesis
Which of the following are false concerning fungi? A. Sexual and asexual spores. B. Most antifungals target ergosterol in the fungal membrane. C. Septate or non-septate hypha. D. Most systemic fungal infections are acquired from people. E. fungal spores are propagules for spread & reproduction.
D. Most systemic fungal infections are acquired from people.
Sulfur is required for all of the following except: A. Thiamine B. Cysteines that make disulfide bonds. C. Methionine D. Phospholipids E. Biotin
D. Phospholipids
What is false concerning iron as a nutrient? A. It is abundant, but often not in a form easily utilized by bacteria, so they "go shopping" for it with siderophores (hydroxamates and phenolates). B. In the body, siderophores steal iron from iron-binding proteins transferrin & lactoferrin. C. Another mechanism to steal iron from the host is hemolysins which break RBCs releasing hemoglobin (iron containing oxygen transporter of vertebrates). D. Bacteria (like us) require iron for catalase and cytochromes. E. All of the above are true of iron.
E. All of the above are true of iron.
Which is false concerning microbes? A. They are found at extremes of temperature, pH, and high concentrations of salt. B. Can be found in deep drilling into the Earth and high altitudes above the Earth C. Produce fuels D. Produce recombinant human proteins and vaccines E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true of microbes.
Concerning fungi, which of the following is false? A. Include single cell yeasts, "hairy" molds, and "fleshy" fungi (e.g., mushrooms). B. Dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton) cause infections of skin, nails and hair. C. Different tineas refer to the locations of different dermatophytic infections. D. Yeast infections include Candida albicans oral and vaginal "thrush." E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
Which of the following is false concerning syphilis? A. Caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum B. Diagnosis is by cultivation on appropriate selective media C. The initial lesion (chancre) at the site of entry looks something like a fever blister D. Secondary syphilis is characterized by a maculopapular rash prominent on palms of hands and soles of feet E. Untreated primary/secondary syphilis leads years later to tertiary syphilis with destructive granulomas (gummas), dementia, and aortic aneurisms
B. Diagnosis is by cultivation on appropriate selective media
what were the major causes of death in order from least to most deadly in the US at the beginning of the 20th century?
1) influenza and Penumonia 2) Tuberculosis 3) Gastrointestinal infections 4) Heart disease 5) Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Concerning "Ancient biotechnology" which of the following is false? A. Depends on the activities of the yeast Candida albicans. B. Has been practiced for thousands of years. C. Lactic acid bacteria are used in cheese and yogurt production, sauerkraut, pickles and production of dry and semidry sausages. D. Wine and bread making E. All of the above are true.
A. Depends on the activities of the yeast Candida albicans. (The correct answer would have been Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Which of the following is false concerning SARS? A. First reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (origin from camels vs MERS from civet cats). B. Fever, dry cough, difficulty breathing. C. Usually progresses to pneumonia. D. About 8,000 cases, 10% deaths. E. Contained with no new cases.
A. First reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (origin from camels vs MERS from civet cats).
Which of the following is false concerning infection with Chlamydia trachomatis? A. Most infected females and males are symptomatic (they have symptoms) B. Certain serovars cause lymphogranuloma venerum, a rare but serious STD C. Small G- obligate intracellular pathogen transmitter by contact D. It has a complex life cycle with external elementary bodies and intracellular replicating reticulate bodies E. The most common cause of bacterial STD and preventable blindness (trachoma)
A. Most infected females and males are symptomatic (they have symptoms)
Which of the following is false concerning the Acid Fast Stain? A. Mycoplasma species have a high content of waxy lipids in their cell wall, thus AFBs. B. The waxy lipids in the wall of AFBs make them difficult to stain. C. Heat is used to drive carbol fuchsin (red dye) into cells- everything stained red. D. After washing, acid alcohol is used to de-stain everything but AFBs, followed by counterstaining with methylene blue (everything blue except red AFBs). E. All of the above are true of the Acid Fast Stain.
