microbiology

hypha

(plural: hyphae) a thread-like filament of the molds

cilia

(sing. cilium) hairlike bits of protoplasm that project from certain kinds of cells for locomotion or feeding

Fungi

(sing. fungus) a kingdom of organisms lacking flowers, leaves, or chlorophyll which derive nourishment from dead or living organic matter

the bacteria responsible for Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

The wide-spread destruction of elm trees in the United States was caused by

Ceratocystis ulmi

apical complex

a cell structure found only in parasitic species of the phylum Apicomplexa; important for interaction with and entry into host cells

mycelium

a mass of hyphae which form a visible structure and perform a specific function in a fungus

binary fission

a method of asexual reproduction in animals in which a one-celled organism divides by mitosis into two organisms

saprophyte

a plant that lives on decaying organic matter, examples of which include mushrooms, molds, mildew, bacteria, rusts, and smuts

sporangium

a sac-like structure which holds the spores

parasite

an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.

Eukaryote

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus that is bound by a membrane

chemotaxis

an organism's response to the presence of chemicals in its surroundings

Methanogens are able to live in an environment.

anaerobic

kingdoms that are composed of eukaryotes

animalia protista plantae fungi

penicillin

antibiotic formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, which when discovered opened a whole new world of medicine

budding

asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from a portion of the parent cell that has pinched off

asexual reproduction in which the parent cell divides in two

binary fission

fermentation

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by a living organism

asexual reproduction of yeast by pinching-off

budding

multi-nucleated

cell structure with more than one nucleus

Peptidoglycan is the material found in the bacterial that forms a molecular basis of the Gram stain.

cell wall

Organisms are classified as either a prokaryote or a eukaryote based on their

cellular structure

club fungi

common name basidiomycetes, characterized by club-shaped fruiting bodies

sac fungi

common name of species of the phylum Ascomycota, characterized by sac-shaped fruiting bodies

sexual reproduction in some protozoans

conjugation

Archaea and Eubacteria are kingdoms composed of organisms which

do not have a membrane-bound nucleus

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

fermentation

Penicillium chrysogenum is considered important because

first antibiotic

The members of the kingdom Archaea that live in the Dead Sea are known as .

halophiles

zygosporangium

sexual reproductive structure formed where two hypha of mold contact each other

The tiny exoskeleton of a diatom is mostly composed of .

silicon

ascus

spore-bearing structure or fruiting body of fungi of the kingdom Ascomycota; sac-shaped

gills

spore-producing reproductive structures of a mushroom, typically found on the underside of the cap

fruiting bodies

spore-producing reproductive structures of fungi

sporangiaphore

stalk-like structure of mycelia which supports the sporangium of species of the phylum Zygomycota

stalk

stem-like structure of a mushroom which supports the cap and gills

structure of sporangiophore

stolons that connect one sporangiophore to another

ring

structure found on some mushrooms around the stalk, which structure is left over from a protective covering that was present when the mushroom was first developing

a mutually positive arrangement between species

symbiosis

lichens

symbiotic structures between a fungi and an alga or a fungi and a cyanobacteria

Most species of the kingdom Zygomycota are called

terrestrial saprophytes

Protista

the kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which do not fit into the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi

Eubacteria

the kingdom of prokaryotic organisms which are commonly known as bacteria

Archaea

the kingdom of prokaryotic unicellular organisms known for living in environments in which all other organisms are unable to survive in

Animalia

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly known as animals

Plantae

the kingdom which contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms which are capable of producing their own food commonly known as plants

Actinopoda

the phylum of amoeboid protozoans which have a tiny shell-like structure composed of calcium carbonate

Apicomplexa

the phylum of parasitic spore forming protozoans which are not motile during most of their life cycle

Fungi are grouped into club fungi or sac fungi according to

the shape of their spore-producing structures

anal pore

the structure of a paramecium where undigested food is eliminated from the cell

why are fungi no longer classified as plants

they do not exhibit tissue differentiation. do not produce their own food. cell walls are composed of chitin.

Bacteria share genetic material through the processes of bacterial conjugation, transduction and .

transformation

yeast

various unicellular fungi that are capable of reproducing by budding and from ascospores and are able to ferment their own carbohydrates

A host cell releases viruses that typically have a lipid covering called an envelope through the process of

viral budding

A pathogenic RNA molecule is called a .

viroid

the ability of a virus to cause disease

virulence

common mushrooms found in grocery stores

Agaricus bisporis

budding

Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism

a fungi known for the production of an antibiotic

Penicillium chrysogenum

the water mold that causes late blight in potatoes

Phytophthera infestans

a protozoan known to cause malaria

Plasmodium vivax

The microorganisms commonly found living on the human skin are known as .

normal flora

Morels are commonly found

on forest floors

host

organism in or on which a parasite lives

an organism or substance that causes disease

pathogen

A bacteria culture that has a high concentration of in the cell wall will stain Gram-positive.

peptidoglycan

Basidiomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "club fungi," which includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts

Ascomycota

phylum (or division) of fungi commonly known as "sac fungi" which includes morels and yeasts

Zygomycota

phylum (or division) or fungi commonly known as mold

Chytridiomycota

phylum of aquatic fungi commonly called chytrids, characterized by flagellated reproductive cells

How do rhizoids help fungi to obtain food?

produce enzymes which break down organic molecules into a useable form.

A virion is able to recognize the correct host cell when the receptor site of the virion and the viral attachment of the host cell match up.

protein

zygospore

reproductive cell containing genetic material from each parent organism, able to grow into a complete new mold structure

spores

reproductive cells often covered with a protective coating

Examples of obligate intracellular parasites that can only replicate inside a host cell are:

rickettsia and viruses

A halophile is responsible for spoiling juices.

False

A virus is a prokaryote.

False

Members of the kingdom Eubacteria are eukaryotes.

False

Viruses are capable of replication outside the host cell.

False

a dinoflagellate responsible for red tide off the Florida coast

Karenia brevis

why chytrids differ significantly from other fungi

The reproductive cells have flagellum. Most members are aquatic.

Algin is a useful substance derived from brown algae.

True

One reason fungi are no longer classified as plants is the presence of chitin in their cell walls.

True

self-regulating process to maintain water level

homeostasis

a plant or animal that supports a parasite

host

Multicellular fungi are composed of thread-like structures called , which group together to form mycelia to perform specific functions.

hyphae

phylum

level of taxon below kingdom, also called division in the plant and plant-like kingdoms

the rupturing of a cell

lysis

chitin

main molecular component of the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of some animals

how are Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important to the food industry

makes bakers yeast

able to move independently

motile

amoeboid movement

movement by altering the consistency of cytoplasm so that it flows to create pseudopodia

morels

multicellular species of the phlyum Ascomycota which are also known as sponge mushrooms, although they are not true mushrooms

cap

mushrooms' fruiting body; the umbrella-shaped top of a mushroom.

symbiosis

mutually beneficial relationship between two species, for example, lichens

stolon

mycelia of species of the phylum Zygomycota which act as anchors and connect the sproangiophores of a mold structure

rhizoids

mycelia responsible for obtaining food from the non-living organic matter on which a fungus is growing