Microbiology Ch. 1

Select characteristics exhibited by all cells.

cytoplasmic membrane DNA ribosomes

Virus

acellular microbes; no nucleus; non cellular microbe

Which of the following is a nucleotide responsible for releasing and storing energy for cellular chemical reactions?

adenosine triphosphate

The RN educates the parents regarding the functional importance of proteins as performing metabolic reactions and forming cellular structure. Which of the following are the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

From 1994 to 2008, the rates of MMR vaccination in England and Wales ________.

declined

restriction enzymes

Discovered by Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton Smith in the 1970s, these "molecular scissors" cut DNA in a controlled manner.

Order the following choices to reflect the organization of taxa, from the most general to the most specific, to test your understanding of levels of classification.

Domain - 1 Species - 4 Phylum - 2 Genus - 3

What vaccination protects children against measles?

MMR

Fungi

Eukaryotes involved in decomposition; nucleus; cellular microbe

True or false: The Wakefield paper accurately suggested that autism was linked to vaccination.

F

Genetic engineering

Newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and GMOs.

Algae

Photosynthetic plantlike organisms; has nucleus.

Protozoans

Single-celled eukaryotes. Has nucleus.

Biofilms

Accumulations of bacteria and other microbes on surfaces that over the past 20 years have been identified to play a role in disease development.

Bacteria

Belong to one of two domains of life: Bacteria or Archaea; no nucleus; cellular microbe.

Small RNAs

These molecules were first identified in the 2000s, and appear to play critical roles in regulating what happens in the cell.

Select the characteristic that is exhibited by viruses.

Viruses are parasitic particles that invade host cells.

Match the carbohydrate class with the appropriate example of a carbohydrate in that class.

fructose - 1 lactose - 3 cellulose - 2

The organism's two part scientific name originates from which of the levels of taxonomy?

genus and species

Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up DNA.

guanine thymine adenine cytosine

Select the nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides that make up RNA.

guanine uracil adenine cytosine

The number of confirmed measles cases in England and Wales ________ during that same time period.

increased

In providing education about genetic disorders, the RN would most accurately describe which of the following cellular macromolecules as responsible for the transmission of genetic information?

nucleic acids

Bacteria were traditionally considered prokaryotes. The defining feature of a prokaryotic cell was the absence of what cellular structure?

nucleus

As a leading microbiologist during the 1800s, ____________ disproved the theory of ____________ and completed several studies leading to the germ theory of disease.

pasteur; abiogensis.

In providing education about E. coli, the RN most appropriately uses which of the following terms, meaning disease-causing, to describe this organism?

pathogen

Select the components of DNA and RNA to test your understanding of nucleic acid composition.

phosphate ribose and deoxyribose nitrogenous bases

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as

phosphate-sugar-base.

Bioremidiation

process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants.

Microbes have played a significant role in the advances of the last century, such as ____________ for cutting DNA and ____________ to better understand the microbes that live on and in our bodies.

restriction enzymes; genome sequencing.

Select the components of ATP from the list provided.

ribose adenine phosphate

Select the levels of protein structure that would be disrupted by heat or solvent changes that would disrupt hydrogen bonding.

secondary tertiary quaternary

biotechnology

technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods, and drugs.

Which of the following are not considered microorganisms?

ticks

Which of the following is not an independent cellular organism, but rather a collection of contained genetic material that transmits information to a host cell?

virus

Review the table below, and choose the statements that are correct regarding the top causes of death by disease.

- respiratory illness is the leading cause of death by an infectious disease both in the United States and worldwide. - Across the globe, influenza and pneumonia will kill almost half as many individuals as heart disease. - Around the world in 2011, over 6.5 million individuals died of an infectious disease.

Lipids

- triglycerides - phospholipids - waxes - steroids - mycolic acid - cholesterol

Virus

- Acellular particle - Smallest microbes (10 - 200 nm)

Nucleic acids

- DNA - RNA - composed of nucleotides

Order the following choices to reflect the relative sizes of microorganisms as compared to each other and other cells and molecules, ranging from the largest to the smallest.

- Hydrogen atom - 5 - Fungus - 2 - Most bacteria - 3 - Viruses - 4 - Helminths - 1

The major groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists include:

- bacteria - helminths - algae - fungi - viruses - archaea - protozoa

Select all answers that are roles played by microorganisms in our environment.

- carry out photosynthesis - biological decomposition - nutrient recycling

Bacteria/Archaea

- cell type that lacks a nucleus - Size range: 1-10 um

Proteins

- composed of amino acids - enzymes - exhibit 1, 2, 3 or 4 degree structure

Eukaryote

- contains a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

Select statements that apply to the theory of evolution to test your understanding of evolution.

- has undergone years of testing - has not been disproven - is a well-established natural phenomenon

Carbohydrates

- monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides - glucose - starch

Choose the response(s) that pertain to the relative burden of human infectious diseases in the world today.

- nearly 2000 microbes can cause human disease today - Many diseases that used to be considered noninfectious probably do involve microbial infection based upon current studies. - There is an increase in microbes that are resistant to drugs today.

Select the main groups of macromolecules found in living things.

- nucleic acids - lipids - proteins - carbs

In the late ____________ , ____________ designed several simple ____________ .

1600S; van Leeuwenhoek; microscopes

In the mid ____________ , ____________ was the first surgeon to introduce aseptic techniques into the operating room in an effort to reduce microbes and prevent infection.

1800s; Lister

Around ____________ , ____________ established four proofs that could be used to determine an organism's pathogenicity and related disease. He also developed many of the laboratory techniques that are still used today.

1875; Koch

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

2010s and beyond; provided detailed information about the microorganisms that live on or in our bodies.

When providing education about the organism Escherichia coli, the RN may also appropriately abbreviate the name as:

E. Coli

Helminths

Term designating all parasitic worms; has nucleus.