A. Mycoplasma species have a high content of waxy lipids in their cell wall, thus AFBs.
Which of the following is false concerning congenital syphilis (CS)? A. On the rise in the US with a 50% increase from 2014 B. Babies exposed can have deformities, delays in development, seizures, etc. C. Up to 40% of babies born to women with untreated syphilis may be stillborn, or die from the infection as a newborn D. All pregnant women should get a syphilis test at the first prenatal visit and reduce the risk of getting syphilis before and during pregnancy E. Deformities in CS include in the bones(e.g., sabre shins), palate, saddle nose, (collapse of bony part), Hutchman's teeth, etc.
A. On the rise in the US with a 50% increase from 2014
Which microscope type would be best used to rapidly and specifically identify a particular microbe in a mixed microbial specimen on a slide? A. direct fluorescent antibody microscopy B. darkfield microscope C. phase contrast microscope D. brightfield microscope E. scanning electron microscope
A. direct fluorescent antibody microscopy
Which of the following is false concerning viral replication? A. in the uncoating step of viruses, there is enzymatic removal of capsid proteins and the capsid outside of animal cells prior to entry of animal virus nucleic acid by injection. B. in the entry phase of viruses, animal virus capsids enter by endocytosis or fusion. C. in the uncoating step of viruses, uncoating is not required of phages. D. spikes and tail fibers (if present) are often associated with attachment of the virus. E. in the entry phase of viruses, phages inject the nucleic acid and the capsid stays outside
A. in the uncoating step of viruses, there is enzymatic removal of capsid proteins and the capsid outside of animal cells prior to entry of animal virus nucleic acid by injection.
Urine samples (one microliter volume) are commonly spread onto blood agar and MacConkey agar. A mid-stream urine sample with more than 100,000 organisms/ml (100 colonies on the plate) is considered indicative of infection. If a urine sample containing 2,000 bacteria/ml with a generation time of 20 minutes, sits for 2 hours on a warm back of a toilet before finally being sent refrigerated to the lab and assayed, how many bacteria will then be present/ml? A. 64,000 B. 128,000 C. 256,000 D. 512,000 E. 1,024,000
B. 128,000
Comparing bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins, which of the following is false? A. Exotoxins are more potent (lower LD) than endotoxins. B. Both exotoxins and endotoxins have been converted to toxoids, and both exo- and endo-toxin toxoids are commonly used today for vaccines. C. Exotoxins are proteins. D. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS). E. Endotoxins only G-, whereas exotoxins may be produced by G+ & G- bacteria.
B. Both exotoxins and endotoxins have been converted to toxoids and both exo- and endo-toxin toxoids are commonly used today for vaccines.
Examples of innate host defenses are all of the following except: A. The mucociliary escalator. B. Cytotoxic and Helper T cells. C. Phagocytic cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. D. Intact skin and mucous membranes. E. The normal microbiota.
B. Cytotoxic and Helper T cells.
Which microscope is best used to rapidly observe the agent of syphilis in a wet mount aspirate of a chancre? A. Transmission electron microscope B. Darkfield microscope C. Phase contrast microscope D. Brightfield microscope E. Scanning electron microscope
B. Darkfield microscope
Which of the following is false concerning differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Prokaryotes lack nuclei, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and mitochondria. B. Eukaryotes have circular chromosomes; prokaryotes are linear with histones. C. Chemolithoautrophs are bacteria that utilize inorganic sources of energy and fix CO into organic compounds D. Plants and algae are photoautotrophs; the other eukaryotes are chemoheterotrophs. E. Oxygenic photosynthesis, including cyanobacteria, plants, and algae, produces oxygen (required for our life) by splitting water.
B. Eukaryotes have circular chromosomes; prokaryotes linear with histones.
Which of the following is false concerning replication of viruses? A. Certain bacteriophages may insert the phage genome into the host chromosome. B. If A occurs, the phage genome is referred to as a lytic phage. C. Chronic infection by a bacteriophage is called lysogeny. D. Chronic infection with animal viruses is referred to as latency. E. The production of cholera toxin, botulinum toxin, and diphtheria toxin are examples of lysogenic conversion.
