Microbiology A Kitty
conjugative pore
the BLANK forms between the two cells
coupling protein
A BLANK at the cell membrane pushes the DNA through the pore
plasmids
BLANK can be lost
not all plasmids
BLANK can coexist in a cell
more than one
BLANK copy of a plasmid may be present in a cell
DNA
BLANK is transferred through this pore
conjugation
R plasmids can be transferred by BLANK
virulent
Type S is what kind of transformation
avirulent
Type R is what kind of transformation
conjugation, transformation, transduction
What are the three mechanisms of bacteria that can acquire new DNA?
transduction
a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) transfers genes between bacteria
transformation
acquiring heritable traits by exposure to a solution of DNA
anthrax
an example of mobile genetic element: toxins- diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, and BLANK
transformation
avirulent S. pneumoniae became virulent by acquiring DNA from virulent stain S. pneumoniae. Process called BLANK
rare, environmental stresses
reasons why plasmids are lost which include that they are BLANK AND BLANK
DNA transfer
begins with interaction between origin of transfer (oriT) and several proteins, including relaxase
dsDNA, plasmids
cells can take up BLANK
artificial competenence
cells made competent through treatment with calcium chloride or rubidium chloride
natural competence
certain bacterial gene have BLANK
plasmids
circular, double-stranded DNA
recognition, establishment, DNA transfer, relaxase
conjugation can be divided into these steps:
donor cells
contain transmissible plasmids
recipient cells
receive the plasmids
pilus of donor
recognition of recipient cells by BLANK
cured
daughter cell with out a plasmid is
avirulent, virulent
demonstrated when BLANK S. pneumoniae became BLANK when exposed to DNA from virulent strains
virulence plasmids
encode genes necessary for BLANK such as toxins and adhesins
conjugative
establishment of BLANK
enzymes
in R plasmids, BLANK that destroy the antibiotic (more common)
mediate the expulsion
in R plasmids, proteins that BLANK of the antibiotic (first one in notes)
modify the target
in R plasmids, proteins that will BLANK of the antibiotic
pilus
in bacterial conjugation the donor cell forms a BLANK that recognzies and makes contact with the recipient
pilus
in conjugation, BLANK is an organelle on the surface of a donor cell that makes contact with a recipient cell
viral capsids
in generalized tranduction, BLANK released when the host cell lyses
packaging errors
in generalized transduction, BLANK lead to host DNA fragments in the cytoplasm to be packaged into viral capsule
DNA can be incorporated
in generalized transduction, if the DNA fragment share homology with the chromosome of the recipient, the BLANK
DNA fragment
in generalized transduction, the BLANK is then injected into the next host cell- not lysed
genes encoded
in plasmids, BLANK can influence the life of the host, but they are not essential
synthesize capsules
in transformation, avirulent and virulent- acquired the genes to BLANK
transposons
more common, represent a simple way for any bacterial gene to become mobile
generalized transduction
more common: during infection, the host cell DNA is disrupted and used as a source of nucleotides
transposons
more complex and have more genes than an IS (insertion sequence)
encode proteins
other plasmids BLANK for metabolic functions
R factors
plasmid, encode antibiotic resistance determinants
incompatibility group
plasmids that use identical or closely related replication mechanisms
DNA in oriT
relaxase nicks with BLANK
conjugation
some plasmids are transmissible: promote their own transfer, and mediate transfer of other plasmids
false
t/f. All bacteria carry at least one plasmid
recipient
the BLANK gets a single strand, then BOTH donor and recipient synthesize complementary strands
composite transposon
two IS elements surround a gene
generalized and specialized transduction
two mechanisms of transduction
plasmids
utilize the metabolic machinery and replicative apparatus of the host bacteria
specialized transduction
viral DNA incorporated into the bacterial chromosome- replicates- viral DNA excised- imprecise excision also grabs bacterial DNA
transformation competence
when the cell is altered to allow the large molecule of DNA to pass through