B. If A occurs, the phage genome is referred to as a lytic phage.
Which of the following is false concerning recommendations to reduce spread of COVID-19? A. Maintain social distance of at least 6 feet from others in public. B. If Individuals get together (who are non-immediate family) it is safer if such gatherings are indoors, rather than outside. C. Refrain from touching eyes, mouth and nose. D. Frequent hand-washing, especially after direct contact with ill people or their environment, using alcohol-based hand rub if hands are not visibly soiled or soap and water when hands are visibly soiled. E. A face mask is suggested/required for the general population, but fully immunized individuals may generally interact together without one.
B. If Individuals get together (who are non-immediate family) it is safer if such gatherings are indoors, rather than outside.
Which of the following is mismatched concerning innate and adaptive immunity? A. Adaptive::Specific response to microbe B. Innate::Has memory and tolerance C. Innate::Includes "first line" of defenses D. Adaptive::Slower to respond E. Innate::Phagocytic cells
B. Innate::Has memory and tolerance
Which of the following is mismatched concerning growth? A. Chemo(litho)autotroph::"Black Smoker" bacteria of thermal vents B. Photoautotroph::Plants, fungi and algae C. Psychrophiles::Artic and Antartic D. Psychrotroph::Grows in refrigerator E. Halophiles::Grow in high salt
B. Photoautotroph::Plants, fungi and algae
Which of the following characteristics of the 3 domains of living things (which all have the characteristic) exclude viruses, viroids, and prions? A. Proteins B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Nucleic acid E. Mitosis
B. Ribosomes
Which of the following is false concerning the detrimental effects of microbes? A. TB was the 2nd major cause of death at the start of the 20th century B. TB is no longer an important or significant worldwide cause of disease or death C. Influenza (The Spanish Flu) killed more than 1 million in the US and 50 million worldwide D. Almost half of children under 10 years of age died of infectious diseases prior to the 20th century E. Plague destroyed more than 50% of the European population in the 14th century
B. TB is no longer an important or significant worldwide cause of disease or death
Which of the following is false concerning the unique properties of microbes? A. The oldest fossils are microbes. B. The smallest living cells are viruses. C. Bacteria may be chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, or chemolithoautotrophs. D. The oldest living organisms are certain microbes. E. All of the above is true.
B. The smallest living cells are viruses.
Which of the following is false concerning genital warts? A. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally B. The strain of HPV that can cause genital warts usually are the same as those that cause warts on other parts of the body, such as the hands, feet, and inner thighs C. About 90% of HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously within two years D. All HPVs are believed to be capable of establishing long-term "Latent" infections in small numbers of stem cells present in the skin E. All of the above are true
B. The strain of HPV that can cause genital warts usually are the same as those that cause warts on other parts of the body, such as the hands, feet, and inner thighs
Which of the following is false concerning biofilms? A. They are polymer encased communities of microorganisms growing together. B. They are more susceptible to host defenses and antimicrobials because the microbes are together rather than spread out. C. Dental plaque is an example of a complex biofilm. D. Biofilms would also be important in industry where their accumulation in pipes, drains, etc., could interfere with processes and damage equipment. E. All of the above are true.
B. They are more susceptible to host defenses and antimicrobials because the microbes are together rather than spread out.
In the growth curve of a bacterial population, the bacteria are most susceptible to antibiotics and other inhibitors in the A. lag phase. B. exponential (log) phase. C. stationary phase. D. decline phase. E. susceptibility is the same in all phases.
B. exponential (log) phase.
Which of the following elements is critical for the electron transport process? A. zinc. B. iron. C. manganese. D.magnesium. E. none of the above
B. iron.
Which of the following statements about COVID-19 or vaccines are true. For the question, there may be multiple true answers. A. there have been at least 10-15 thousand deaths due to the vaccines as reported by Tucker Carlson with data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). B. the former president chose as his COVID and vaccine advisor a neuroradiologist Scott Atlas with no experience in infectious disease, epidemiology, or vaccines C. Scott Atlas supported protecting older Americans and those with preexisting conditions by sequestering them from the general population and by vaccination when available while there should be no restrictions on the younger, healthier population as they would have minor consequences of the infection and contribute to the herd immunity through Natural immunity. D. All of us do not need a vaccine because there are highly effective cures such as ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, and monoclonal Antibodies. E. The COVID vaccines were pushed through without the normal regulatory processes, may cause infertility, interfere with genes, and magnetize the body; and if I choose not to be vaccinated, it is my choice, and it affects no one but me.
B. the former president chose as his COVID and vaccine advisor a neuroradiologist Scott Atlas with no experience in infectious disease, epidemiology, or vaccines C. Scott Atlas supported protecting older Americans and those with preexisting conditions by sequestering them from the general population and by vaccination when available while there should be no restrictions on the younger, healthier population as they would have minor consequences of the infection and contribute to the herd immunity through Natural immunity.
Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order?1-Alcohol-acetone; 2-Crystal violet; 3-Safranin; 4-Iodine A. 1-2-3-4 B. 2-1-4-3 C. 2-4-1-3 D. 4-3-2-1 E. 1-3-2-4
C. 2 (Crystal violet) - 4 (Iodine) - 1 (Alcohol-acetone) - 3 (Safranin)
Which of the following is false concerning genital warts? A. Genital warts are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV); & 40 of 100 HPV affect the genital area. B. Most sexually active persons become infected by HPV at least once in their lifetime, most are asymptomatic. C. According to CDC, an estimated 3,500 new HPV-associated cancers and approximately 35,000 new cases of anogenital warts are caused by HPV annually in the US. D. Vaccines are available that are recombinant major capsid proteins and should be given early to both females and males. E. Oncogenic, high-risk HPV (e.g., HPV types 16 and 18) infection causes most cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers and precancers.
C. According to CDC, an estimated 3,500 new HPV-associated cancers and approximately 35,000 new cases of anogenital warts are caused by HPV annually in the US.
Which of the following is false concerning the elemental requirements of bacteria? A. Some bacteria, but not eukaryotes, can utilize (and "fix") atmospheric nitrogen gas. B. Molybdenum is a component of nitrogenase in nitrogen fixation. C. All bacteria require sodium and calcium as major nutrients. D. Trace elements are required for the proper activity of many enzymes. E. Manganese is a component of superoxide dismutase.
C. All bacteria require sodium and calcium as major nutrients.
Which of the following is false concerning the STDs chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis? A. Are on the rise in the US with the greatest number ever of combined reported cases B. Symptoms of routine chlamydial and gonococcal infections in males are similar; likewise, the characteristics of the infections in females are similar C. Babies are infected in utero with all three and are born with the disease D. UNtreated syphilis produces the most severe consequences E. Transmission of these STDs is unlikely by toilet seats.
C. Babies are infected in utero with all three and are born with the disease
Which of the following are false concerning prions? A. They produce spongiform encephalopathies ("holes" in the brain). B. They have long incubation periods C. Because they are proteins, they are very easily destroyed by proteases, disinfectants, boiling, and normal autoclaving procedures. D. Symptoms are loss of muscle control, tremors, dementia, and death. E. Abnormal prion protein involves a change from alpha-helical to beta-pleated sheet.
C. Because they are proteins, they are very easily destroyed by proteases, disinfectants, boiling and normal autoclaving procedures.
Concerning "New Biotechnology," which of the following is false? A. New Biotechnology is also called genetic engineering. B. Facilitated by restriction endonucleases, PCR, and other microbiological "tools." C. Commonly uses the bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans to produce useful gene products. D. Human insulin, blood clotting factors (for hemophilia), etc., are produced by microbes. E. All of the above is true.
C. Commonly uses the bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans to produce useful gene products.
Which of the following is false concerning viroids? A. Infectious "naked" RNA B. Pathogens of plants C. Humans become infected by consumption of infected plants D. Requires a host RNA-dependent (redirected DNA dependent) RNA polymerase E. All of the above are true
C. Humans become infected by consumption of infected plants
Which of the following is false concerning COVID-19? A. First identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in 2019. B. Fever, dry cough, difficulty breathing. C. In the US there have been approx. 25 million cases & 300 thousand deaths. D. Incubation period (initial infection to symptoms) like MERS as short as 2 to as long as 14 days (mean 4-7 days). E. Greater than 400 million global cases confirmed with more than 5 million deaths.
C. In the US there have been approx. 25 million cases & 300 thousand deaths.
Which of the following is false concerning the domain Archaea? A. Prokaryotes. B. Lack peptidoglycan. C. Includes pathogens that are hard to treat because of antibiotic insensitivity. D. Membranes with ether linkages between glycerol & branched-chain carbon (isoprene polymer) compounds. E. Includes methanogens found in the gut, thermophiles, acidothermophiles, and extreme halophiles.
C. Includes pathogens that are hard to treat because of antibiotic insensitivity.
Among the smallest living & filterable cells are: A. Small viruses. B. Mycobacteria. C. Mycoplasmas. D. Viroids. E. B&C.
C. Mycoplasmas.
Which of the following media would you use to selectively isolate fungi? A. Mannitol Salt agar. B. Columbia CNA agar. C. Sabouraud's Dextrose agar D. Modified Thayer-Martin agar. E. MacConkey agar
C. Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
Which of the following is false concerning cyanobacteria? A. Single and multicellular forms. B. Major producers of oxygen. C. They are algae. D. Chloroplasts were derived from their relatives. E. Some are nitrogen-fixing with the simplest nutritional requirement of organisms.
C. They are algae.
Which of the following is false concerning facultative anaerobes? A. superoxide dismutase B. catalase C. grow better anaerobically D. examples are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae E. all of the above are true
C. grow better anaerobically
In which of the following situations would you not expect a lag phase? A. old cells used as an inoculum B. damaged cells used as an inoculum C. log phase cells transferred to the same medium D. cells transferred from a rich to a nutritionally poor medium E. a lag phase would occur in all of the above situations
C. log phase cells transferred to the same medium
Which of the following elements is critical for the water splitting system in oxygenic photosynthesis? A. zinc. B. iron. C. manganese. D. magnesium. E. none of the above
C. manganese.
You have discovered a microbe that is about 2 micrometers in length and 500 nanometers in diameter, but you are not sure if it is a virus, eukaryote or prokaryote cell: what microscope type would give you the best answer, including internal ultrastructure? A. scanning electron microscope B. darkfield microscope C. transmission electron microscope D. brightfield microscope E. fluorescence microscope
C. transmission electron microscope
Which of the following is false concerning Chickenpox? A. Shingles is a consequence of being infected earlier in life with chickenpox B. Chickenpox is caused by Varicella zoster virus, a Herpes virus C. Following chickenpox, the virus latent in the nerves of the dorsal root ganglion D. Reactivation of the virus occurs with age, due to a weakened immune system, with shingles lesions that are exactly like the original chickenpox lesion E. Prevention of chickenpox is with "live" attenuated vaccine, and symptoms of shingles can be modulated with adult shingles vaccine
D. Reactivation of the virus occurs with age, due to weakened immune system, with shingles lesions which are exactly like the original chickenpox lesion
Which of the following is false concerning the nucleic acids of viruses? A. DNA or RNA but not both. B. Single-stranded or double-stranded. C.. Single-stranded RNA viruses are more common than double-stranded RNA viruses. D. Single-stranded DNA viruses are more common than double-stranded DNA viruses. E. All of the above is true.
D. Single-stranded DNA viruses are more common than double-stranded DNA viruses.
In the argument about spontaneous generation, what always was the argument of the believers against those who tried to disprove it? A. They are too small to come from other living things B. Microbes cannot have parents because they cannot have sex C. There are no male and female microbes D. The experiments against spontaneous generation altered the vital forces in the air required for life E. Microbes are not multicellular
D. The experiments against spontaneous generation altered the vital forces in air required for life
Which of the following is false concerning gonorrhoeae? A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus, GC) id a fastidious G- diplococcus B. Can be selectively isolated on modified Thayer-Martin (i.e., supplemented chocolate + antibiotics VCN) C. Penicillin resistance, then fluoroquinolone resistance, now CDC dual therapy, im Ceftriaxone and oral Azithromycin D. Unlike chlamydia, does not infect the eyes of newborns E. All of the above are true of this STD
D. Unlike chlamydia, does not infect the eyes of newborns
Which of the following is false concerning viral replication? A. Viral genes direct host cells into replicating viral nucleic acids, capsid proteins, and viral enzymes (if present). B. DNA animal viruses replicate in the nucleus. C. RNA animal viruses replicate in the cytoplasm. D. With a single-stranded - (negative) strand RNA virus, the viral genome can act directly as an mRNA. E. With the retroviruses (e.g. HIV), CD4+ T cells are infected, reverse transcriptase copies a single strand of DNA on the viral template, and the DNA becomes double-stranded and is inserted into the host genome.
D. With a single stranded - (negative) strand RNA virus, the viral genome can act directly as an mRNA.
Which of the following is not a symptom of both chlamydia and gonorrhoeae? A. Cervicitis in women and urethritis and proctitis in both men and women. B. Infections in women can lead to serious consequences, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain C. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk since both can be transmitted by oral (Pharyngeal infection) or anal (rectal infection) Sex D. Men who are symptomatic typically have urethritis with a burning sensation when urinating with a urethral discharge. Some (a minority) of infected men developed epididymitis (with or without symptomatic urethritis), presenting with testicular pain, tenderness, and swelling E. All of the above are symptoms common to both diseases.
E. All of the above are symptoms common to both diseases.
Concerning bacterial defenses against bacterial viruses, which of the following is false? A. Restriction-Modification systems provide a mechanism analogous to an innate defense. B. Bacteria have many restriction enzymes (also used in recombinant DNA technology) that recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences of incoming phage DNA; Modification enzymes methylate bacterial (host) sequences normally recognized by restriction enzymes and protect the bacterial DNA. C. CRISPR system provides a mechanism somewhat analogous to an adaptive response. D. Incoming phage DNA is cut into fragments by Cas protein and short phage spacer DNA segments are inserted into CRISPR array on the host DNA providing a record. The surviving bacterium transcribes the CRISPR array and after RNA processing the different crRNAs complex with Cas protein and newly invading phage DNA, if recognized, is inactivated by the Cas-crRNA complex. E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 infections? A. Cold sores are caused by HSV-1 and up to 90% are infected by older ages B. HSV-1 remains latent in trigeminal nerve ganglia with recurrences with stress, illness, etc. C. Genital herpes is generally caused by HSV-2 and about 1in 5 in the US are infected D. HSV-2 remains latent in sacral nerve ganglia with recurrences with stress, illness, etc. E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 infections? A. Genital herpes can be caused by either HSV-2 or by HSV1 (through oral-genital sex) B. Mucosal sores are the common sign of an active infection C. HSV can infect the eyes causing keratitis, which may lead to blindness, or the brain resulting in encephalitis. D. HSV also can produce cutaneous lesions (e.g., around nails of fingers and toes) a condition referred to as herpetic whitlow E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning STDs in the US? A. Also called STIs (sexual transmitted infections B. The most prevalent STD in the US is HPV C. CDC estimates STDs cost the US healthcare system $16 billion/year D. Young (15-24) people and gay and bisexual men continue to face the greatest risk E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning Coronaviruses? A. 7 different human Coronavirus types. B. Most coronaviruses generally cause upper respiratory (URT) infections C. 4 types are associated with mild to moderate URT infections = "Common Colds." D. Common colds are also caused by multiple Rhinoviruses (which are most common), Adenoviruses, & other viruses. E. All of the above are true of Coronoviruses.
E. All of the above are true of Coronoviruses.
Which of the following is false concerning COVID-19 and its control? A. There are no readily available highly effective therapeutics in contrast to available vaccines. B. Vaccines currently being used in the US are Pfizer & Moderna (mRNA ) and J & J (AdVac, non-replicating adenovirus platform) C. Greater than 300 million doses of mRNA vaccines have now been administered in the US. D. Recent studies suggest global and US deaths due to COVID-19 may have been missed by as much as double the numbers globally, and by 50% in US, reported. E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
Which of the following is false concerning NASA's interest in the possibility of Martian life? A. The interest was originally sparked by internal features of meteorite ALH 84001(the oldest of about 50 known mars-derived meteorites). B. These features included bacterial fossil-like structures, complex organics, and magnetite structures like that produced by magnetotactic bacteria on earth. C. NASA recently announced the discovery of organics in >3 billion y/o "mudstone." D. They also reported "seasonal" spikes in methane above the ancient crater lakebed. E. All of the above is true.
E. All of the above are true.
Which of the following is false concerning special stains for external bacterial structure? A. Capsules are antiphagocytic & can be visualized by negative staining (e.g., India Ink). B. Capsules are antiphagocytic & can be visualized with specific antibody (Quellung). C. Flagellar filaments are too thin to be visualized by the light microscope. D. Flagellar stains adhere to & coat flagella making them thicker & visible by light microscopy. E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
All of the following are true of Louis Pasteur except: A. Contributed to the development of the "germ theory of disease." B. Developed "Pasteurization." C. Studies of fermentations and anaerobic life. D. First to develop multiple ways to make pathogens into vaccines. E. All of the above is true.
E. All of the above is true.
Concerning "Industrial Microbiology" Biotechnology, which of the following is false? A. Involves large-scale "fermenters" (bioreactors) with special control of microbial growth parameters. B. Microbes create industrial products in mass quantities. C. Production of antibiotics by microbes. D. Using microorganisms to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, and organic solvents. E. All of the above is true.
E. All of the above is true.
Which of the following is false concerning MERS? A. Fever, dry cough, difficulty breathing. B. Usually progresses to pneumonia. C. Most severe of SARS, COVID-19, and MERS. D. About 2,500 cases, 35% deaths. E. Contained with no new cases since 2012.
E. Contained with no new cases since 2012.
Which of the following is mismatched concerning microscopy? A. SEM: 3D representation of surface features of cells and other objects, individual components in microbial communities, and microbial environmental interactions. B. Confocal: uses laser light sources to scan differentially labeled specimens producing 3D-like images assembled by a computer C. Darkfield: can visualize the motility of living cells, including spirochetes, in wet mounts D. Differential Interference Phase Contrast: similar to phase contrast but adds prisms providing additional detail and quasi-3D effect. E. Limit of resolution human eye: 0.2 mm; conventional light microscopy: 2 nm
E. Limit of resolution human eye: 0.2 mm; conventional light microscopy: 2 nm
Concerning helminths, which of the following is false? A. Nematodes have a body cavity, and digestive tube ending in the anus, males, and females. B. Cestodes have no body cavity, no digestive tube, and are hermaphroditic. C. They are all chemoheterotrophs. D. Trematodes have no body cavity and have a digestive tract ending in the cecum. E. None of the above is false.
E. None of the above is false
The normal microbiota of an animal body does all of the following except: A. Antagonize pathogens B. Helps in training and developing the host immune system C. Contributes to nutrition and normal physiology D. contributes to normal anatomy E. Normal microbiota do all of the above
E. Normal microbiota do all of the above
What is false concerning capnophiles? A. mammalian cells in culture B. Neisseria C. have a requirement for increased carbon dioxide D. Hemophilus E. all of the above are true
E. all of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning Escherichia coli? A. Indicator of fecal pollution in water quality testing. B. Most common cause of urinary tract infections. C. Common cause of neonatal meningitis D. Modern geneticists' prokaryotic tool and used to produce recombinant proteins. E. All of the above are true
E. all of the above are true
Which of the following is false concerning monomeric antibody structure? A. Has two long (i.e., heavy, specific for class) and two short (i.e., light) chains B. The four polypeptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds C. The Fc region binds to receptors on phagocytic cells, & also activates complement D. The end of the variable region (paratope) is associated with antigen (epitope) binding E. All of the above are true of antibody structure.
E. all of the above are true of antibody structure.
Concerning strictly applying Koch's postulates, all of the following would be a problem in application today except? A. opportunistic pathogens B. mixed infections C. inability to culture in vitro D. lack of a suitable animal test model E. all of the above would be problems
E. all of the above would be problems
Which of the following microscope types would be most useful in viewing different components, and their interactions with each other and surroundings, of the microbial population on a piece of small intestine with bacterial overgrowth? A. phase contrast (or DIC) B. transmission electron microscope C. bright-field D. dark-field E. scanning electron microscope
E. scanning electron microscope
Which of the most deadly diseases of the 20th century have we eliminated today?
None
